Old wine in a new bottle: Governance, fragility and armed conflict trio in Swat Valley, Pakistan

References

• Adnan, R. (2012). How bad governance led to conflict: The case of Swat, Pakistan. MPRA. Retrieved April 12, 2018, from https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/35357/1/MPRA_paper_35357.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Anwar, Z., & Ahmad, W. (2017). Augmenting the conflict in Swat: Loopholes in legal governance. Journal of Political Studies, 24(2), 417–18. https://www.academia.edu/36171501/Augmenting_the_Conflict_in_Swat_Loopholes_in_Legal_Governance
   Google Scholar
• Avis, W. (2016). Drivers of conflict in the Swat Valley, Pakistan. GSDRC. Retrieved April 15, 2018, from http://www.gsdrc.org/go/research-helpdesk
   Google Scholar
• Bah, A. B. (2010). Democracy and civil war: Citizenship and peace-making in Cote d’Ivoire. African Affairs, 109(437), 596–615. https://www.academia.edu/19598102/Bah_Abu_Bakarr._Democracy_and_Civil_War_Citizenship_and_Peacemaking_in_C%C3%B4te_d_Ivoire._African_Affairs_109_no._437_2010_597-615
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CAMP and Saferworld. (2012). The Jirga: Justice and conflict transformation. Saferworld.
   Google Scholar
• Cockayne, J. (2011). State fragility, organised crime and peacebuilding: Towards a more strategic approach. Norweigen Peacebuilding Research Center (NOREF). Retrieved July 09, 2017, from https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/137389/State%20fragility.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morison, K. (2007). Research methods in education (6th ed.). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Dörnyei, Z. (2007). Research methods in applied linguistics: Quantitative qualitative, and mixed methodologies. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dupuy, K., Gates, S., & Nygård, H. M. (2016). State fragility and armed conflict. Peace Research Institute (PRIO). Retrieved March 16, 2018, from https://www.prio.org/utility/DownloadFile.ashx?id=14&type=publicationfile
   Google Scholar
• Elahi, N. (2015). Militancy conflicts and displacement in Swat Valley of Pakistan: Analysis of transformation of social and cultural network. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 5(3), 226–236. http://www.ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol_5_No_3_March_2015/29.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Eubank, W., & Weinberg, L. (2001). Terrorism and democracy perpetrators: and victims. Terrorism and Political Violence, 13(1), 155–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546550109609674
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fearon, J. D. (2011). Governance and civil war onset. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/9123 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO
   Google Scholar
• Fitzsimmons, M. (2008). Hard hearts and open minds? Governance, identity and the intellectual foundations of counterinsurgency strategy. Journal of Strategic Studies, 31(3), 337–365. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390802024692
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleischner, J. (2011). Governance and militancy in Pakistan’s Swat Valley. Center for Strategic and I nternational Studies (CSIS). Retrieved April 20, 2018, from https://www.csis.org/analysis/governance-and-militancy-pakistan%E2%80%99s-swat-valley
   Google Scholar
• Hegre, H., & Nygård, H. M. (2015). Governance and conflict relapse. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 59(6), 984–1016. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002713520591
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heuser, B. (2010). Strategy before the word: Ancient wisdom for the modern world. The RUSI Journal, 155(1), 36–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/03071841003683419
   Google Scholar
• Holtermann, H. (2009). Horizontal inequalities and conflict: Understanding group violence in multiethnic societies. Journal of Peace Research, 46(1), 154–155. https://doi.org/10.1177/00223433090460010920
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain, K. (2011). Modes and scale of conflict in Pakistan’s Swat Valley (1989-2008). Conflict and Peace Studies, 4(2), 63–78. https://pakpips.com/web/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Vol-4-No-2.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., & Mastruzzi, M. (2011). The worldwide governance indicators: Methodology and analytical issues. Hague Journal on the Rule of Law, 3(2), 220–246. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1876404511200046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazmi, H. (2012). Counterinsurgency and the rule of law. Penn Law: Legal Scholarship Repository.
   Google Scholar
• Keen, D. (2008). Complex emergencies (1st ed.). Polity.
   Google Scholar
• Khalid, A., Nyborg, I., & Khattak, B. N. (2015). Whose property whose authority? Gendering the legal and customary practices in ownership and access to land: A case of Swat, Pakistan. Journal of Rural Studies, 41, 47–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2015.07.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilcullen, D. (2010). Counterinsurgency. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, R. (2010). Research methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners. SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Kvale, S. (2003). The psychoanalytic interview as inspiration for qualitative research. In P. M. Camic, J. E. Rhodes, & L. Yardley (Eds.), Qualitative research in psychology (pp. 275–297). American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Lederach, J. P. (1997). Sustainable reconciliation in divided societies. USIP.
   Google Scholar
• Locke, R. (2012). Organized crime, conflict, and fragility: A new approach. International Peace Institute (IPI). Retrieved from www.ipinst.org
   Google Scholar
• Malik, M. A. (2013). Role of Malik in tribal society: A dynamic change after 9/11. Pakistan Annual Research Journal, 49, 104. https://www.pscpesh.org/PDFs/PJ/Volume_49/07-Paper%20by%20M.%20Akbar%20Malik.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Marshall, M. G. (2008). Fragility, instability, and the failure of states: Assessing sources of systemic risk. Council on Foreign Relations.
   Google Scholar
• Marshall, M. G., & Cole, B. R. (2011). Conflict, governance, and state fragility. Center for Systemic Peace (CSP). Retrieved November 05, 2018, from http://www.systemicpeace.org/vlibrary/GlobalReport2011.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Menocal, A. R. (2011). State building for peace: A new. Third World Quarterly, 32(10), 1715–1736. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2011.610567
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moghadam, A. (2015). The interplay between terrorism, insurgency, and civil war in the Middle East. Elcano Royal Institute, ARI 4/2015.
   Google Scholar
• Mustapha, M., Fauzi, A., & Hamid, A. (2019). Governance as the bane of Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), 8(2S9), 608-614. https://www.ijrte.org/wp-content/uploads/papers/v8i2S9/B11270982S919.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Nichols, R. (2013). Class, state, and power in swat conflict. beyond Swat: History, scoiety and economy along the Afghanistan-Pakistan frontier. Hurst & Company.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, P. (2014). Democracy or governance? In The consequences for domestic peace. The European Consortium of Political Research Joint Workshop.
   Google Scholar
• Orakzai, S. B. (2011). Conflict in the Swat Valley of Pakistan: Pakhtun culture and peacebuilding theory-practice application. Journal of Peacebuilding & Development, 6(1), 35–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/15423166.2011.179868996709
   Google Scholar
• Oxfam. (2017). Devising strategic framework on governance and fragility: Towards pro-active, propeople, just and fair governanace in fragile settings of Pakistan. Retrieved June 10, 2018. OXFAM.
   Google Scholar
• Plakoudas, S. (2018). Insurgency and counterinsurgency in Turkey: The new PKK. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Rome, S. (2009). Swat a critical analysis. Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies. Retrieved July 09, 2018, from https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/95598/RP18-Rome-Swat.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Rome, S. (2010). Crisis and Reconciliation in Swat. Pakistaniaat: A Journal of Pakistan Studies, 3(1), 53–79.
   Google Scholar
• Shakirullah, N. B., & Elahi, N. (2019). Violent conflict in North Waziristan, Pakistan: The distortion and re-emergence of social structure. FWU Journal of Social Sciences, 13(3), 1–14. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Shakir_Ullah10/publication/338913347_Violent_Conflict_in_NorthWaziristan_Pakistan_The_Distortion_and_Reemergence_of_Social_Structure/links/5e328fc1299bf1cdb9fcb961/Violent-Conflict-in-North-Waziristan-Pakistan-The-Distortion-and-Re-emergence-of-Social-Structure.pdf
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallings, C., & Moreno-Torres, M. (2005). Drivers of fragility: What makes states fragile? Department for International Development (DFID). Retrieved November 05, 2018, from file:///F:/drivers%20of%20conflict.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Vinck, P., Pham, P. N., & Kreutzer, T. (2011). Talking Peace: A population-based survey on attitudes about security, dispute resolution, and post-conflict reconstruction in Liberia. Human Rights Center, University of California, Berkeley.
   Google Scholar
• Walter, B. F. (2014). Why bad governance leads to repeat civil war. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 59(7), 1242–1272. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002714528006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkin, S. (2011). Can bad governance be good for development. Survival, 53(1), 61–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2011.555601
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2005a). Fragile states - good practice in country assistance strategies. Retrieved April 10, 2018, from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/907971468327613700/Fragile-states-good-practice-in-country-assistance-strategies
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2005b). Fragile states: The low income countries under stress (LICUS) initiative. Retrieved April 10, 2018, from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/458871468328174684/Low-income-countries-under-stress-update
   Google Scholar
• Yiew, T. H., Habibullah, M. S., Law, S. H., & Azman-Saini, W. N. W. (2016). Does bad governance cause armed conflict? International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research, 14(6), 3741–3755. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yiew_Thian_Hee/publication/309258967_Does_bad_governance_cause_armed_conflict/links/586df6b508ae329d6213996f.pdf
   Google Scholar