Entrepreneurial orientation of traditional and modern cultural organisations: Cases in George town UNESCO world heritage site

References

• Abas, A. (2017, September 6). PM declares ‘cultural economy’ as a new asset for Malaysia. NST online. Retrieved September 21, 2017, from. https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2017/09/276966/pm-declares-cultural-economy-new-asset-malaysia
   Google Scholar
• Ashworth, G. J., & Tunbridge, J. E. (1990). The tourist historic city. Belhaven.
   Google Scholar
• AuthentiCity. (2008, February). Creative City Planning Framework. A supporting document to the agenda for prosperity: Prospectus for a Great City. Prepared for the City of Toronto by AuthentiCity, 1–13. Toronto, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Chan, J. H., Iankova, K., Zhang, Y., McDonald, T., & Qi, X. (2016). The role of self-gentrification in sustainable tourism: Indigenous entrepreneurship at Honghe Hani Rice Terraces World Heritage Site, China. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(8–9), 1262–1279. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1189923
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, J. H., & Lean, H. H. (2018). Measuring entrepreneurial orientation of firms in the creative and cultural sector. Proceedings of Institute of Small Business and Entrepreneurship Annual Conference, Birmingham.
   Google Scholar
• Chan, J. H., Lean, H. H., & Qi, X. (2017, November 18-19). Transition of economic structure and demography: The case of tourism gentrification in George Town, Penang. In: International Society for the Study of Chinese Overseas Conference Proceedings, Nagasaki, Japan.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, S.-Y., Piterou, A., Khoo, S. L., & Chan, J. H. (2018). The art hub in the World Heritage Site, Georgetown: A case study of creative sector entrepreneurship in the context of gentrification. International conference on knowledge, innovation and enterprise Proceedings, Prague, Czech Republic, VI, 7–22.
   Google Scholar
• Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P. (1991). A conceptual model of entrepreneurship as firm behavior. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 16(1), 7-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879101600102.
   Google Scholar
• Crawford, G., & Hancock, D. (2018). Urban poachers: Cosplay, playful cultures and the appropriation of urban space. The Journal of Fandom Studies, 6(3), 301–318. https://doi.org/10.1386/jfs.6.3.301_1
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham, S. (2002). From cultural to creative industries: Theory, industry and policy implications. Media International Australia Incorporating Culture and Policy, 102(1), 54–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X0210200107
   Google Scholar
• Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) (2010, December 9). Creative industries economic estimates (Experimental statistics), Full Statistical Release. Retrieved August 9 2011 from http://www.culture.gov.uk/images/research/CIEE_Full_Release_Dec2010.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) (2015, January). Creative Industries Economic Estimates, Statistical Release. Retrieved May 28, 2016, from. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/394668/Creative_Industries_Economic_Estimates_-_January_2015.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson, C. (2011). Surface Tensions: Steampunk, Subculture, and the Ideology of Style. Neo-Victorian Studies, 4(2), 66–90. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/24638
   Google Scholar
• Florida, R. (2002). The rise of the creative class: And how it’s transforming work, leisure, community and everyday life. Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Florida, R. (2004). Cities and the Creative Class. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Flyberrg, B. (2006). Five misunderstandings about case-study research. Qualitative Inquiry, 12(2), 219–245. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800405284363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman, M. (1958). Lineage organization in South Eastern China (No. 18). University Athlone Press.
   Google Scholar
• Garnham, N. (2005). From cultural to creative industries: An analysis of the implications of the “creative industries” approach to arts and media policy making in the United Kingdom. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 11(1), 15–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286630500067606
   Google Scholar
• Glass, R. (1964). London: Aspects of change. MacGibbon & Kee.
   Google Scholar
• Habitat, I. I. I. (2015, May). Habitat III Issue Papers, 4 – Urban Culture and Heritage. New York.
   Google Scholar
• Handke, C. (2007). Promises and challenges in innovation surveys of the media industries. In H. van Kranenburg & C. Dal Zotto (Eds.), Management and Innovation in the Media Industry (pp. 87-105). Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Hines, J. D. (2010). Rural gentrification as permanent tourism: The creation of the New West Archipelago as post-industrial cultural space. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 28(3), 509–525. https://doi.org/10.1068/d3309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huizinga, J. (1980). Homo ludens: A study of the play element in culture. Redwood Burn Limited, Trowbridge and Esher, Reprinted in 1980 [1944].
   Google Scholar
• Kim, J. Y. (2016). Cultural entrepreneurs and urban regeneration in Itaewon, Seoul. Cities, 56, 132–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2015.11.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong, L. (2014). From cultural industries to creative industries and back? Towards clarifying theory and rethinking policy. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, 15(4), 593–607. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649373.2014.977555
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai, S., & Ooi, C. S. (2005). Experiences of Two UNESCO World Heritage Cities: National and local politics in branding the past. CLCS Working Paper Series, Copenhagen Business School.
   Google Scholar
• Landry, C. (2008). The creative city: A toolkit for urban innovators (2nd ed.). Comedia Earthscan.
   Google Scholar
• Lim, P. P. H. (2006). Between Tradition and Modernity: The Chinese Association of Johor Bahru, Malaysia. In K. E. Kuah-Pearce & E. Du-Dehart (Eds.), Voluntary Organizations in the Chinese Diaspora: Illusions of Open Space in Hong Kong, Tokyo, and Shanghai (pp. 29–52). Hong Kong University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (1996). Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135–172. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1996.9602161568
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles, I., & Green, L. (2008). Hidden Innovation in the Creative Industries, NESTA research report. NESTA.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, D. (1983). The correlates of entrepreneurship in three types of firms. Management Science, 29(7), 770–791. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.29.7.770
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, D., & Friesen, P. H. (1984). A longitudinal study of the corporate lifecycle. Management Science, 30(10), 1161–1183. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.30.10.1161
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moeller, J., & Tubadji, A. (2009). The Creative Class, Bohemians and Local Labor Market Performance A Micro-data Panel Study for Germany, 1975–2004. Journal of Economics and Statistics (Jahrbuecher Fuer Nationaloekonomie Und Statistik), De Gruyter, 229(2–3), 270–291. https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/27618
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mommaas, H. (2004). Cultural clusters and the post-industrial city: Towards the remapping of urban cultural policy. Urban Studies, 41(3), 507–532. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098042000178663
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nayak, A. (2003). Ivory Lives’ Economic Restructuring and the Making of Whiteness in a Post-Industrial Youth Community. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 6(3), 305–325. https://doi.org/10.1177/13675494030063003
   Google Scholar
• Ocejo, R. E. (2011). The early gentrifier: Weaving a nostalgia narrative on the Lower East Side. City & Community, 10(3), 285–310. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2011.01372.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ooi, K. B. (2011, February). Penang – Cultural capital. Penang Economic Monthly.
   Google Scholar
• Palmer, C. T. (2010). Cultural traditions and the evolutionary advantages of noninnovation. In M. J. O’Brien & S. J. Shennan (Eds.), Innovation in Cultural Systems: Contributions from Evolutionary Anthropology (pp. 161-174). MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Peirson-Smith, A. (2013). Fashioning the fantastical self: An examination of the cosplay dress-up phenomenon in Southeast Asia. Fashion Theory, 17(1), 77–111. https://doi.org/10.2752/175174113X13502904240776
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauch, A., Wiklund, J., Lumpkin, G. T., & Frese, M. (2009). Entrepreneurial orientation and business performance: An assessment of past research and suggestions for the future. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 761–787. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00308.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki, M. (2010). Urban regeneration through cultural creativity and social inclusion: Rethinking creative city theory through a Japanese case study. Cities, 27, 53–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2010.03.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, N. (2002). New globalism, new urbanism: Gentrification as global urban strategy. Antipode, 34(3), 427–450. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8330.00249
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, N., & DeFilippis, J. (1999). The reassertion of economics: Gentrification in the Lower East Side. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 23(4), 638–653. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00220
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton, S. (1995). Club Cultures: Music. Media and Subcultural Capital. Polity.
   Google Scholar
• Tubadji, A. (2012). Culture-Based Development: Empirical Evidence for Germany. International Journal of Social Economics, 39(9), 690–703. https://doi.org/10.1108/03068291211245718
   Google Scholar
• Tubadji, A. (2013). Culture-Based Development: Culture and Institutions – Economic Development in the Regions of Europe. International Journal of Society Systems Science, 5(4), 355–391. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSSS.2013.058466
   Google Scholar
• Tubadji, A., Angelis, V., & Nijkamp, P. (2016). Cultural Hysteresis, Entrepreneurship and Economic Crisis: An Analysis of Buffers to Unemployment after Economic Shocks. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 9(1), 103–136. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsv035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tubadji, A., & Nijkamp, P. (2015). Cultural Gravity Effects among Migrants: A Comparative Analysis of the EU15. Economic Geography, 91(3), 344–380. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecge.12088
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wales, W. J., Gupta, V. K., & Mousa, F. T. (2013). Empirical research on entrepreneurial orientation: An assessment and suggestions for future research. International Small Business Journal, 31(4), 357–383. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242611418261
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiklund, J., & Shepherd, D. (2003). Research notes and commentaries: Knowledge-based resources, entrepreneurial orientation, and the performance of small and medium-sized businesses. Strategic Management Journal, 24(13), 1307–1314. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.360
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, J. P. (2007). Youth‐subcultural studies: Sociological traditions and core concepts. Sociology Compass, 1(2), 572–593. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2007.00043.x
   Google Scholar
• Yen, C.-H. (1970). Ch’ng’s Sale of Honours and the Chinese Leadership in Singapore and Malaya (1877–1912). Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 1(2), 20–32. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022463400020221
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin, R. K. (2002). Case study research: Design and methods. SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Zukin, S. (1995). The cultures of cities. Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Zukin, S., & Braslow, L. (2011). The life cycle of New York’s creative districts: Reflections on the unanticipated consequences of unplanned cultural zones. City, Culture and Society, 2(3), 131–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2011.06.003
   Google Scholar