The pathogenesis and virulence of enterovirus-D68 infection

References

• Waghmare A, Pergam SA, Jerome KR, et al. Clinical disease due to enterovirus D68 in adult hematologic malignancy patients and hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. Blood. 2015;125(11):1724–1729.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giombini E, Rueca M, Barberi W, et al. Enterovirus D68-Associated Acute Flaccid Myelitis in Immunocompromised Woman, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(10):1690–1693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poelman R, Schuffenecker I, Van Leer-Buter C, et al. European surveillance for enterovirus D68 during the emerging North-American outbreak in 2014. J Clin Virol. 2015;71:1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messacar K, Abzug MJ, Dominguez SR. The Emergence of Enterovirus-D68. Microbiol Spectr. 2016;4(3):3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayscue P, Van Haren K, Sheriff H, et al. Acute flaccid paralysis with anterior myelitis - California. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012 [June -Jun 2014];63(40):903–906.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esposito S, Chidini G, Cinnante C, et al. Acute flaccid myelitis associated with enterovirus-D68 infection in an otherwise healthy child. Virol J. 2017;14(1):4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreuter JD, Barnes A, McCarthy JE, et al. A fatal central nervous system enterovirus 68 infection. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2011;135(6):793–796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul JR. Poliomyelitis attack rates in American troops, 1940-1948. Am J Hyg. 1949;50(1):57–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garon JR, Cochi SL, Orenstein WA. The Challenge of Global Poliomyelitis Eradication. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2015;29(4):651–665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messacar K, Schreiner TL, Maloney JA, et al. A cluster of acute flaccid paralysis and cranial nerve dysfunction temporally associated with an outbreak of enterovirus D68 in children in Colorado, USA. Lancet. 2015;385(9978):1662–1671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Top FH. Incidence of cranial nerve paralysis in poliomyelitis in relation to presence or absence of tonsils. II. In a largely rural area. Pediatrics. 1958;21(1):106–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baggen J, Thibaut HJ, Strating J, et al. The life cycle of non-polio enteroviruses and how to target it. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2018;16(6):368–381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bal A, Sabatier M, Wirth T, et al. Emergence of enterovirus D68 clade D1, France, August to November 2018. Euro Surveill. 2019;24(3):3.
   Google Scholar
• Pellegrinelli L, Giardina F, Lunghi G, et al. Emergence of divergent enterovirus (EV) D68 sub-clade D1 strains, northern Italy, September to October 2018. Euro Surveill. 2019;24(7):7.
   Google Scholar
• Yip CCY, Lo JYC, Sridhar S, et al. First Report of a Fatal Case Associated with EV-D68 Infection in Hong Kong and Emergence of an Interclade Recombinant in China Revealed by Genome Analysis. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(5):5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greninger AL, Naccache SN, Messacar K, et al. A novel outbreak enterovirus D68 strain associated with acute flaccid myelitis cases in the USA (2012-14): a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15(6):671–682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knoester M, Scholvinck EH, Poelman R, et al. Upsurge of Enterovirus D68, the Netherlands, 2016. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(1):140–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hixon AM, Yu G, Leser JS, et al. A mouse model of paralytic myelitis caused by enterovirus D68. PLoS Pathog. 2017;13(2):e1006199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld AB, Warren AL, Racaniello VR. Neurotropism of Enterovirus D68 Isolates Is Independent of Sialic Acid and Is Not a Recently Acquired Phenotype. MBio. 2019;10(5):5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sooksawasdi NAS, Meijer A, Bauer L, et al. Enhanced Enterovirus D68 Replication in Neuroblastoma Cells Is Associated with a Cell Culture-Adaptive Amino Acid Substitution in VP1. mSphere. 2020;5:6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baggen J, HJ T, Staring J, et al. Enterovirus D68 receptor requirements unveiled by haploid genetics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016;113(5):1399–1404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Sheng J, Baggen J, et al. Sialic acid-dependent cell entry of human enterovirus D68. Nat Commun. 2015;6(1):8865.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Graaf M, Fouchier RA. Role of receptor binding specificity in influenza A virus transmission and pathogenesis. EMBO J. 2014;33(8):823–841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls JM, Bourne AJ, Chen H, et al. Sialic acid receptor detection in the human respiratory tract: evidence for widespread distribution of potential binding sites for human and avian influenza viruses. Respir Res. 2007;8(1):73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauer AK, Liang CH, Stech J, et al. Characterization of the sialic acid binding activity of influenza A viruses using soluble variants of the H7 and H9 hemagglutinins. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e89529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown DM, Hixon AM, Oldfield LM, et al. Contemporary Circulating Enterovirus D68 Strains Have Acquired the Capacity for Viral Entry and Replication in Human Neuronal Cells. mBio. 2018;9(5):5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baggen J, Liu Y, Lyoo H, et al. Bypassing pan-enterovirus host factor PLA2G16. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):3171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseligka ED, Sobo K, Stoppini L, et al. A VP1 mutation acquired during an enterovirus 71 disseminated infection confers heparan sulfate binding ability and modulates ex vivo tropism. PLoS Pathog. 2018;14(8):e1007190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenniskens GJ, Oosterhof A, Brandwijk R, et al. Heparan sulfate heterogeneity in skeletal muscle basal lamina: demonstration by phage display-derived antibodies. J Neurosci. 2000;20(11):4099–4111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farhy Tselnicker I, Boisvert MM, Allen NJ. The role of neuronal versus astrocyte-derived heparan sulfate proteoglycans in brain development and injury. Biochem Soc Trans. 2014;42(5):1263–1269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei W, Guo H, Chang J, et al. ICAM-5/Telencephalin Is a Functional Entry Receptor for Enterovirus D68. Cell Host Microbe. 2016;20(5):631–641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hixon AM, Clarke P, Tyler KL. Contemporary Circulating Enterovirus D68 Strains Infect and Undergo Retrograde Axonal Transport in Spinal Motor Neurons Independent of Sialic Acid. J Virol. 2019;93(16):16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gahmberg CG, Tian L, Ning L, et al. ICAM-5–a novel two-facetted adhesion molecule in the mammalian brain. Immunol Lett. 2008;117(2):131–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itagaki T, Aoki Y, Matoba Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of children infected with enterovirus D68 in an outpatient clinic and the association with bronchial asthma. Infect Dis (Lond). 2018;50(4):303–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuster JE, Selvarangan R, Hassan F, et al. Clinical Course of Enterovirus D68 in Hospitalized Children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2017;36(3):290–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuster JE, Miller JO, Selvarangan R, et al. Severe enterovirus 68 respiratory illness in children requiring intensive care management. J Clin Virol. 2015;70:77–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korematsu S, Nagashima K, Sato Y, et al. “Spike” in acute asthma exacerbations during enterovirus D68 epidemic in Japan: a nation-wide survey. Allergol Int. 2018;67(1):55–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster CB, Coelho R, Brown PM, et al. A comparison of hospitalized children with enterovirus D68 to those with rhinovirus. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52(6):827–832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kusabe Y, Takeshima A, Seino A, et al. [An Adult Case of Enterovirus D68 Encephalomyelitis Presenting as Bilateral Facial Nerve Palsy and Dysphagia]. Brain Nerve. 2017;69(8):957–961.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ward NS, Hughes BL, Mermel LA. Enterovirus D68 Infection in an Adult. Am J Crit Care. 2016;25(2):178–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto M, Awano H, Ogi M, et al. A pediatric patient with interstitial pneumonia due to enterovirus D68. J Infect Chemother. 2016;22(10):712–715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Essaidi-Laziosi M, Brito F, Benaoudia S, et al. Propagation of respiratory viruses in human airway epithelia reveals persistent virus-specific signatures. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141(6):2074–2084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel MC, Wang W, Pletneva LM, et al. Enterovirus D-68 Infection, Prophylaxis, and Vaccination in a Novel Permissive Animal Model, the Cotton Rat (Sigmodon hispidus). PLoS One. 2016;11(11):e0166336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng HW, Sun M, Guo L, et al. Nasal Infection of Enterovirus D68 Leading to Lower Respiratory Tract Pathogenesis in Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). Viruses. 2017;9(5):5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WJ E, BL H, CJ P, et al. Development of a respiratory disease model for enterovirus D68 in 4-week-old mice for evaluation of antiviral therapies. Antiviral Res. 2019;162:61–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajput C, Han M, Bentley JK, et al. Enterovirus D68 infection induces IL-17-dependent neutrophilic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. JCI Insight. 2018;3(16):16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiang Z, Liu L, Lei X, et al. 3C Protease of Enterovirus D68 Inhibits Cellular Defense Mediated by Interferon Regulatory Factor 7. J Virol. 2016;90(3):1613–1621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rui Y, Su J, Wang H, et al. Disruption of MDA5-Mediated Innate Immune Responses by the 3C Proteins of Coxsackievirus A16, Coxsackievirus A6, and Enterovirus D68. J Virol. 2017;91(13):13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang J, Pang Z, Zhou Z, et al. Enterovirus D68 Protease 2A pro Targets TRAF3 To Subvert Host Innate Immune Responses. J Virol. 2021;95(3):3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong PF, Kira R, Mori H, et al. Clinical Features of Acute Flaccid Myelitis Temporally Associated With an Enterovirus D68 Outbreak: results of a Nationwide Survey of Acute Flaccid Paralysis in Japan, August-December 2015. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(5):653–664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imamura T, Suzuki A, Lupisan S, et al. Detection of enterovirus 68 in serum from pediatric patients with pneumonia and their clinical outcomes. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2014;8(1):21–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurst BL, Evans WJ, Smee DF, et al. Evaluation of antiviral therapies in respiratory and neurological disease models of Enterovirus D68 infection in mice. Virology. 2019;526:146–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang C, Zhang X, Dai W, et al. A Mouse Model of Enterovirus D68 Infection for Assessment of the Efficacy of Inactivated Vaccine. Viruses. 2018;10(2):2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng H, Wang J, Li B, et al. A Novel Neutralizing Antibody Specific to the DE Loop of VP1 Can Inhibit EV-D68 Infection in Mice. J Immunol. 2018;201(9):2557–2569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen L, Chen CY, Huang D, et al. Pathogenic Events in a Nonhuman Primate Model of Oral Poliovirus Infection Leading to Paralytic Poliomyelitis. J Virol. 2017;91(14):14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smura T, Ylipaasto P, Klemola P, et al. Cellular tropism of human enterovirus D species serotypes EV-94, EV-70, and EV-68 in vitro: implications for pathogenesis. J Med Virol. 2010;82(11):1940–1949.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan MC, Chan RW, Yu WC, et al. Influenza H5N1 virus infection of polarized human alveolar epithelial cells and lung microvascular endothelial cells. Respir Res. 2009;10(1):102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corona AK, Saulsbery HM, Corona Velazquez AF, et al. Enteroviruses Remodel Autophagic Trafficking through Regulation of Host SNARE Proteins to Promote Virus Replication and Cell Exit. Cell Rep. 2018;22(12):3304–3314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang CC, Sun MJ, Lei HY, et al. Human endothelial cell activation and apoptosis induced by enterovirus 71 infection. J Med Virol. 2004;74(4):597–603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bozym RA, Morosky SA, Kim KS, et al. Release of intracellular calcium stores facilitates coxsackievirus entry into polarized endothelial cells. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6(10):e1001135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conaldi PG, Serra C, Mossa A, et al. Persistent infection of human vascular endothelial cells by group B coxsackieviruses. J Infect Dis. 1997;175(3):693–696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couderc T, Barzu T, Horaud F, et al. Poliovirus permissivity and specific receptor expression on human endothelial cells. Virology. 1990;174(1):95–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coyne CB, Kim KS, Bergelson JM. Poliovirus entry into human brain microvascular cells requires receptor-induced activation of SHP-2. Embo J. 2007;26(17):4016–4028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saijets S, Ylipaasto P, Vaarala O, et al. Enterovirus infection and activation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J Med Virol. 2003;70(3):430–439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang W, Sun J, Wang N, et al. Enterovirus A71 capsid protein VP1 increases blood-brain barrier permeability and virus receptor vimentin on the brain endothelial cells. J Neurovirol. 2020;26(1):84–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MM Z, Favaro E, PG C, et al. Persistent infection of human microvascular endothelial cells by coxsackie B viruses induces increased expression of adhesion molecules. J Immunol. 2003;171(1):438–446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pham NTK, Thongprachum A, Baba T, et al. A 3-Month-Old Child with Acute Gastroenteritis with Enterovirus D68 Detected from Stool Specimen. Clin Lab. 2017;63(7):1269–1272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Haren K, Ayscue P, Waubant E, et al. Acute Flaccid Myelitis of Unknown Etiology in California, 2012-2015. Jama. 2015;314(24):2663–2671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fall A, Ndiaye N, Jallow MM, et al. Enterovirus D68 Subclade B3 Circulation in Senegal, 2016: detection from Influenza-like Illness and Acute Flaccid Paralysis Surveillance. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):13881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams CJ, Thomas RH, Pickersgill TP, et al. Cluster of atypical adult Guillain-Barre syndrome temporally associated with neurological illness due to EV-D68 in children, South Wales, United Kingdom, October 2015 to January 2016. Euro Surveill. 2016;21(4):4.
   Google Scholar
• Guo H, Li Y, Liu G, et al. A second open reading frame in human enterovirus determines viral replication in intestinal epithelial cells. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):4066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antona D, Kossorotoff M, Schuffenecker I, et al. Severe paediatric conditions linked with EV-A71 and EV-D68, France, May to October. Euro Surveill. 2016;21(46):46. 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Chang TH, Yang TI, Hsu WY, et al. Case report: painful exanthems caused by enterovirus D68 in an adolescent. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(33):e16493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Midgley SE, Benschop K, Dyrdak R, et al. Co-circulation of multiple enterovirus D68 subclades, including a novel B3 cluster, across Europe in a season of expected low prevalence, 2019/20. Euro Surveill. 2020;25(2):2.
   Google Scholar
• Barnadas C, Midgley SE, Skov MN, et al. An enhanced Enterovirus surveillance system allows identification and characterization of rare and emerging respiratory enteroviruses in Denmark, 2015-16. J Clin Virol. 2017;93:40–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrey JD, Wang H, Hurst BL, et al. Causation of Acute Flaccid Paralysis by Myelitis and Myositis in Enterovirus-D68 Infected Mice Deficient in Interferon alphabeta/gamma Receptor Deficient Mice. Viruses. 2018;10(1):1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sejvar JJ, Lopez AS, Cortese MM, et al. Acute Flaccid Myelitis in the United States, August-December 2014: results of Nationwide Surveillance. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(6):737–745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messacar K, Schreiner TL, Van Haren K, et al. Acute flaccid myelitis: a clinical review of US cases 2012-2015. Ann Neurol. 2016;80(3):326–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson GR, Bonkowsky JL, Doll E, et al. Recognition and Management of Acute Flaccid Myelitis in Children. Pediatr Neurol. 2016;55:17–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeiffer HC, Bragstad K, Skram MK, et al. Two cases of acute severe flaccid myelitis associated with enterovirus D68 infection in children, Norway, autumn 2014. Euro Surveill. 2015;20(10):21062.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maloney JA, Mirsky DM, Messacar K, et al. MRI findings in children with acute flaccid paralysis and cranial nerve dysfunction occurring during the 2014 enterovirus D68 outbreak. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2015;36(2):245–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yogo N, Imamura T, Muto Y, et al. Cardiopulmonary failure as a result of brainstem encephalitis caused by enterovirus D68. BMJ Case Rep. 2019;12(11):11.
   Google Scholar
• Esposito S, Lunghi G, Zampiero A, et al. Enterovirus-D68 in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Two Children with Aseptic Meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2016;35(5):589–591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang M, Mirand A, Savy N, et al. Acute flaccid paralysis following enterovirus D68 associated pneumonia, France. Euro Surveill. 2014;19(44):44. 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Wali RK, Lee AH, Kam JC, et al. Acute Neurological Illness in a Kidney Transplant Recipient Following Infection With Enterovirus-D68: an Emerging Infection? Am J Transplant. 2015;15(12):3224–3228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruggieri V, Paz MI, Peretti MG, et al. Enterovirus D68 infection in a cluster of children with acute flaccid myelitis, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2016. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2017;21(6):884–890.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun S, Bian L, Gao F, et al. A neonatal mouse model of Enterovirus D68 infection induces both interstitial pneumonia and acute flaccid myelitis. Antiviral Res. 2019;161:108–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohka S, Nihei C, Yamazaki M, et al. Poliovirus trafficking toward central nervous system via human poliovirus receptor-dependent and -independent pathway. Front Microbiol. 2012;3:147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyrdak R, Grabbe M, Hammas B, et al. Outbreak of enterovirus D68 of the new B3 lineage in Stockholm, Sweden, August to September. Euro Surveill. 2016;21(46):46. 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Piralla A, Principi N, Ruggiero L, et al. Enterovirus-D68 (EV-D68) in pediatric patients with respiratory infection: the circulation of a new B3 clade in Italy. J Clin Virol. 2018;99-100:91–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Cao J, Zhang S, et al. Genetic changes found in a distinct clade of Enterovirus D68 associated with paralysis during the 2014 outbreak. Virus Evol. 2016;2(1):vew015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du J, Zheng B, Zheng W, et al. Analysis of Enterovirus 68 Strains from the 2014 North American Outbreak Reveals a New Clade, Indicating Viral Evolution. PLoS One. 2015;10(12):e0144208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim M, Yu JE, Lee JH, et al. Comparative analyses of influenza virus receptor distribution in the human and mouse brains. J Chem Neuroanat. 2013;52:49–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakabe S, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Takano R, et al. Cytokine production by primary human macrophages infected with highly pathogenic H5N1 or pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza viruses. J Gen Virol. 2011;92(Pt 6):1428–1434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Videira PA, Amado IF, Crespo HJ, et al. Surface alpha 2-3- and alpha 2-6-sialylation of human monocytes and derived dendritic cells and its influence on endocytosis. Glycoconj J. 2008;25(3):259–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eash S, Tavares R, Stopa EG, et al. Differential distribution of the JC virus receptor-type sialic acid in normal human tissues. Am J Pathol. 2004;164(2):419–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang H. Structure, Expression, and Function of ICAM-5. Comp Funct Genomics. 2012;2012:368938.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fadnes B, Husebekk A, Svineng G, et al. The proteoglycan repertoire of lymphoid cells. Glycoconj J. 2012;29(7):513–523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegrowski Y, Milard AL, Kotlarz G, et al. Cell surface proteoglycan expression during maturation of human monocytes-derived dendritic cells and macrophages. Clin Exp Immunol. 2006;144(3):485–493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabrerizo M, Garcia-Iniguez JP, Munell F, et al. First Cases of Severe Flaccid Paralysis Associated With Enterovirus D68 Infection in Spain, 2015-2016. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2017;36(12):1214–1216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu YL, Huang LM, Lu CY, et al. Manifestations of enterovirus D68 and high seroconversion among children attending a kindergarten. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2019;52(6):858–864.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ElBadry M, Lednicky J, Cella E, et al. Isolation of an Enterovirus D68 from Blood from a Child with Pneumonia in Rural Haiti: close Phylogenetic Linkage with New York Strain. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2016;35(9):1048–1050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar