Climate change, migration, and internally displaced populations in the Indian Ocean Region – evidence from South Asia and East Africa

References

• Abebe, M. (2014). Climate change, gender inequality and migration in East Africa. Washington Journal of Environmental Law & Policy, 4(1), 104–140.
   Google Scholar
• Abel, G. (2022). Gender and migration data. KNOMAD Knowledge Paper 44. World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Achiume, E. T. (2019). Migration as decolonisation. Stanford Law Review, 71(6): 1509–1574. UCLA School of Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 19-05.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adamson, F. B., & Tsourapas, G. (2020). The migration state in the Global South: Nationalizing, developmental, and neoliberal models of migration management. International Migration Review, 54(3), 853–882.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adger, N., Barnett, J., Chapin, F. S., & Ellemor, H. (2011). This must be the place: Underrepresentation of identity and meaning in climate change decision-making. Global Environmental Politics, 11(2), 1–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adger, W. N., de Campos, R. S., Codjoe, S. N. A., Siddiqui, T., Hazra, S., Das, S., … Abu, M. (2021). Perceived environmental risks and insecurity reduce future migration intentions in hazardous migration source areas. One Earth, 4, 146–157.
   Google Scholar
• Adhikary, P., Aryal, N., Dhungana, R. R., Krishna Kc, R., Regmi, P. R., Wickramage, K. B., … Simkhada, P. (2020). Accessing health services in India: Experiences of seasonal migrants returning to Nepal. BMC Health Services Research, 20(1): 1–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amodu, O. C., Richter, M. S., & Salami, B. O. (2020). A scoping review of the health of conflict-induced internally displaced women in Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17(4), 1280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansar, A. (2022). Bangladeshi women migrants amidst the COVID-19 pandemic: Revisiting globalization, dependency and gendered precarity in South–South labour migration. Oxford: Global Networks.
   Google Scholar
• Arnall, A. (2019). Resettlement as climate change adaptation: What can be learned from state-led relocation in rural Africa and Asia? Climate and Development, 11(3), 253–263.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basu Ray Chaudhury, A., & Ghosh, A. (2021, April). Trans-border migration: Bridging the gap between state and human security. ORF Occasional Paper No. 311. Observer Research Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• BBC. (2018). Can 'voluntary colonialism' stop migration from Africa to Europe? https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46017551.
   Google Scholar
• BBC. (2020). How Africa hopes to gain from the 'new scramble'. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51092504.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, M., Charles-Edwards, E., Ueffing, P., Stillwell, J., Kupiszewski, M., & Kupiszewska, D. (2015). Internal migration and development: Comparing migration intensities around the world. Population and Development Review, 41(1), 33–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berlemann, M., & Steinhardt, M. F. (2017). Climate change, natural disasters, and migration – A survey of the empirical evidence. CESifo Economic Studies, 63(4), 353–385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biermann, F., & Boas, I. (2010). Preparing for a warmer world: Towards a global governance system to protect climate refugees. Global Environmental Politics, 10(1), 60–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black, R. (2001). Environmental refugees: Myth or reality’? UNHCR working paper 34. UNHCR.
   Google Scholar
• Black, R., Bennett, S. R. G., Thomas, S. M., & Beddington, J. R. (2011). Migration as adaptation. Nature Climate Change, 478, 447–449.
   Google Scholar
• Black, R., Hilker, L. M., & Pooley, C. (2004). Migration and pro-poor policy in East Africa (Working Paper C7). Brighton: Sussex Centre for Migration Research, University of Sussex.
   Google Scholar
• Blair, C., Grossman, G., & Weinstein, J. M. (2021). Liberal displacement policies attract forced migrants in the Global South. Social Science Research Network (SSRN).
   Google Scholar
• Bryan, G., Chowdhury, S., & Mobarak, A. M. (2014). Underinvestment in a profitable technology: The case of seasonal migration in Bangladesh. Econometrica, 82, 1671–1748.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byravan, S., & Rajan, S. C. (2006). Providing new homes for climate change exiles. Climate Policy, 6. 247–252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campani, G. (1995). Women migrants: From marginal subjects to social actors. In R. Cohen, (Ed.) The Cambridge survey of world migration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 546–550.
   Google Scholar
• Castelli, F. (2018). Drivers of migration: Why do people move? Journal of Travel Medicine, 25(1), 1–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaturvedi, S., & Doyle, T. (2010). Geopolitics of fear and the emergence of ‘climate refugees’: Imaginative geographies of climate change and displacements in Bangladesh. Journal of the Indian Ocean Region, 6(2), 206–222.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, R. (1995). The Cambridge survey of world migration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Correa, E. (2011). Preventive resettlement of populations at risk of disaster: Experiences from Latin America. World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Crate, S. (2011). Climate and culture: Anthropology in the era of contemporary climate change. Annual Review of Anthropology, 40(1), 175–194.
   Google Scholar
• Cundill, G., Singh, C., Adger, W., De Campos, R., Vincent, K., Tebboth, M., & Maharjan, A. (2021). Toward a climate mobilities research agenda: Intersectionality, immobility, and policy responses. Global Environmental Change, 69, 102315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czaika, M. (2012). Internal versus international migration and the role of multiple deprivation. Asian Population Studies, 8(2), 125–149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Haas, H. (2010). The internal dynamics of migration processes: A theoretical inquiry. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36(10), 1587–1617.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Haas, H., Czaika, M., Marie-Laurence, F., Mahendra, E., Natter, K., Vezzoli, S., & Villares-Varela, M. (2019). International migration: Trends, determinants, and policy effects. Population and Development Review, 45(4), 885–922.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Sherbinin, A., Castro, M., Gemenne, F., Cernea, M. M., Adamo, S., Fearnside, P. M., … Shi, G. (2011). Preparing for resettlement associated with climate change. Science, 334(6055), 456–457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deshingkar, P., & Farrington, J. (2006). Rural labour markets and migration in South Asia: Evidences from India and Bangladesh. In: Background paper for the World Development Report 2008 (pp. 1–27). Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• De Souza, K., Kituyi, E., Harvey, B., Leone, M., Murali, K. S., & Ford, J. D. (2015). Vulnerability to climate change in three hot spots in Africa and Asia: Key issues for policy-relevant adaptation and resilience-building research. Regional Environmental Change, 15, 747–753.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dessalegn, M., Debevec, L., Nicol, A., & Ludi, E. (2023). A critical examination of rural out-migration studies in Ethiopia: Considering impacts on agriculture in the sending communities. Land, 12, 176.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijstelbloem, H. (2017). Migration tracking is a mess. Nature, 543, 32–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebrahimi, S. H., & Ossewaarde, M. (2019). Not a security issue: How policy experts de-politicize the climate change–migration nexus. Social Sciences, 8, (7), 214.
   Google Scholar
• Felli, R. (2013). Managing climate insecurity by ensuring continuous capital accumulation: ‘Climate refugees’ and ‘climate migrants’. New Political Economy, 18(3), 337–363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, E. (2020). Introduction: Recentering the South in studies of migration. Migration and Society, 3(1), 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, E., & Daley, P. (Eds.). (2018). The Routledge handbook of South-South relations, 380–396. Oxford: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Findley, S. E. (1994). Does drought increase migration? A study of migration from rural Mali during the 1983-85 drought. International Migration Review, (3), 539–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, C., & Vollmer, R. (Eds.). (2009). BICC Brief 39: Migration and displacement in Sub-Saharan Africa: The security-migration Nexus II. Bonn: Bonn International Center for Conversion.
   Google Scholar
• Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change. (2011). Final project report. London: The Government Office for Science.
   Google Scholar
• Garcia, A. J., Pindolia, D. K., Lopiano, K. K., & Tatem, A. J. (2015). Modeling internal migration flows in sub-Saharan Africa using census microdata. Migration Studies, 3(1), 89–110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould, W. T. S. (1995). Regional labour migration systems in East Africa: Continuity and change. In R. Cohen (Ed.), The Cambridge survey of world migration (pp. 183–189). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Greenpeace. (2021). The fight for Cabo Delgado: A hidden war over Mozambique’s natural resources. Pulitzer Center. https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/fight-cabo-delgado-hidden-war-over-mozambiques-natural-resources
   Google Scholar
• Gugler, J. (1989). Women stay on the farm no more: Changing patterns of rural–urban migration in sub-Saharan Africa. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 27(2), 347–352.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gukurume, S., & Felix, T. (2023). Mining-induced displacement and livelihood resilience: The case of Marange, Zimbabwe. The Extractive Industries and Society, 13, 101210.
   Google Scholar
• Hesse, C., & Cotula, L. (2006). Climate change and pastoralists: Investing in people to respond to adversity. Sustainable development opinion papers. London: IIED.
   Google Scholar
• Hickey, M., & Yeoh, B. (2016). Crossing borders and traversing boundaries: Closing the ‘gap’ between internal and international migration in Asia. Population, Space and Place, 22, 642–650.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Homer-Dixon, T. (1999). Environment, scarcity, and violence. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hunter, L. M., Luna, J. K., & Norton, R. M. (2015). Environmental dimensions of migration. Annual Review of Sociology, 41(5), 377–397.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• IDMC. (2022). Global Report on Internal Displacement (GRID) 2022.
   Google Scholar
• ILO. (2021). Migration and gender in Bangladesh: An irregular landscape.
   Google Scholar
• IOM. (2016). Assessing the climate change environmental degradation and migration nexus in South Asia.
   Google Scholar
• IOM. (2020). World migration report.
   Google Scholar
• IOM. (2021). Displacement tracking matrix: East and horn of Africa. Regional Snapshot.
   Google Scholar
• IOM. (2022). Women and girls account for the majority of migrants in east and horn of Africa.
   Google Scholar
• IPCC. (2022). Climate change 2022. Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability: Summary for policymakers. WGII Sixth Assessment Report.
   Google Scholar
• Khadria, B. (2005). Migration in south and South-West Asia. Geneva: Global Commission on International Migration.
   Google Scholar
• Khandker, S., Khaleque, M., & Samad, H. (2011). Can social safety nets alleviate seasonal deprivation? Evidence from Northwest Bangladesh. World Bank report.
   Google Scholar
• Kibreab, G. (1997). Environmental causes and impact of refugee movements: A critique of current debate. Disasters, 21 (1), 20–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kibreab, G. (2007). Why governments prefer spatially segregated settlement sites for urban refugees. Refuge, 24, 27–35.
   Google Scholar
• Kniveton, D., Schmidt-Verkerk, K., Smith, C., & Black, R. (2008). Climate change and migration: Improving methodologies to estimate flows. IOM Migration Research Series. No. 33.
   Google Scholar
• Koubi, V., Spilker, G., Schaffer, L., & Böhmelt, T. (2016). The role of environmental perceptions in migration decision-making: Evidence from both migrants and non-migrants in five developing countries. Population and Environment, 38(2), 134–163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnan, R., Shrestha, A. B., Ren, G., Rajbhandari, R., Saeed, S., Sanjay, J., et al. (2019). Unravelling climate change in the Hindu Kush Himalaya: rapid warming in the mountains and increasing extremes. In P. Wester, A. Mishra, A. Mukherji, and A. B. Shrestha (Eds.), The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment: mountains, climate change, sustainability and people. Springer Nature.
   Google Scholar
• Kudrat-E-Khuda, (Babu), & Scott, M (Reviewing editor). (2020). The impacts and challenges to host country Bangladesh due to sheltering the Rohingya refugees. Cogent Social Sciences, 6, 1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, E. S. (1966). A theory of migration. Demography, 3(1), 47–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthan, T. (2022). Beyond bad weather: Climates of uncertainty in rural India. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 49, 114–135.
   Google Scholar
• McGregor, J. (1994). Climate change and involuntary migration: Implications for food security. Food Policy, 19(2), 120–132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLeman, R. (2017). Chapter 2: Climate-related migration and its linkages to vulnerability, adaptation, and socioeconomic inequality: Evidence from recent examples. In Research handbook on climate change, migration and the law. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Migration Policy Institute (MPI). (2023). Amid record drought and food insecurity, East Africa’s protracted humanitarian crisis worsens.
   Google Scholar
• Msigwa, R. E., & Mbongo, J. E. (2013). Determinants of internal migration in Tanzania. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 4(9), 28–35.
   Google Scholar
• Mueller, V., & Gray, C. L. (2012). Natural disasters and population mobility in Bangladesh. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences United States of America, 109, 6000–6005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller, V., Sheriff, G., Dou, X., & Gray, C. (2020). Temporary migration and climate variation in Eastern Africa. World Development, 126, 104704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musah-Surugu, I. J., Ahenkan, A., Bawole, J. N., & Darkwah, S. A. (2017). Migrants’ remittances: A complementary source of financing adaptation to climate change at the local level in Ghana. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 10(1), 178–196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Statistical Office (NSO). (2021). Press note on migration in India 2020–2021. Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India.
   Google Scholar
• Nyaoro, C. (2010). Mobility, poverty, and the cities of East Africa. In E. Laipson & A. Pandya (Eds.), On the move: Migration challenges in the Indian Ocean Littoral (pp. 15–28). Stimson: Regional Voices.
   Google Scholar
• Ocello, C., Petrucci, A., Testa, M., & Vignoli, D. (2015). Environmental aspects of internal migration in Tanzania. Population and Environment, 37(1), 99–108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Outlook. (2023). Development at cost of human lives? Revisiting Adivasi Resistance in Mali Parbat, Niyamgiri Hills.
