Affirmative Inaction: Education, Language Proficiency, and Socioeconomic Attainment Among China's Uyghur Minority

References

• Bankston, C. L. 2010. “Engineering the Competition: Affirmative Action as Subsidized Mobility.” Society 47(4): 312–21. doi:10.1007/s12115-010-9326-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett, R. 2010. “Tibet.” Pp. 315–35 in Politics in China: An Introduction, edited by W. Joseph. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Berman, E., K. Lang, and E. Sriniver. 2003. “Language-Skill Complementarity: Returns to Immigrant Language Acquisition,” Labour Economics 10(3): 265–290.
   Google Scholar
• Blau, P., and O. D. Duncan. 1967. The American Occupational Structure. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bovingdon, G. 2010. “Xinjiang.” Pp. 336–55 in Politics in China: An Introduction, edited by W. Joseph. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chiswick, B. R. 1991. “Speaking, Reading, and Earnings Among Low-Skilled Immigrants.” Journal of Labor Economics 9: 149–70. doi:10.1086/298263
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiswick, B. R., Y. Cohen, and T. Zach. 1997. “The Labor Market Status of Immigrants: Effects of the Unemployment Rate at Arrival and Duration of Residence.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 50(2): 289–303. doi:10.1177/001979399705000206
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiswick, B. R., and P. W. Miller. 1995. “The Endogeneity Between Language and Earnings: International Analyses.” Journal of Labor Economics 13: 246–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiswick, B. R., and P. W. Miller. 2010. “Occupational Language Requirements and the Value of English in the U.S. Labor Market.” Journal of Population Economics 23(1): 353–72. doi:10.1007/s00148-008-0230-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clothey, R. 2005. “China's Policies for Minority Nationalities in Higher Education: Negotiating National Values and Ethnic Identities.” Comparative Education Review 49(3): 389–409. doi:10.1086/430263
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan, O. D. 1961. “A Socioeconomic Index for All Occupations.” Pp. 109–38 in Occupations and Social Status, edited by A. J. ReissJr., New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dustmann, C. 1994. “Speaking Fluency, Writing Fluency and Earnings of Migrants.” Journal of Population Economics 7: 133–56. doi:10.1007/BF00173616
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dustmann, C., and F. Fabbri. 2003. “Language Proficiency and Labour Market Performance of Immigrants in the UK.” The Economic Journal 113(489): 695–717. doi:10.1111/1468-0297.t01-1-00151
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwyer, A. M. 2005. The Xinjiang Conflict: Uyghur Identity, Language Policy, and Political Discourse. Washington, DC: East-West Center Washington.
   Google Scholar
• Featherman, D., and R. Hauser. 1978. Opportunity and Change. New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fishman, J. A. 1974. Advances in Language Planning. The Netherlands: Walter de Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Gao, W., and R. Smyth. 2011. “Economic Returns to Speaking ‘Standard Mandarin’ Among Migrants in China's Urban Labour Market.” Economics of Education Review 30(2): 342–52. doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2010.11.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gladney, D. C. 1996. “Relational Alterity: Constructing Dungan (Hui), Uygur, and Kazahk Identities Across China, Central Asia, and Turkey.” History and Anthropology 9(2): 1–33. doi:10.1080/02757206.1996.9960889
   Google Scholar
• –––. 1998. Ethnic Identity in China: The Making of a Muslim Minority Nationality. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• –––. 2004. “The Chinese Program of Development and Control, 1978–2001.” Pp. 101–119 in Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland, edited by S. Frederick Starr. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein, M. C. 1989. A History of Modern Tibet: 1913–1951. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• –––. 1997. The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• –––. 2004. “Tibet and China in the Twentieth Century.” Pp. 186–229 in Governing China's Multiethnic Frontiers, edited by M. Rossabi. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein, M. C., J. Ben, C. M. Beall, and P. Tsering. 2006. “Development and Change in Rural Tibet: Problems and Adaptations.” Pp. 193–213 in Contemporary Tibet: Politics, Development, and Society in a Disputed Region, edited by B. Sautman and J. T. Dreyer. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
   Google Scholar
• Hannum, E. C., and H. S. Cherng. 2014. Linguistic Capital, Information Access and Economic Opportunity among Rural Young Adults in Western China. Asia-Pacific Education, Language Minorities and Migration (ELMM) Network Working Paper Series, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. http://works.bepress.com/emily_hannum/36
   Google Scholar
• Hannum, E. C., and M. Wang. 2010. Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Social Welfare in China. Retrieved June 1, 2016 (http://works.bepress.com/emily_hannum/25)
   Google Scholar
• Hannum, E., and Y. Xie. 1998. “Ethnic Stratification in Northwest China: Occupational Differences between Han Chinese and National Minorities in Xinjiang, 1982–1990.” Demography 35(3): 323–33. doi:10.2307/3004040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellough, E. J. 2006. Understanding Affirmative Action: Politics, Discrimination, and the Search for Justice. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Leibold, J. 2013. Ethnic Policy in China: Is Reform Inevitable? Honolulu, HI: East-West Center.
