450
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The meaning maintenance model and the victims of the ‘Troubles’: a needs-based theoretical review of the social psychological literature on Northern Ireland

&
Pages 184-199 | Received 27 Jan 2015, Accepted 27 Jan 2015, Published online: 13 Mar 2015

References

  • Alonso, R., & Serrano, A. (2014). The needs of victims of terrorism in Spain. In O. Lynch & J. Argomaniz (Eds.), Victims of terrorism: A comparative and interdisciplinary study (pp. 145–167). London: Routledge.
  • Aspinwall, L. G., & Taylor, S. E. (1997). A stitch in time: Self-regulation and proactive coping. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 417–436. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.121.3.417
  • Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
  • Bell, C. (2002). Dealing with the past in Northern Ireland. Fordham International Law Journal, 26(4), 1095–1147.
  • Billig, M. (1995). Banal nationalism. London: Sage.
  • Branscombe, N. R., Schmitt, M. T., & Harvey, R. D. (1999). Perceiving pervasive discrimination among African Americans: Implications for group identification and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 135–149. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.77.1.135
  • Breen Smyth, M. (2012). The needs of individuals and their families injured as a result of the Troubles in NI. Belfast: Wave Trauma Centre.
  • Breen Smyth, M., Fay, M. T., Brough, E., & Hamilton, J. (2004). The impact of political conflict on Children in NI: A report on the community conflict impact on Children study. Institute for Conflict Research. Retrieved April 29, 2014, from http://www.conflictresearch.org.uk/Resources/Documents/CCIC20Report-The20Impact20of20Political20Conflict20on%20Children.pdf
  • Brewer, M. B. (1991). The social self – On being the same and different at the same time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17(5), 475–482. doi: 10.1177/0146167291175001
  • Bull, P. (2006). Shifting patterns of social identity in NI. The Psychologist, 19(1), 40–43.
  • Burton, F. (1978). The politics of legitimacy: Struggles in a belfast community. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
  • Byrne, S., & Irvin, C. (2002). Shared common sense: Perceptions of the material effects and impacts of economic growth in NI. Civil Wars, 5(1), 55–86. doi: 10.1080/13698240208402495
  • Cairns, E. (1997). Caught in the crossfire: Children and the NI conflict. London: Appletree Press.
  • Cairns, E., Wilson, R., Gallagher, T., & Trew, K. (1995). Psychology's contribution to understanding conflict in NI. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 1(2), 131–148. doi: 10.1207/s15327949pac0102_3
  • Cheryan, S., & Monin, B. (2005). Where are you really from? Asian Americans and identity denial. Interpersonal relations and Group Processes, 89(5), 717–730.
  • Church, C., Visser, A., & Johnson, L. (2002). Single identity work: An approach to conflict resolution in NI (INCORE working paper). Retrieved May 15, 2014, from http://www.incore.ulst.ac.uk/publications/occasional/SIW.pdf
  • Connolly, M. (1990). Politics and policy-making in NI. England: McMillian Press.
  • Conway, B. (2003). Active remembering, selective forgetting, and collective identity: The case of bloody Sunday. Identity, 3, 305–323. doi: 10.1207/S1532706XID0304_01
  • Crabtree, B. F., & Miller, W. L. (1999). Doing qualitative research. London: Sage.
  • Curran, P. S., & Miller, P. W. (2001). Psychiatric implications of chronic civilian strike and war. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 7, 73–80. doi: 10.1192/apt.7.1.73
  • Curren, P. S. (1988). Psychiatric aspects of terrorist violence: NI 1969-1987. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 470–475. doi: 10.1192/bjp.153.4.470
  • Curren, P. S., Bell, P., Murray, A., Loughrey, G., Roddy, R., & Rocke, L. G. (1990). Psychological consequences of the Enniskillen bombing. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 479–482. doi: 10.1192/bjp.156.4.479
  • De Greiff, P. (2006). The handbook of reparations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, P. M. (2000). The ‘what’ and ‘why’ of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227–268. doi: 10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
  • Duffy, M., Gillespie, K., & Clark, D. M. (2007). Post-traumatic stress disorder in the context of terrorism and other civil conflict in NI: Randomised control trial. British Medical Journal, 334, 1147–1160. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39021.846852.BE
  • Dijksterhuis, A., van Knippenberg, A., Kruglanski, A. W., & Schaper, C. (1996). Motivated social cognitive closure effects on memory and judgement. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 32, 254–270. doi: 10.1006/jesp.1996.0012
  • Evans, G. & Duffy, M. (1997). Beyond the sectarian divide: The social bases and political consequences of nationalist and unionist party competition in NI. British Journal of Political Science, 27(1), 47–81. doi: 10.1017/S0007123497000033
  • Ewart, S., & Schubotz, D. (2004). Voices behind the statistics: Young people's views on sectarianism in Northern Ireland. London: National Children's Bureau.
  • Fay, M. T., Morrissey, M., Smyth, M., & Wong, T. (1999). The cost of the troubles study: Report of the NI Survey: The experience and the impact of the troubles. Londonderry: University of Ulster, INCORE.
  • Feinberg, M., & Willer, R. (2011). Apocalypse soon? Dire messages reduce belief in global warming by contradicting just-world beliefs. Psychological Science, 22(1), 34–38. doi: 10.1177/0956797610391911
  • Fiske, S. T. (2004). Social beings: A core motives approach to social psychology. New York, NY: Wiley.
  • Fromm, E. (1947). Man for himself, an inquiry into the psychology of ethics. New York: Reinhardt.
  • Gilligan, C. (2006). Traumatised by peace? A critique of five assumptions in the theory and practice of conflict- related trauma policy in NI. Policy & Politics, 34(2), 325–345. doi: 10.1332/030557306776315813
  • Graham, W. K., & Balloun, J. (1973). An empirical test of Maslow's hierarchy theory. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 13(1), 97–108. doi: 10.1177/002216787301300114
  • Hamber, B. (1998). Past imperfect: Dealing with the past in NI and societies in transition. Derry/Londonderry: University of Ulster, INCORE.
  • Hamber, B. (2002). Rights and reasons: Challenges for truth recovery in South Africa and NI. Fordham International Law Journal, 26(4), 1074–1094.
  • Hamber, B. (2006). Flying flags of fear: The role of fear in the process of political transition. Journal of Human Rights, 5, 127–142. doi: 10.1080/14754830500485924
  • Hamber, B., & Wilson, R. A. (2002). Symbolic closure through memory, reparation and revenge in post-conflict societies. Journal of Human Rights, 1(1), 35–53. doi: 10.1080/14754830110111553
  • Haslam, S. A., & Reicher, S. (2006). Stressing the group: Social identity and the unfolding dynamics of responses to stress. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 1037–1052. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.91.5.1037
  • Hayes, N. (1997). Doing qualitative analysis in psychology. London: Psychology Press.
  • Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1999). Is there are universal need for positive self-regard? Psychological Review, 106(4), 766–794. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.106.4.766
  • Heine, S. J., Proulx, T., & Vohs, K. D. (2006). The meaning maintenance model: On the coherence of social motivations. Personality and Social Psychological Review, 10(2), 88–110. doi: 10.1207/s15327957pspr1002_1
  • Hornsey, M. J., & Jetten, J. (2004). The individual within the group: Balancing the need to belong with the need to be different. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8, 248–264. doi: 10.1207/s15327957pspr0803_2
  • Jarman, N., & O'Halloran, C. (2001). Recreational rioting: Young people, interface areas and violence. Child Care in Practice, 7(1), 2–16. doi: 10.1080/13575270108413230
  • Johnson, H., & Thomson, A. (2008). The development and maintenance of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in civilian adult survivors of war trauma and torture: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(1), 36–47. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2007.01.017
  • Joyce, C., & Lynch, O. (in press). Identity, legitimacy and voice: Community-based representatives of victims of political violence in Northern Ireland. Applied Community and Social Psychology.
  • Joyce, C., Lynch, O., & Anton, E. (2014). Constructing Needs; Victims of Terrorism, the case of the NI and Spain. In O. Lynch & J. Argomaniz (Eds.), Victims of terrorism: A comparative and interdisciplinary study (pp. 156–167). London: Routledge.
  • Kruglanski, A. W., & Webster, D. M. (1996). Motivated closing of the mind: “Seizing” and “freezing”. Psychological Review, 103, 263–283. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.103.2.263
  • Livingstone, A., & Haslam, S. A. (2008). The importance of social identity content in a setting of chronic social conflict: Understanding intergroup relations in NI. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47, 1–21. doi: 10.1348/014466607X200419
  • Loughrey, G. C., Bell, P., Kee, M., Roddy, R. J., & Curran, P. S. (1988). Post traumatic stress disorder and civil violence in NI. British Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 554–560. doi: 10.1192/bjp.153.4.554
  • Lynch, O. & Argomaniz, J. (2014). Victims of terrorism: A comparative and interdisciplinary study. London: Routledge.
  • MacGinty, R., Muldoon, O. T., & Ferguson, N. (2006). No war, no peace: Northern Ireland after the Agreement. Political Psychology, 28(1), 1–11. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2007.00548.x
  • Martín-Peña, J., Rodríguez-Carballeira, A., Varela-Rey, A., Escartín, J., & Saldaña, O. (2015). Victims of ETA in the Basque country: Their experience of terrorist threats. In J. Argomaniz & O. Lynch (Eds.), International perspectives on terrorist victimisation (pp. 104–112). London: Palgrave.
  • Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychology Review, 50(4), 370–396. doi: 10.1037/h0054346
  • McAloney, K., McCrystal, P., Percy, A., & McCartan, C. (2009). Damaged youth: Prevalence of community violence exposure and implications for adolescent well-being in post-conflict NI. Journal of Community Psychology, 37(5), 635–648. doi: 10.1002/jcop.20322
  • McEvoy, K., & Mika, H. (2002). Restorative justice and the critique of informalism in NI. Journal of Criminology, 42(3), 534–562. doi: 10.1093/bjc/42.3.534
  • McGregor, I., Zanna, M. P., Holmes, J. G., & Spencer, S. J. (2001). Compensatory conviction in the face of personal uncertainty: Going to extremes and being oneself. Personality Processes and Individual differences, 80(3), 472–488.
  • McNally, D. (2014). Transgenerational trauma: Dealing with the past in Northern Ireland. Belfast, Northern Ireland: WAVE Trauma Centre.
  • Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2007). An attachment perspective on interpersonal and intergroup conflict. Retrieved from http://www.sydneysymposium.unsw.edu.au/2010/chapters/MikulincerSSSP2010.pdf
  • Morrow, D. (2013, June 11). Northern Ireland remains sharply divided over national identity but with no strong desire for Irish unity. Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved February 13, 2015, from http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/debateni/blogs/northern-ireland-remains-sharply-divided-over-national-identity-but-with-no-strong-desire-for-irish-unity-29332675.html
  • Muldoon, O. T., & Downes, C. (2007). Social identification and post-traumatic stress symptoms in post-conflict Northern Ireland. British Journal of Psychiatry, 191, 146–149. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.106.022038
  • Muldoon, O., & Trew, K. (2000). ‘Children's experience and adjustment to political conflict in NI’. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 6(2), 157–176. doi: 10.1207/S15327949PAC0602_4
  • Muldoon, O. T., Trew, K., Todd, J., McLaughlin, K., & Rougier, N. (2007). The nature and meaning of identity in Northern Ireland after the Good Friday Agreement. Political Psychology, 28, 189–103. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2007.00553.x
  • Murphy, H., & Lloyd, K. (2007). Civil conflict in NI and the prevalence of psychiatric disturbance across the United Kingdom: A population study using the British household panel survey and the NI household panel survey. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 53(5), 397–407. doi: 10.1177/0020764007078340
  • Neher, A. (1991). Maslow's theory of motivation: A critique. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 31, 89–112. doi: 10.1177/0022167891313010
  • Neuberg, S. L., & Newsom, J. T. (1993). Personal need for structure: Individual differences in the desire for simple structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 113–131. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.65.1.113
  • Niens, U., & Cairns, E. (2002). Identity management strategies in NI. Journal of Social Psychology, 142(3), 371–380. doi: 10.1080/00224540209603905
  • Oakes, P. J., Haslam, A., & Turner, J. C. (1994). Stereotyping and social reality. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Postmes, T., & Branscombe, N. R. (2002). Influence of long-term radical environment composition on subjective well-being in African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(3), 735–751. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.83.3.735
  • Proulx, T., & Heine, S. J. (2006). Death and black diamonds: Meaning, mortality, and the Meaning Maintenance Model. Psychological Inquiry, 17, 309–318. doi: 10.1080/10478400701366985
  • Proulx, T., & Heine, S. J. (2010). The frog in keirkegaard's beer: Finding meaning in the violation: Compensation literature. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(10), 889–905. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00304.x
  • Proulx, T., & Inzlicht, M. (2012). The five “A”s of meaning maintenance: Finding meaning in the theories of sense-making. Psychological Inquiry: An International Journal for the Advancement of Psychological Theory, 23(4), 317–335. doi: 10.1080/1047840X.2012.702372
  • Rice, C. A. (2005). Hungering for revenge: The Irish Famine, the troubles and Shame-Rage Cycles, and their role in group therapy in NI. Group Analysis, 38(2), 219–235. doi: 10.1177/0533316405052380
  • Ritchie, T. D., Skowronski, J. J., Hartnett, J. L., Wells, B. M., & Walker, W. R. (2009). The fading affect bias in the context of emotion activation level, mood, and personal theories of emotion change. Memory, 17, 428–444. doi: 10.1080/09658210902791665
  • Rokeach, M. (1960). The open and closed mind: Investigations into the nature of belief systems and personality systems. New York: Basic Books.
  • Rowan, J. (1998). Maslow amended. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 38(1), 81–92. doi: 10.1177/00221678980381008
  • Schwartz, S. H., & Bilsky, W. (1987). Towards a universal structure of human values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(3), 550–562. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.53.3.550
  • Shuttleworth, I. (1995). The relationship between social deprivation, as measured by individual free school meal eligibility, and educational attainment at GCSE in NI: A preliminary investigation. British Educational Research Journal, 21(4), 487–504. doi: 10.1080/0141192950210404
  • Silke, A. (Ed). (2003). Terrorists, victims and scoiety: Psychological perspectives on terrorism and its consequences. Chichester: Wiley.
  • Smith, A. (2003). Citizenship education in NI: Beyond national identity? Cambridge Journal of Education, 33(1), 15–32. doi: 10.1080/0305764032000064631
  • Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W.G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–47). Monterey, CA: Brooks-Cole.
  • Tilley, J., Evans, G., & Mitchell, C. (2008). Consociationalism and the evolution of political cleavages in NI, 1989–2004. British Journal of Political Science, 38(04), 699–717. doi: 10.1017/S0007123408000343
  • Thoits, P. A., & Virshup, L. K. (1997). Me's and We's: Forms and functions of social identities. In R. D. Ashmore & L. Jussim (Eds.), Self and identity: Fundamental issues (pp. 106–133). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Tomlinson, M. W. (2012). War, peace and suicide: The case of NI. International Sociology, 27(4), 464–482. doi: 10.1177/0268580912443579
  • Trew, K. (1996). National identity. In R. Breen, P. Devine, & L. Dowds (Eds.), Social attitudes in Northern Ireland: The fifth report (pp. 140–152). Belfast: Appletree.
  • Trew, K. (1998). The Northern Irish identity. In A. J. Kershen (Ed.), A question of identity (pp. 60–76). Aldershot: Ashgate.
  • Turner, J. C. (1982). Towards a cognitive redefinition of the social group. In H. Tajfel (Ed.), Social identity and intergroup relations. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
  • Waddell, N., & Cairns, E. (1986). Situational perspectives on social identity in Northern Ireland. British Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 25–31. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00698.x
  • Walker, W. R., & Skowronski, J. J. (2009). The fading affect bias: But what the hell is it for? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 23, 1122–1136. doi: 10.1002/acp.1614

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.