   Google Scholar
• Paprocki, K. (2022). Anticipatory ruination. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 49(7), 1399–1408.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piguet, E. (2013). From “primitive migration” to “climate refugees”: The curious fate of the natural environment in migration studies. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 103(14), 148–162.
   Google Scholar
• Prati, G., Cazcarro, I., & Hazra, S. (2022). Gender dimensions of the migration, sustainability and care nexus: The case study of the Mahanadi delta, India. Current Research in Environmental Sustainability, 4, 100104.
   Google Scholar
• Rashid, M. M. (2013). Rural-urban female migration in Bangladesh: Need for information support and institutional responses. Global Journal of Human Social Science, Sociology and Culture, 13(5), 1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Ravenstein, E. G. (1885). The laws of migration. Journal of the Statistical Society of London, 48(2), 167–235.
   Google Scholar
• Reuveny, R. (2007). Climate change-induced migration and violent conflict. Political Geography, 26(6), 656–673.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reuveny, R. (2008). Ecomigration and violent conflict: Case studies and public policy implications. Human Ecology, 36, 1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigaud, K. K., de Sherbinin, A., Jones, B, Arora, A, & Adamo, S. (2021). Groundswell Africa: Deep dive into internal climate migration in Tanzania. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Rigaud, K. K., de Sherbinin, A., Jones, B., Bergmann, J., Clement, V., Ober, K., Schewe, J., Adamo, S., McCusker, B., Heuser, S., & Midgley, A. (2018). Groundswell: Preparing for internal climate migration. Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Risam, R. (2019). Beyond the migrant “problem”: Visualizing global migration. Television & New Media, 20(6), 566–580.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satterthwaite, D., & Tacoli, C. (2003). The urban part of rural development: The role of small and intermediate urban centres in rural and regional development and poverty reduction. Human Settlements Rural–Urban Linkages Discussion Series 9. London: IIED.
   Google Scholar
• Seddon, D. (2004). South Asian remittances: Implications for development. Contemporary South Asia, 13(4), 403–420.
   Google Scholar
• Shah, A., & Lerche, J. (2020). Migration and the invisible economies of care: Production, social reproduction and seasonal migrant labour in India. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 45, 719–734.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanthi, K. (2006). Female labour migration in India: Insights from NSSO data (Working Paper 4/2006). Chennai: Madras School of Economics.
   Google Scholar
• Skeldon, R. (1997). Migration and development: A global perspective. Essex: Longman.
   Google Scholar
• Sow, P., Adaawen, S. A., & Scheffran, J. (2014). Migration, social demands and environmental change amongst the Frafra of Northern Ghana and the Biali in Northern Benin. Sustainability, 6(1), 375–398.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava, R., & Pandey, A. K. (2017). ‘Internal and international migration in South Asia: Drivers, interlinkage and policy issues (Discussion paper). New Delhi: UNESCO.
   Google Scholar
• Tucker, J., Daoud, M., Oates, N., Few, R., Conway, D., Mtisi, S., & Matheson, S. (2015). Social vulnerability in three high-poverty climate change hot spots: What does the climate change literature tell us? Regional Environmental Change, 15(5), 783–800.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UN. (2018). United Nations global compact for safe, orderly and regular migration. UN Document A/RES/73/195.
   Google Scholar
• UN. (2020). Women’s economic empowerment in the Indian Ocean rim: Progresses and challenges.
   Google Scholar
• UNHCR. (2015). A million refugees and migrants flee to Europe in 2015.
   Google Scholar
• UNHCR. (2020). Refugee statistics.
   Google Scholar
• UNHCR. (2022). East and horn of Africa and great lakes. Global Appeal 2023.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Statistical Division (UNSD). (2018). Time-use statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Upadhyay, M. (2014). ‘Migrating to adapt? Contesting dominant narratives of migration and climate change’ (Discussion paper). New Delhi: UNESCO.
   Google Scholar
• Van der Land, V., & Hummel, D. (2013). Vulnerability and the role of education in environmentally induced migration in Mali and Senegal. Ecology and Society, 18(4), 14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Hear, N., Bakewell, O., & Long, K. (2018). Push-pull plus: Reconsidering the drivers of migration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44(6), 927–944.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinke, K., Bergmann, J., Blocher, J., Upadhyay, H., & Hoffmann, R. (2020). Migration as adaptation? Migration Studies, 8(4), 626–634.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitaker, B. E. (2017). Migration within Africa and beyond. African Studies Review, 60(2), 209–220.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilmsen, B., & Webber, M. (2015). What can we learn from the practice of development-forced displacement and resettlement for organised resettlements in response to climate change? Geoforum, 58, 76–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2020). World development indicators. Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar