280
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

“I want us to be a normal family”: Toward an understanding of the functions of anonymity among U.S. oocyte donors and recipients

ORCID Icon, &
Pages 235-251 | Received 10 Mar 2018, Accepted 27 Jul 2018, Published online: 06 Nov 2018

References

  • Adams, D. 2013. Conceptualising a child-centric paradigm: Do we have freedom of choice in donor conception reproduction? Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 10(3):369–81.
  • Allan, S. 2012. Donor conception, secrecy and the search for information. Journal of Law and Medicine 19(4):631–50.
  • Almeling, R. 2011. Sex cells: The medical market for eggs and sperm. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Applegarth, L. D., N. L. Kaufman, M. Josephs-Sohan, P. J. Christos, and Z. Rosenwaks. 2016. Parental disclosure to offspring created with oocyte donation: Intentions versus reality. Human Reproduction 31(8):1809–15.
  • Araya, R., J. Rouzier, J. Perrin, S. Carez, J. Saias-Magnan, A. Noizet, J. M. Grillo, and C. Metzler-Guillemain. 2011. Couples who procreate through sperm donation inform their children? J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris) 40(6):503–7.
  • Baetens, P., P. Devroey, M. Camus, A. C. Van Steirteghem, and I. Ponjaert-Kristoffersen. 2000. Counselling couples and donors for oocyte donation: The decision to use either known or anonymous oocytes. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England) 15(2):476–84.
  • Beeson, D. R., P. K. Jennings, and W. Kramer. 2011. Offspring searching for their sperm donors: How family type shapes the process. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England) 26(9):2415–24.
  • Blake, L., P. Casey, J. Readings, V. Jadva, and S. Golombok. 2010. 'Daddy ran out of tadpoles': How parents tell their children that they are donor conceived, and what their 7-year-olds understand. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England) 25(10):2527–34.
  • Blyth, E., M. Crawshaw, L. Frith, and C. Jones. 2012. Donor-conceived people's views and experiences of their genetic origins: a critical analysis of the research evidence. Journal of Law Medicine 19:769–89.
  • Blyth, E., and L. Frith. 2009. Donor-conceived people's access to genetic and biographical history: An analysis of provisions in different jurisdictions permitting disclosure of donor identity. International Journal of Law, Policy & Fam 23(2):174–91.
  • Bracewell-Milnes, T., S. Saso, S. Bora, A. M. Ismail, M. Al-Memar, A. H. Hamed, H. Abdalla, and M.-Y. Thum. 2016. Investigating psychosocial attitudes, motivations and experiences of oocyte donors, recipients and egg sharers: A systematic review. Human Reproduction Update 22(4):450–65.
  • Braverman, A., B. Steinbock, B. Wilder, F. Batzer, J. Robertson, L. Francis, M. Gibson, P. Amato, R. Brzyski, R. Rebar., et al. 2009. Interests, obligations, and rights of the donor in gamete donation. Fertil Steril 91:22–7.
  • Brewaeys, A., J. K. De Bruyn, L. A. Louwe, and F. M. Helmerhorst. 2005. Anonymous or identity-registered sperm donors? A study of Dutch recipients' choices. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England) 20(3):820–4.
  • Byrd, L. M., M. Sidebotham, and B. Lieberman. 2002. Egg donation-the donor's view: An aid to future recruitment. Human Fertility (Cambridge, England) 5(4):175–82.
  • Cahn, N. 2012. The new kinship. The Georgetown Law Journal 100:367–429.
  • Cahn, N. 2009. Test tube families: why the fertility market needs legal regulation. New York: New York University Press.
  • Charmaz, K. 2006a. Constructing grounded theory. London; Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications.
  • Charmaz, K. 2006b. My father was an anonymous sperm donor. Washington, DC: The Washington Post.
  • Clarke, V., and V. Braun. 2013. Teaching thematic analysis. Psychologist 26:120–3.
  • Cowden, M. 2012. No harm, no foul’: a child’s right to know their genetic parents. International Journal of Law Policy Family 26(1):102–26.
  • Crabb, S., and M. Augoustinos. 2008. Genes and families in the media: Implications of genetic discourse for constructions of the 'family. Health Sociology Review 17(3):303–12.
  • Craft, I., S. Flyckt, G. Heeley, S. Layland, A. Thornhill, and E. Kelada. 2005. Will removal of anonymity influence the recruitment of egg donors? A survey of past donors and recipients. Reproductive Biomedicine Online 10(3):325–9.
  • Crawshaw, M. 2008. Prospective parents' intentions regarding disclosure following the removal of donor anonymity. Hum Fertil (Camb) 11:95–100.
  • Crawshaw, M., C. Gunter, C. Tidy, and F. Atherton. 2013. Working with previously anonymous gamete donors and donor-conceived adults: recent practice experiences of running the DNA-based voluntary information exchange and contact register, UK DonorLink. Human Fertility 16(1):26–30.
  • Daniels, K. 2007. Anonymity and openness and the recruitment of gamete donors. Part 2: Oocyte donors. Hum Fertil (Camb) 10(4):223–31.
  • Daniels, K. R., V. M. Grace, and W. R. Gillett. 2011. Factors associated with parents' decisions to tell their adult offspring about the offspring's donor conception. Human Reproduction 26(10):2783–90.
  • de Melo-Martín, I. (2014). The ethics of anonymous gamete donation: is there a right to know one's genetic origins? Hastings Center Studies 44(2):28–35.
  • Fielding, D., S. Handley, L. Duqueno, S. Weaver, and S. Lui. 1998. Motivation, attitudes and experience of donation: A follow-up of women donating eggs in assisted conception treatment. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 8(4):273–87.
  • Franklin, S., and S. Mckinnon. 2001. Relative values: Reconfiguring kinship studies. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
  • Freeman, T. 2015. Gamete donation, information sharing and the best interests of the child: An overview of the psychosocial evidence. Monash Bioethics Review 33(1):45–63.
  • Freeman, T., K. Bourne, V. Jadva, and V. Smith. 2014. Making connections contact between sperm donor relations. Relatedness in Assisted Reproduction: Families, Origins and Identities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press:270–95.
  • Freeman, T., and S. Golombok. 2012. Donor insemination: A follow-up study of disclosure decisions, family relationships and child adjustment at adolescence. Reprod Biomed Online 25(2):193–203.
  • Freeman, T., V. Jadva, W. Kramer, and S. Golombok. 2009. Gamete donation: Parents' experiences of searching for their child's donor siblings and donor. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England) 24(3):505–16.
  • Freeman, T., S. Zadeh, V. Smith, and S. Golombok. 2016. Disclosure of sperm donation: A comparison between solo mother and two-parent families with identifiable donors. Reproductive Biomedicine Online 33(5):592–600.
  • Frith, L., E. Blyth, M. Crawshaw, and O. van den Akker. 2018. Secrets and disclosure in donor conception. Sociology of Health & Illness 40(1):188–203.
  • Frith, L., E. Blyth, and A. Farrand. 2007. UK gamete donors' reflections on the removal of anonymity: Implications for recruitment. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England) 22(6):1675–80.
  • Frith, L., N. Sawyer, and W. Kramer. 2012. Forming a family with sperm donation: A survey of 244 non-biological parents. Reproductive Biomedicine Online 24(7):709–18.
  • Goldberg, A. E., K. R. Allen. 2013. Donor, dad, or…? Young adults with lesbian parents' experiences with known donors. Family Process 52(2):338–50.
  • Golombok, S., L. Blake, P. Casey, G. Roman, and V. Jadva. 2013. Children born through reproductive donation: A longitudinal study of psychological adjustment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 54(6):653–60.
  • Golombok, S., J. Readings, L. Blake, P. Casey, A. Marks, and V. Jadva. 2011. Families created through surrogacy: Mother-child relationships and children's psychological adjustment at age 7. Development Psychological 47(6):1579–88.
  • Graham, S., V. Jadva, T. Freeman, K. Ahuja, and S. Golombok. 2016. Being an identity-release donor: A qualitative study exploring the motivations, experiences and future expectations of current UK egg donors. Human Fertility 19(4):230–41.
  • Greenfeld, D. A., D. G. Greenfeld, C. M. Mazure, D. L. Keefe, and D. L. Olive. 1998. Do attitudes toward disclosure in donor oocyte recipients predict the use of anonymous versus directed donation? Fertility and Sterility 70(6):1009–14.
  • Greenfeld, D. A., and S. C. Klock. 2004. Disclosure decisions among known and anonymous oocyte donation recipients. Fertility and Sterility 81(6):1565–71.
  • Greenfeld, D. A., C. M. Mazure, D. L. Olive, and D. L. Keefe. 1995. Similarities and differences between anonymous and directed candidates for oocyte donation. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics 12(2):118–22.
  • Harmon, A. 2005. Hello, I’m your sister. Our father is donor 150. The New York Times.
  • Harper, J. C., D. Kennett, D. Reisel. 2016. The end of donor anonymity: how genetic testing is likely to drive anonymous gamete donation out of business. Human Reproduction 31(6):1135–40.
  • Haslanger, S. 2009. Family, ancestry and self: What is the moral significance of biological ties. Adoption & Culture 2:91–122.
  • Hershberger, P., S. C. Klock, and R. B. Barnes. 2007. Disclosure decisions among pregnant women who received donor oocytes: A phenomenological study. Fertility and Sterility 87(2):288–96.
  • Hertz, R., M. K. Nelson, and W. Kramer. 2013. Donor conceived offspring conceive of the donor: The relevance of age, awareness, and family form. Social Science & Medicine 86:52–65.
  • Hobbs, P. 2007. Miracles of love: The use of metaphor in egg donor ads. Journal of Sociolinguistics 11(1):24–52.
  • Hudson, N., and L. Culley. 2014. Infertility, gamete donation and relatedness in British South Asian communities. Relatedness in Assisted Reproduction: Families, Origins and Identities: 232–50.
  • Hurley, K., L. R. Rubin, A. Werner-Lin, M. Sagi, Y. Kemel, R. Stern, A. Phillips, I. Cholst, N. Kauff, K. Offit., et al. 2012. Incorporating information regarding preimplantation genetic diagnosis into discussions concerning testing and risk management for BRCA1/2 mutations. Cancer 118(24):6270–7.
  • Ilioi, E., L. Blake, V. Jadva, G. Roman, and S. Golombok. 2017. The role of age of disclosure of biological origins in the psychological wellbeing of adolescents conceived by reproductive donation: a longitudinal study from age 1 to age 14. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 58(3):315–24.
  • Indekeu, A., K. Dierickx, P. Schotsmans, K. R. Daniels, P. Rober, and T. D'hooghe. 2013. Factors contributing to parental decision-making in disclosing donor conception: a systematic review. Human Reproduction Update 19(6):714–33.
  • Inhorn, M. C. 2006. Making muslim babies: IVF and gamete donation in sunni versus shi'a islam. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 30(4):427–50.
  • Isaksson, S., G. Sydsjo, A. S. Svanberg, and C. Lampic. 2014. Preferences and needs regarding future contact with donation offspring among identity-release gamete donors: results from the swedish study on gamete donation. Fertility and Sterility 102:1160–16.
  • Isaksson, S., G. Sydsjö, A. Skoog Svanberg, and C. Lampic. 2012. Disclosure behaviour and intentions among 111 couples following treatment with oocytes or sperm from identity-release donors: Follow-up at offspring age 1–4 years. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England) 27(10):2998–3007.
  • Jadva, V., T. Freeman, W. Kramer, and S. Golombok. 2010. Experiences of offspring searching for and contacting their donor siblings and donor. Reproductive Biomedicine Online 20(4):523–32.
  • Jadva, V., T. Freeman, W. Kramer, and S. Golombok. 2011. Sperm and oocyte donors' experiences of anonymous donation and subsequent contact with their donor offspring. Human Reproduction 26(3):638–45.
  • Jadva, V., N. Lamba, K. Kadam, and S. Golombok. 2015. Indian egg donors' characteristics, motivations and feelings towards the recipient and resultant child. Reprod Biomed Soc Online 1(2):98–103.
  • Kaiser, K. 2009. Protecting respondent confidentiality in qualitative research. Qualitative Health Research 19(11):1632–41.
  • Kenney, N. J., and M. L. Mcgowan. 2010. Looking back: Egg donors' retrospective evaluations of their motivations, expectations, and experiences during their first donation cycle. Fertility and Sterility 93(2):455–66.
  • Kirkman, M., K. Bourne, J. Fisher, L. Johnson, and K. Hammarberg. 2014. Gamete donors expectations and experiences of contact with their donor offspring. Human Reproduction 29(4):731–8.
  • Klock, S. C. 2013. Disclosure decisions among known and anonymous egg donor recipients. In Principles of Oocyte and Embryo Donation, ed. M. V. Sauer, 195–204. London: Springer-Verlag.
  • Klock, S. C., and D. Greenfeld. 2004. Parents' knowledge about the donors and their attitudes toward disclosure in oocyte donation. Human Reproduction 19(7):1575–9.
  • Klotz, M. 2013. Genetic knowledge and family identity: Managing gamete donation in Britain and Germany. Sociology-the Journal of the British Sociological Association 47(5):939–56.
  • Konrad, M. 2005. Nameless relations: Anonymity, melanesia and reproductive gift exchange between British ova donors and recipients. New York: Berghahn Books.
  • Kovacs, G. T., S. Wise, and S. Finch. 2015. Functioning of families with primary school-age children conceived using anonymous donor sperm. Human Reproduction 28(2):375–84.
  • Lalos, A., C. Gottlieb, and O. Lalos. 2007. Legislated right for donor-insemination children to know their genetic origin: A study of parental thinking. Human Reproduction 22(6):1759–68.
  • Lampic, C., A. S. Svanberg, and G. Sydsjo. 2014. Attitudes towards disclosure and relationship to donor offspring among a national cohort of identity-release oocyte and sperm donors. Human Reproduction 29(9):1978–86.
  • Laruelle, C., I. Place, I. Demeestere, Y. Englert, and A. Delbaere. 2011. Anonymity and secrecy options of recipient couples and donors, and ethnic origin influence in three types of oocyte donation. Human Reproduction 26(2):382–90.
  • Lassalzede, T., M. Paci, J. Rouzier, S. Carez, A. Gnisci, J. Saias-Magnan, C. Deveze, J. Perrin, and C. Metzler-Guillemain. 2017. Sperm donor conception and disclosure to children: A 10-year retrospective follow-up study of parental attitudes in one french center for the study and preservation of eggs and sperm (CECOS). Fertility and Sterility 108(2):247–53.
  • Lincoln, Y. S., and E. G. Guba. 1985. Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Lincoln, Y. S., and E. G. Guba. 2000. Paradigmatic controversies, contradictions, and emerging confluences. In N.K. Denzin, & Y.S. Lincoln (Eds.), The handbook of qualitative research. (2nd ed.) pp. 163–188, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Lindheim, S. R., N. Porat, and A. S. Jaeger. 2011. Survey report of gamete donors' and recipients' preferences regarding disclosure of third party reproduction outcomes and genetic risk information. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 37(4):292–9.
  • Lycett, E., K. Daniels, R. Curson, and S. Golombok. 2004. Offspring created as a result of donor insemination: a study of family relationships, child adjustment, and disclosure. Fertility and Sterility 82(1):172–9.
  • Maccallum, F., and S. Golombok. 2007. Embryo donation families: Mothers' decisions regarding disclosure of donor conception. Human Reproduction 22(11):2888–95.
  • Mamo, L. 2007. Queering reproduction: achieving pregnancy in the age of technoscience. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
  • Murphy, T., and I. Turkmendag. 2014. Kinship: born and bred (but also facilitated)? A commentary on ‘Donor conception: ethical aspects of information sharing’. Medical law review 22(3):422–33.
  • Murray, C., and S. Golombok. 2003. To tell or not to tell: the decision-making process of egg-donation parents. Human Fertility (Cambridge, England) 6(2):89–95.
  • Pennings, G. 2017. Disclosure of donor conception, age of disclosure and the well-being of donor offspring. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England) 32(5):969–73.
  • Pennings, G., J. de Mouzon, F. Shenfield, A. P. Ferraretti, T. Mardesic, A. Ruiz, and V. Goossens. 2014. Socio-demographic and fertility-related characteristics and motivations of oocyte donors in eleven European countries. Human Reproduction 29(5):1076–89.
  • Pettee, D., and L. N. Weckstein. 1993. A survey of parental attitudes toward oocyte donation. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England) 8(11):1963–5.
  • Purewal, S., and O. B. A. Van Den Akker. 2009. Systematic review of oocyte donation: Investigating attitudes, motivations and experiences. Human Reproduction Update 15(5):499–515.
  • Ravitsky, V. 2012. Conceived and deceived: the medical interests of donor-conceived individuals. Hastings Centre Reproduction 42(1):17–22.
  • Readings, J., L. Blake, P. Casey, V. Jadva, and S. Golombok. 2011. Secrecy, disclosure and everything in-between: Decisions of parents of children conceived by donor insemination, egg donation and surrogacy. Reproduction Biomed Online 22(5):485–95.
  • Reich, J. B., and D. Swink. 2010. You can't put the genie back in the bottle: Potential rights and obligations of egg donors in the cyberprocreation era. Albany Law Journal of Science & Technology 20:1–66.
  • Richards, M. 2014. A british history of collaborative reproduction and the rise of the genetic connection. Relatedness in Assisted Reproduction: Families, Origins and Identities:21–43.
  • Rubin, L. R., I. de Melo-Martin, Z. Rosenwaks, and I. N. Cholst. 2015. Once you're choosing, nobody's perfect: Is more information necessarily better in oocyte donor selection? Reprod Biomed Online 30:311–8.
  • Sauer, J. L. 2009. Competing interests and gamete donation: the case for anonymity. Seton Hall Law Review 3(3):919–54.
  • Schover, L. R., S. A. Rothmann, and R. L. Collins. 1992. The personality and motivation of semen donors: A comparison with oocyte donors. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England) (4):575–9.
  • Shehab, D., J. Duff, L. A. Pasch, K. Mac Dougall, J. E. Scheib, and R. D. Nachtigall. 2008. How parents whose children have been conceived with donor gametes make their disclosure decision: Contexts, influences, and couple dynamics. Fertility and Sterility 89(1):179–87.
  • Söderström-Anttila, V. 1995. Follow-up study of finnish volunteer oocyte donors concerning their attitudes to oocyte donation. Human Reproduction 10:3073–6.
  • Söderström-Anttila, V., A. Miettinen, A. Rotkirch, S. Nuojua-Huttunen, A.-K. Poranen, M. Sälevaara, and A.-M. Suikkari. 2016. Short- and long-term health consequences and current satisfaction levels for altruistic anonymous, identity-release and known oocyte donors. Human Reproduction 31(3):597–606.
  • Söderström-Anttila, V., M. Salevaara, and A. M. Suikkari. 2010. Increasing openness in oocyte donation families regarding disclosure over 15 years. Human Reproduction 25(10):2535–42.
  • Somerville, M. 2011. Donor conception and children's rights: “First, do no harm”. Canadian Medical Association Journal 183(2):280.
  • Strauss, A. L., and J. M. Corbin. 1990. Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Stuart-Smith, S. J., J. A. Smith, and E. J. Scott. 2012. To know or not to know? Dilemmas for women receiving unknown oocyte donation. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England) 27(7):2067–75.
  • Svanberg, A. S., C. Lampic, A.-L. Geijerwall, J. Gudmundsson, P.-O. Karlstrom, N.-G. Solensten, and G. Sydsjo. 2012. Gamete donors' motivation in a swedish national sample: Is there any ambivalence? A descriptive study. Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica 91(8):944–51.
  • Tallandini, M. A., L. Zanchettin, G. Gronchi, and V. Morsan. 2016. Parental disclosure of assisted reproductive technology (ART) conception to their children: a systematic and Meta-analytic review. Human Reproduction 31(6):1275–87.
  • Turkmendag, I., R. Dingwall, and M. Murphy. 2008. The removal of donor anonymity in the UK: The silencing of claims by Would-Be parents. International Journal of Law Policy Family 22(3):283–310.
  • Broeck, V. D., U. Vandermeeren, M. Vanderschueren, D. Enzlin, P. Demyttenaere, K. D'hooghe. and T. 2013. A systematic review of sperm donors: Demographic characteristics, attitudes, motives and experiences of the process of sperm donation. Human Reproduction Update 19:37–51.
  • Velleman, J. D. 2005. Family history. Philosophical Papers 34(3):357–78.
  • Wong, K.-A. 2017. Donor conception and “passing,” or; why australian parents of donor-conceived children want donors who look like them. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 14(1):77–86.
  • Wyverkens, E., V. Provoost, A. Ravelingien, P. De Sutter, G. Pennings, and A. Buysse. 2014. Beyond sperm cells: A qualitative study on constructed meanings of the sperm donor in lesbian families. Human Reproduction 29(6):1248–54.
  • Zeiler, K., and A. Malmquist. 2014. Lesbian shared biological motherhood: the ethics of IVF with reception of oocytes from partner. Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy 17(3):347–55.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.