   Google Scholar
• Liang, Y., and L. Hao. 2013. “A Description of Weighting in China Labor-Force Dynamics Survey.” Center for Social Science Survey, Sun Yat-Sen University. Retrived June 1, 2016 (http://css.sysu.edu.cn/data/DataDownLoadFile/1077)
   Google Scholar
• Liu, A. H. 2015. Standardizing Diversity: The Political Economy of Language Regimes. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, A. H. and E. Pizzi. 2016. “Language of Economic Growth: A New Measure of Linguistic Heterogeneity.” British Journal of Political Science (forthcoming).
   Google Scholar
• Lo Bianco, J. 1987. National Policy on Languages. Australian Government Publishing Service, Mail Order Sales, GPO Box 84, Canberra A.C.T. 2601, Australia.
   Google Scholar
• Ma, R. 2007. “Bilingual Education for China’s Ethnic Minorities.” Chinese Education & Society 40(2): 9–25.
   Google Scholar
• Mackerras, C. 2004a. “What Is China? Who Is Chinese? Han-Minority Relations, Legitimacy, and the State.” Pp. 216–34 in State and Society in 21st-Century China: Crisis, Contention, and Legitimation, edited by P. Has Gries and S. Rosen. New York, London: RoutledgeCurzon.
   Google Scholar
• Mackerras, C. 2004b. “China’s Minorities and National Integration.” Pp. 147–69 in Nationalism, Democracy and National Integration in China, edited by Leong H. Lieu and Shaoguang Wang. New York and London: RoutledgeCurzon.
   Google Scholar
• Moses, M. S. 2010. “Race, Affirmative Action, and Equality of Educational Opportunity in a So-Called Post-Racial America.” Kansas Journal of Law & Public Policy 20: 413.
   Google Scholar
• Nakao, K., and J. Treas. 1994. “Updating Occupational Prestige and Socioeconomic Scores: How the New Measures Measure Up.” Sociological Methodology 24: 1. doi:10.2307/270978
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivera-Batiz, F. 1990. “English Language Proficiency and the Economic Progress of Immigrants.” Economics Letters 34: 295–300. doi:10.1016/0165-1765(90)90134-M
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, G., and D. L. Featherman. 1981. “A Revised Socioeconomic Index of Occupational Status.” Social Science Research 10(4): 364–95. doi:10.1016/0049-089X(81)90011-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solt, F., and Y. Hu. 2015. “dotwhisker: Dot-and-Whisker Plots of Regression Results.” CRAN. Retrieved February 12, 2016 (https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/dotwhisker/vignettes/dotwhisker-vignette.html).
   Google Scholar
• Tang, W. 2015. “Language Policy and Ethnic Conflict in China,” China Policy Institute Blog, The University of Nottingham. https://blogs.nottingham.ac.uk/chinapolicyinstitute/2015/02/13/language-policy-and-ethnic-conflict-in-china/ (accessed November 4, 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Tang, W., and G. He. 2010. Separate but Loyal: Ethnicity and Nationalism in China. Honolulu: East-West Center.
   Google Scholar
• Teague, M. 2009. “The Other Tibet.” National Geographic Magazine, December.
   Google Scholar
• Tollefson, J. W. 2013. Language Policies in Education: Critical Issues. New York; Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Treiman, D. J., and H. B. G. Ganzeboom. 2013. “Educational Achievement in Comparative Perspective.” Los Angeles: UCLA, California Center for Population Research, Population Working PaperPWP-CCPR-2013–017.
   Google Scholar
• Wiley, T. G., and W. E. Wright. 2004. “Against the Undertow: Language-Minority Education Policy and Politics in the ‘Age of Accountability.'” Educational Policy 18(1): 142–68. doi:10.1177/0895904803260030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Uyghur Congress. 2010, December 19. CHINA: Time to Reassess Minority Education Policy? Retrieved June 4, 2016 (http://www.uyghurcongress.org/en/?p=5914%20CHINA:%20Time%20to%20reassess%20minority%20education%20policy?).
   Google Scholar
• Wu, X., and G. He. 2016a. “Changing Ethnic Stratification in Contemporary China.” Journal of Contemporary China. Published online; doi:10.1080/10670564.2016.1187364
   Google Scholar
• –––. 2016b. “Ethnic Autonomy and Ethnic Equality: An Empirical Assessment of Ethnic Policy in Urban China,” Paper presented at the International Sociological Association-Research Committee on Social Stratification and Mobility (RC28) Biannual Meeting (spring), National University of Singapore. May 26–28, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, X., and X. Song. 2014. “Ethnic Stratification Amid China's Economic Transition: Evidence from the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.” Social Science Research 44: 158–72. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2013.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zang, X. 2012. “Uyghur Islamic Piety in Urumchi, Xinjiang.” Chinese Sociological Review 44(4): 82–100. doi:10.2753/csa2162–0555440404
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar