572
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Clinical improvement, toxicity and future prospects of β-sitosterol: a review

, , , , , , , & show all
Article: 2337886 | Received 11 Dec 2023, Accepted 27 Mar 2024, Published online: 17 Apr 2024

References

  • Abidi, S. L. (2001). Chromatographic analysis of plant sterols in foods and vegetable oils. Journal of Chromatography A, 935(1–2), 173–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)00946-3
  • Afzal, O., Akhter, M. H., Ahmad, I., Muzammil, K., Dawria, A., Zeyaullah, M., Altamimi, A. S. A., Khalilullah, H., Mir Najib Ullah, S. N., Rahman, M. A., Ali, A., Shahzad, N., Jaremko, M., Emwas, A.-H., & Abdel Aziz Ibrahim, I. (2022). A β–sitosterol encapsulated biocompatible alginate/Chitosan polymer nanocomposite for the treatment of breast cancer. Pharmaceutics, 14(8), 1711. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14081711
  • Akihisa, T., Kokke, W., & Tamura, T. (1991). Naturally occurring sterols and related compounds from plants. In G. W. Patterson & W. D. Nes (Eds.), Physiology and biochemistry of sterols (pp. 172–228). American Oil Chemists’ Society.
  • Alamzeb, M., Khan, M. R., Ali, S., Shah, S. Q., & Rashid, M. U. (2013). Antimicrobial properties of extracts and compounds isolated from Berberis jaeschkeana. Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology, 8(2), 107–109. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjp.v8i2.13551
  • Alvarez-Sala, A., Attanzio, A., Tesoriere, L., Garcia-Llatas, G., Barberá, R., & Cilla, A. (2019). Apoptotic effect of a phytosterol-ingredient and its main phytosterol (β-sitosterol) in human cancer cell lines. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 70(3), 323–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637486.2018.1511689
  • Ambavade, S. D., Misar, A. V., & Ambavade, P. D. (2014). Pharmacological, nutritional, and analytical aspects of β-sitosterol: A review. Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine, 14(3), 193–211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13596-014-0151-9
  • Andima, M., Costabile, G., Isert, L., Ndakala, A. J., Derese, S., & Merkel, O. M. (2018). Evaluation of β-sitosterol loaded PLGA and PEG-PLA nanoparticles for effective treatment of breast cancer: Preparation, physicochemical characterization, and antitumor activity. Pharmaceutics, 10(4), 232. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics10040232
  • Anwar, M. A., Tabassam, S., Gulfraz, M., Sheeraz Ahmad, M., Raja, G. K., & Arshad, M. (2020). Isolation of oxyberberine and β-sitosterol from Berberis lycium Royle root bark extract and in vitro cytotoxicity against liver and lung cancer cell lines. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2020, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2596082
  • Arivarasu, L. (2023). In-vitro antioxidant potential of beta-sitosterol: A preface. Cureus, 15(9). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.45617
  • Awad, A. B., Chinnam, M. F. C. S., Fink, C. S., & Bradford, P. G. (2007). β-sitosterol activates fas signaling in human breast cancer cells. Phytomedicine, 14(11), 747–754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2007.01.003
  • Babu, S., & Jayaraman, S. (2020). An update on β-sitosterol: A potential herbal nutraceutical for diabetic management. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 131, 110702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110702
  • Babu, S., Krishnan, M., Rajagopal, P., Periyasamy, V., Veeraraghavan, V., Govindan, R., & Jayaraman, S. (2020). Beta-sitosterol attenuates insulin resistance in adipose tissue via IRS-1/Akt mediated insulin signaling in high fat diet and sucrose induced type-2 diabetic rats. European Journal of Pharmacology, 873, 173004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173004
  • Balkrishna, A., Nain, P., Joshi, M., Khandrika, L., & Varshney, A. (2021). Supercritical fluid extract of putranjiva roxburghii wall. Seeds mitigates fertility impairment in a zebrafish model. Molecules, 26(4), 1020. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041020
  • Baskar, A. A., Ignacimuthu, S., Paulraj, G. M., & Al Numair, K. S. (2010). Chemopreventive potential of β-sitosterol in experimental colon cancer model-an in vitro and in vivo study. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 10(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-10-24
  • Bin Sayeed, M. S., Karim, S. M. R., Sharmin, T., & Morshed, M. M. (2016). Critical analysis on characterization, systemic effect, and therapeutic potential of β-sitosterol: A plant-derived orphan phytosterol. Medicines, 3(4), 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines3040029
  • Calligaris, S., Alongi, M., Lucci, P., & Anese, M. (2020). Effect of different oleogelators on lipolysis and curcuminoid bioaccessibility upon in vitro digestion of sunflower oil oleogels. Food Chemistry, 314, 126146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.126146
  • Chanioti, S., Katsouli, M., & Tzia, C. (2021). β-sitosterol as a functional bioactive. In M. Mushtaq & F. Anwar (Eds.), A centum of valuable plant bioactives (pp. 193–212). Academic Press.
  • Chen, Z., Wu, A., Jin, H., & Liu, F. (2020). β-sitosterol attenuates liver injury in a rat model of chronic alcohol intake. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 43(11), 1197–1206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-020-01271-w
  • Chen, Y., Yang, Y., Wang, N., Liu, R., Wu, Q., Pei, H., & Li, W. (2024). β‐sitosterol suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma growth and metastasis via FOXM1‐regulated Wnt/β‐catenin pathway. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 28(3), e18072.
  • Choi, Y. H., Kong, K. R., Kim, Y., Jung, K. O., Kil, J. H., Rhee, S. H., & Park, K. Y. (2003). Induction of bax and activation of caspases during β-sitosterol-mediated apoptosis in human colon cancer cells. International Journal of Oncology, 23(6), 1657–1662. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.23.6.1657
  • Chung, I. M., Yong, S. J., Lee, J., & Kim, S. H. (2013). Effect of genotype and cultivation location on β-sitosterol and α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols in sorghum. Food Research International, 51(2), 971–976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2013.02.027
  • De Deckere, E. A. M., & Korver, O. (1996). Minor constituents of rice bran oil as functional foods. Nutrition Reviews, 54(11), S120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1996.tb03831.x
  • Dedić, A., Džudžević-Čančar, H., Stanojković, T., Roje, M., Damjanović, A., Alispahić, A., & Jerković-Mujkić, A. (2023). HPLC analysis of phytosterols in Prunus spinosa L. Extracts and their antiproliferative activity on prostate cancer cell lines. Kemija u industriji: Časopis kemičara i kemijskih inženjera Hrvatske, 72(5–6), 323–330. https://doi.org/10.15255/KUI.2022.077
  • Ding, K., Tan, Y. Y., Ding, Y., Fang, Y., Yang, X., Fang, J., Zhang, S. M., Zhang, H., Lu, W., Li, M., Huang, S.-C., Cai, M.-L., Song, Y., Ding, Y.-J., & Zhang, S.-M. (2019). β‐sitosterol improves experimental colitis in mice with a target against pathogenic bacteria. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 120(4), 5687–5694. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.27853
  • Dubtsova, G. N., Lomakin, A. A., Azimkova, E. M., Kosareva, K. V., Dubtsov, G. G., & Kusova, I. U. (2021, February). Lipid composition of viburnum and barberry fruits. IOP conference series: Earth and environmental science (Vol. 640, No. 4. pp. 042002). IOP Publishing.
  • Duester, K. C. (2001). Avocado fruit is a rich source of β-sitosterol. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 101(4), 404. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(01)00102-X
  • Ferahtia, A. (2021). See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication. Net/publication/350567414 surface water quality assessment in semi-arid region (el hodna watershed, algeria) based on water quality index (WQI).
  • Friedman, M. (2013). Rice brans, rice bran oils, and rice hulls: Composition, food and industrial uses, and bioactivities in humans, animals, and cells. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 61(45), 10626–10641. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf403635v
  • Gahlaut, A., Shirolkar, A., Hooda, V., & Dabur, R. (2013). β-sitosterol in different parts of Saraca asoca and herbal drug ashokarista: Quali-quantitative analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research, 4(3), 146. https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-4040.116783
  • Gecgel, M. T. B. B. Ü., & Demirci, A. Ş. (2006). Phytosterols as functional food ingredients. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(2), 153–159.
  • Gil-Ramirez, A., Ruiz-Rodriguez, A., Marin, F. R., Reglero, G., & Soler-Rivas, C. (2014). Effect of ergosterol-enriched extracts obtained from Agaricus bisporus on cholesterol absorption using an in vitro digestion model. Journal of Functional Foods, 11, 589–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2014.08.025
  • Gornas, P., Rudzińska, M., Raczyk, M., & Soliven, A. (2016). Lipophilic bioactive compounds in the oils recovered from cereal by‐products. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 96(9), 3256–3265. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7511
  • Gu, S., Liu, F., Xie, X., Ding, M., Wang, Z., Xing, X., Tianbao, & Sun, X. (2023). β-sitosterol blocks the LEF-1-mediated Wnt/β-catenin pathway to inhibit proliferation of human colon cancer cells. Cellular signalling, 104, 110585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110585
  • Gupta, E. (2020). β-sitosterol: Predominant phytosterol of therapeutic potential. In P. Mishra, R. R. Mishra & C. O. Adetunji (Eds.), Innovations in Food Technology: Current Perspectives and Future Goals (pp. 465–477). Springer.
  • Gupta, R., Sharma, A. K., Dobhal, M. P., Sharma, M. C., & Gupta, R. S. (2011). Antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of β‐sitosterol in streptozotocin‐induced experimental hyperglycemia. Journal of Diabetes, 3(1), 29–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-0407.2010.00107.x
  • Hakala, P., Lampi, A. M., Ollilainen, V., Werner, U., Murkovic, M., Wähälä, K., Karkola, S., & Piironen, V. (2002). Steryl phenolic acid esters in cereals and their milling fractions. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(19), 5300–5307. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf025637b
  • Hammam, W. E., Gad, A. M., Gad, M. K., Kirollos, F. N., Yassin, N. A., Tantawi, M. E. E., & El Hawary, S. S. E. (2023). Pyrus communis L. (Pear) and Malus domestica Borkh.(apple) leaves lipoidal extracts as sources for β-sitosterol rich formulae and their wound healing evaluation. Natural Product Research, 37(15), 2613–2617. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2022.2056181
  • Hartmann, M. A. (1998). Plant sterols and the membrane environment. Trends in plant science, 3(5), 170–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1360-1385(98)01233-3
  • Imanaka, H., Koide, H., Shimizu, K., Asai, T., Shimizu, N. K., Ishikado, A., Makino, T., & Oku, N. (2008). Chemoprevention of tumor metastasis by liposomal β-sitosterol intake. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 31(3), 400–404. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.31.400
  • Jun-Hua, H. A. N., Yue-Xin, Y. A. N. G., & Mei-Yuan, F. E. N. G. (2008). Contents of phytosterols in vegetables and fruits commonly consumed in China. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 21(6), 449–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0895-3988(09)60001-5
  • Kakade, A. N., & Magdum, C. S. (2012). HPLC analysis of β-sitosterol in herbal medicine and vegetable oils. International Journal of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, 3(5), 1666–1669.
  • Karim, S., Akhter, M. H., Burzangi, A. S., Alkreathy, H., Alharthy, B., Kotta, S., Md, S., Rashid, M. A., Afzal, O., Altamimim, A. S. A., & Khalilullah, H. (2022). Phytosterol-loaded surface-tailored bioactive-polymer nanoparticles for cancer treatment: Optimization, in vitro cell Viability, antioxidant activity, and stability studies. Gels, 8(4), 219. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8040219
  • Khan, I., Najeebullah, S., Ali, M., & Shinwari, Z. K. (2016). Phytopharmacological and ethnomedicinal uses of the genus berberis (Berberidaceae): A review. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 15(9), 2047–2057. https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v15i9.33
  • Khan, Z., Nath, N., Rauf, A., Emran, T. B., Mitra, S., Islam, F., Chandran, D., Barua, J., Khandaker, M. U., Idris, A. M., Wilairatana, P., & Thiruvengadam, M. (2022). Multifunctional roles and pharmacological potential of β-sitosterol: Emerging evidence toward clinical applications. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 365, 110117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110117
  • Koc, K., Geyikoglu, F., Cakmak, O., Koca, A., Kutlu, Z., Aysin, F., Yilmaz, A., & Aşkın, H. (2021). The targets of β-sitosterol as a novel therapeutic against cardio-renal complications in acute renal ischemia/reperfusion damage. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacology, 394(3), 469–479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-020-01984-1
  • Kopylov, A. T., Malsagova, K. A., Stepanov, A. A., & Kaysheva, A. L. (2021). Diversity of plant sterols metabolism: The impact on human health, sport, and accumulation of contaminating sterols. Nutrients, 13(5), 1623. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051623
  • Kudumula, N., Divya, N., Sravika, N., Priya, S., Anusha, P., & Jyotsna, M. S. (2021). Molecular properties, bioactivity scores, and toxicity predictions of the phytoconstituents present in Bauhinia Acuminata. International Journal of Scientific Research and Management (IJSRM), 9(7), 408–414. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v9i07.mp02
  • Lagarda, M. J., García-Llatas, G., & Farré, R. (2006). Analysis of phytosterols in foods. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 41(5), 1486–1496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2006.02.052
  • Liang, Y. T., Chen, J., Jiao, R., Peng, C., Zuo, Y., Lei, L., Chen, J., Liu, Y., Wang, X., Ma, K. Y., Huang, Y., & Chen, Z. Y. (2015). Cholesterol-lowering activity of sesamin is associated with down-regulation on genes of sterol transporters involved in cholesterol absorption. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 63(11), 2963–2969. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf5063606
  • Liaudanskas, M., Viškelis, P., Raudonis, R., Kviklys, D., Uselis, N., & Janulis, V. (2014). Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of Malus domestica leaves. Scientific World Journal, 2014, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/306217
  • Li, Z., Cheng, B., Yong, B., Liu, T., Peng, Y., Zhang, X., Ma, X., Huang, L., Liu, W., & Nie, G. (2019). Metabolomics and physiological analyses reveal β-sitosterol as an important plant growth regulator inducing tolerance to water stress in white clover. Planta, 250(6), 2033–2046. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-019-03277-1
  • Lima, R. D. S., & Block, J. M. (2019). Coconut oil: What do we really know about it so far? Food Quality and Safety, 3(2), 61–72. https://doi.org/10.1093/fqsafe/fyz004
  • Liu, Y., Li, Z., Li, W., Chen, X., Yang, L., Lu, S., Zhou, S., Li, M., Xiong, W., Zhang, X., Liu, Y., & Zhou, J. (2024). Discovery of β-sitosterol’s effects on molecular changes in rat diabetic wounds and its impact on angiogenesis and macrophages. International Immunopharmacology, 126, 111283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111283
  • Li, J., Yu, H., Yang, Y., Drummond, C. J., & Conn, C. E. (2021). Effect of crystallization state on the gel properties of oleogels based on β-sitosterol. Food Biophysics, 16(1), 48–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11483-020-09648-6
  • Loizou, S., Lekakis, I., Chrousos, G. P., & Moutsatsou, P. (2010). β‐sitosterol exhibits anti‐inflammatory activity in human aortic endothelial cells. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 54(4), 551–558. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200900012
  • Marangoni, F., & Poli, A. (2010). Phytosterols and cardiovascular health. Pharmacological Research, 61(3), 193–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2010.01.001
  • Matsuoka, R. (2022). Property of phytosterols and development of its containing mayonnaise-type dressing. Foods, 11(8), 1141. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11081141
  • Mel’nikov, S. M., ten Hoorn, J. W. S., & Eijkelenboom, A. P. (2004). Effect of phytosterols and phytostanols on the solubilization of cholesterol by dietary mixed micelles: An in vitro study. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 127(2), 121–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2003.09.015
  • Mishra, A., Das, S., & Kumari, S. (2024). Potential role of herbal plants and beta sitosterol as a bioactive constituent in circumventing Alzheimer’s disease. Plant Science Today, 11(1), 454–465. https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2420
  • Moreau, R. A., Whitaker, B. D., & Hicks, K. B. (2002). Phytosterols, phytostanols, and their conjugates in foods: Structural diversity, quantitative analysis, and health-promoting uses. Progress in Lipid Research, 41(6), 457–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-7827(02)00006-1
  • Nandi, S., Nag, A., Khatua, S., Sen, S., Chakraborty, N., Naskar, A., Sharifi‐Rad, J., Sharifi‐Rad, J., & Acharya, K. (2023). Anticancer activity and other biomedical properties of β‐sitosterol: Bridging phytochemistry and current pharmacological evidence for future translational approaches. Phytotherapy Research, 38(2), 592–619. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.8061
  • Patel, K., Kumar, V., Verma, A., Rahman, M., & Patel, D. K. (2017). β-sitosterol: Bioactive compounds in foods, their role in health promotion and disease prevention “a concise report of its phytopharmaceutical importance”. Current Traditional Medicine, 3(3), 168–177. https://doi.org/10.2174/2215083803666170615111759
  • Perveen, A. N. J. U. M., & Qaiser, M. U. H. A. M. M. A. D. (2010). Pollen flora of Pakistan–LXV. Berberidaceae. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 42(1), 1–6.
  • Piironen, V., Toivo, J., & Lampi, A. M. (2002). Plant sterols in cereals and cereal products. Cereal Chemistry, 79(1), 148–154. https://doi.org/10.1094/CCHEM.2002.79.1.148
  • Ponnulakshmi, R., Shyamaladevi, B., Vijayalakshmi, P., & Selvaraj, J. (2019). In silico and in vivo analysis to identify the antidiabetic activity of β-sitosterol in adipose tissue of high fat diet and sucrose induced type-2 diabetic experimental rats. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 29(4), 276–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/15376516.2018.1545815
  • Reddy, C. S. S., Priyadharshini, R., & Selvaraj Jayaraman, D. P. S. (2022). Chemopreventive anticancer activity of beta sitosterol in human prostate cancer cells (Pc-3) and Emt-mediated signaling regulation: An in vitro study. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results, 13(9), 1514–1521.
  • Rubis, B., Paszel, A., Kaczmarek, M., Rudzinska, M., Jelen, H., & Rybczynska, M. (2008). Beneficial or harmful influence of phytosterols on human cells? British Journal of Nutrition, 100(6), 1183–1191. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114508981423
  • Ryan, E., Galvin, K., O’Connor, T. P., Maguire, A. R., & O’Brien, N. M. (2007). Phytosterol, squalene, tocopherol content and fatty acid profile of selected seeds, grains, and legumes. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 62(3), 85–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-007-0046-8
  • Sajfrtova, M., Ličková, I., Wimmerová, M., Sovová, H., & Wimmer, Z. (2010). β-sitosterol: Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction from sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) seeds. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 11(4), 1842–1850. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms11041842
  • Sakul, A. A., & Okur, M. E. (2021). β-sitosterol and its antinociceptive mechanism action. Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University, 45(2), 238–252.
  • Sharma, N., Tan, M. A., & An, S. S. A. (2021). Phytosterols: Potential metabolic modulators in neurodegenerative diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(22), 12255. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212255
  • Shi, C., Wu, F., Zhu, X., & Xu, J. (2013). Incorporation of β-sitosterol into the membrane increases resistance to oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation via estrogen receptor-mediated PI3K/GSK3β signaling. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects, 1830(3), 2538–2544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.12.012
  • Siegel, R. L., Miller, K. D., Fuchs, H. E., & Jemal, A. (2021). Cancer statistics, 2021. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 71(1), 7–33. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21654
  • Singh, J., & Kakkar, P. (2009). Antihyperglycemic and antioxidant effect of berberis aristata root extract and its role in regulating carbohydrate metabolism in diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 123(1), 22–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.02.038
  • Tang, X., Yan, T., Wang, S., Liu, Q., Yang, Q., Zhang, Y., & Yang, L. (2024). Treatment with β-sitosterol ameliorates the effects of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by suppressing cholesterol overload, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and apoptosis. Neural Regeneration Research, 19(3), 642–649. https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.380904
  • Tasyriq, M., Najmuldeen, I. A., In, L. L., Mohamad, K., Awang, K., & Hasima, N. (2012). 7α-Hydroxy-β-sitosterol from Chisocheton tomentosus induces apoptosis via dysregulation of cellular Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and cell cycle arrest by downregulating ERK1/2 activation. Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine: eCAM, 2012, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/765316
  • Vecka, M., Staňková, B., Kutová, S., Tomášová, P., Tvrzická, E., & Žák, A. (2019). Comprehensive sterol and fatty acid analysis in nineteen nuts, seeds, and kernel. SN Applied Sciences, 1(12), 1531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-1576-z
  • Vlahakis, C., & Hazebroek, J. (2000). Phytosterol accumulation in canola, sunflower, and soybean oils: Effects of genetics, planting location, and temperature. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 77, 49–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-000-0008-6
  • Wang, H., Wang, Z., Zhang, Z., Liu, J., & Hong, L. (2023). β-sitosterol as a promising anticancer agent for chemoprevention and chemotherapy: Mechanisms of action and future prospects. Advances in Nutrition, 14(5), 1085–1110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advnut.2023.05.013
  • Xu, G., Guan, L., Sun, J., & Chen, Z. Y. (2009). Oxidation of cholesterol and β-sitosterol and prevention by natural antioxidants. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57(19), 9284–9292. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf902552s
  • Yang, R., Xue, L., Zhang, L., Wang, X., Qi, X., Jiang, J., Yu, P., Wang, X., Zhang, W., Zhang, Q., & Li, P. (2019). Phytosterol contents of edible oils and their contributions to estimated phytosterol intake in the Chinese diet. Foods, 8(8), 334. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8080334
  • Ye, J. C., Chang, W. C., Hsieh, D. J. Y., & Hsiao, M. W. (2010). Extraction and analysis of β-sitosterol in herbal medicines. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(7), 522–527.
  • Ye, J. Y., Li, L., Hao, Q. M., Qin, Y., & Ma, C. S. (2020). β-sitosterol treatment attenuates cognitive deficits and prevents amyloid plaque deposition in amyloid protein precursor/presenilin 1 mice. The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology, 24(1), 39–46. https://doi.org/10.4196/kjpp.2020.24.1.39
  • Yin, Y., Liu, X., Liu, J., Cai, E., Zhao, Y., Li, H., & Gao, Y. (2018). The effect of β-sitosterol and its derivatives on depression by the modification of 5-HT, DA and GABA-ergic systems in mice. RSC advances, 8(2), 671–680. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA11364A
  • Yuan, C., Zhang, X., Long, X., Jin, J., & Jin, R. (2019). Effect of β-sitosterol self-microemulsion and β-sitosterol ester with linoleic acid on lipid-lowering in hyperlipidemic mice. Lipids in Health and Disease, 18(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-019-1096-2
  • Yu, Y., Cao, Y., Huang, W., Liu, Y., Lu, Y., & Zhao, J. (2021). β-sitosterol ameliorates endometrium receptivity in PCOS-like mice: The mediation of gut microbiota. Frontiers in Nutrition, 8, 667130. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.667130
  • Yuk, J. E., Woo, J. S., Yun, C. Y., Lee, J. S., Kim, J. H., Song, G. Y., Young, E. J., Hur, K. I., & Kim, I. S. (2007). Effects of lactose-β-sitosterol and β-sitosterol on ovalbumin-induced lung inflammation in actively sensitized mice. International Immunopharmacology, 7(12), 1517–1527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2007.07.026
  • Zaheed, O., Samson, J., & Dean, K. (2020). A bioinformatics approach to identify novel long, non-coding RNAs in breast cancer cell lines from an existing RNA-sequencing dataset. Non-Coding RNA Research, 5(2), 48–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncrna.2020.02.004
  • Zhang, P., Liu, N., Xue, M., Zhang, M., Liu, W., Xu, C., Fan, Y., Meng, Y., Zhang, Q., & Zhou, Y. (2023). Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of β-sitosterol in copper sulfate-induced inflammation in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Antioxidants, 12(2), 391. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020391
  • Zhang, C. R., Schutzki, R. E., & Nair, M. G. (2013). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds in the popular landscape plant berberis thunbergii var. atropurpurea. Natural Product Communications, 8(2), 1934578X1300800207. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1300800207