9,273
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
MEDIA & COMMUNICATION STUDIES

Association of online political participation with social media usage, perceived information quality, political interest and political knowledge among Malaysian youth: Structural equation model analysis

, ORCID Icon, , & ORCID Icon | (Reviewing editor)
Article: 1964186 | Received 06 Apr 2021, Accepted 25 Jul 2021, Published online: 23 Aug 2021

References

  • Abdu, S. D., Mohamad, B., & Muda, S. (2017, February). Youth online political participation: The role of Facebook use, interactivity, quality information and political interest. In B. Mohamad & H. Abu Bakar (Eds..), SHS web of conferences (Vol. 33, p. 00080). EDP Sciences.
  • Abdu, S. D., Mohamad, B., & Muda, S. (2016). New perspectives to political participation among youth: The impact of Facebook usage. The European Proceedings of Social & Behavioural Sciences, 127–20. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2016.08.19
  • Abu Bakar, H., Mohamad, B., Halim, H., Subramaniam, C., & Choo, L. S. (2018). Shared cultural characteristics similarities in Malaysia’s multi-ethnic society. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 47(3), 243–267. https://doi.org/10.1080/17475759.2018.1460274
  • Adamu, A. A., & Mohamad, B. (2019). Developing a strategic model of internal crisis communication: Empirical evidence from Nigeria. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 13(3), 233–254. https://doi.org/10.1080/1553118X.2019.1629935
  • Ahmad, T., Alvi, A., & Ittefaq, M. (2019). The use of social media on political participation among university students: An analysis of survey results from rural Pakistan. SAGE Open, 9(3), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019864484
  • Akanmu, M. D., Hassan, M. G., & Bahaudin, A. Y. B. (2020). A preliminary analysis modeling of the relationship between quality management practices and sustainable performance. Quality Management Journal, 27(1), 37–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/10686967.2019.1689800
  • Andersen, K., Skovsgaard, M., Albæk, E., & De Vreese, C. H. (2017). The engaging effect of exemplars: How an emotional reaction to (dis) similar people in the news media affects political participation. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 22(4), 490–509. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161217723152
  • Anderson, T. J., Kogan, M., Bica, M., Palen, L., Anderson, K. M., Morss, R., ... & Henderson, J. (2016, May). Far Far Away in Far Rockaway: Responses to Risks and Impacts during Hurricane Sandy through First-Person Social Media Narratives. In ISCRAM.
  • Azis, H., Pawito, P., & Setyawan, A. (2020). The impact of new media use on youth political engagement. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 7(1), 223–233. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v7i1.1303
  • Babac, M. B., & Podobnik, V. (2018). What social media activities reveal about election results? The use of Facebook during the 2015 general election campaign in Croatia. Information Technology & People, 31(2), 327–347. https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-08-2016-0200
  • Bakar, H. A., Halim, H., Mustaffa, C. S., & Mohamad, B. (2016). Relationships differentiation: Cross-ethnic comparisons in the Malaysian workplace. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 45(2), 71–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/17475759.2016.1140672
  • Bakshy, E., Messing, S., & Adamic, L. A. (2015). Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook. Science, 348(6239), 1130–1132. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa1160
  • Banducci, S., Giebler, H., & Kritzinger, S. (2017). Knowing more from less: How the information environment increases knowledge of party positions. British Journal of Political Science, 47(3), 571–588. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123415000204
  • Barabas, J., Jerit, J., Pollock, W., & Rainey, C. (2014). The question (s) of political knowledge. American Political Science Review, 108(4), 840–855. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055414000392
  • Batorski, D., & Grzywinska, I. (2018). Three dimensions of the public sphere on Facebook. Information, Communication & Society, 21(3), 356–374. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1281329
  • Bechtel, M. M., Hainmueller, J., Hangartner, D., & Helbling, M. (2015). Reality bites: The limits of framing effects for salient and contested policy issues. Political Science Research and Methods, 3(3), 683–695. https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2014.39
  • Bimber, B., Cunill, M. C., Copeland, L., & Gibson, R. (2015). Digital media and political participation: The moderating role of political interest across acts and over time. Social Science Computer Review, 33(1), 21–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439314526559
  • Bode, L., & Dalrymple, K. E. (2016). Politics in 140 characters or less: Campaign communication, network interaction, and political participation on Twitter. Journal of Political Marketing, 15(4), 311–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2014.959686
  • Bode, L., & Vraga, E. K. (2015). In related news, that was wrong: The correction of misinformation through related stories functionality in social media. Journal of Communication, 65(4), 619–638. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12166
  • Cammaerts, B., Bruter, M., Banaji, S., Harrison, S., & Anstead, N. (2016). Youth participation in democratic life: Stories of hope and disillusion. Springer.
  • Caron, C., Raby, R., Mitchell, C., Thewissen-LeBlanc, S., & Prioletta, J. (2017). From concept to data: Sleuthing social change-oriented youth voices on YouTube. Journal of Youth Studies, 20(1), 47–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2016.1184242
  • Ceron, A., Curini, L., Iacus, S. M., & Porro, G. (2014). Every tweet counts? How sentiment analysis of social media can improve our knowledge of citizens’ political preferences with an application to Italy and France. New Media & Society, 16(2), 340–358. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444813480466
  • Chan, M. (2016). Social network sites and political engagement: Exploring the impact of Facebook connections and uses on political protest and participation. Mass Communication and Society, 19(4), 430–451. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2016.1161803
  • Christensen, H. S. (2018). Knowing and distrusting: How political trust and knowledge shape direct-democratic participation. European Societies, 20(4), 572–594. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2017.1402124
  • Conroy, M., Feezell, J. T., & Guerrero, M. (2012). Facebook and political engagement: A study of online political group membership and offline political engagement. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(5), 1535–1546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.03.012
  • Department of Statistics Malaysia. (2020). Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristic Report 2020. Putrajaya.
  • Diemer, M. A., & Li, C. H. (2011). Critical consciousness development and political participation among marginalized youth. Child Development, 82(6), 1815–1833. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01650.x
  • Dimitrova, D. V., Shehata, A., Stromback, J., & Nord, L. W. (2014). The effects of digital media on political knowledge and participation in election campaigns: Evidence from panel data. Communication Research, 41(1), 95–118. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650211426004
  • Dubois, E., & Blank, G. (2018). The echo chamber is overstated: The moderating effect of political interest and diverse media. Information, Communication & Society, 21(5), 729–745. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1428656
  • Dumitrica, D. (2014). Politics as “customer relations”: Social media and political authenticity in the 2010 municipal elections in Calgary, Canada. Javnost-The Public, 21(1), 53–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2014.11009139
  • EACEA. (2013). Youth in Action: Beneficiaries space 2013. http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/youth/beneficiaries/2013/index_en.php
  • Earl, J., Maher, T. V., & Elliott, T. (2017). Youth, activism, and social movements. Sociology Compass, 11(4), e12465. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12465
  • Effing, R., Van Hillegersberg, J., & Huibers, T. (2011). Social media and political participation: Are Facebook, twitter and YouTube democratizing our political systems? In E. Tambouris, A. Macintosh, & H. de Bruijn (Eds.), Electronic participation (pp. 25–35). Springer.
  • Elhadidi, M. A. F. (2019). Facebook credibility: Evidence from online and offline political participation, political contribution, and platform efficacy. Global Media Journal, 17(32), 1–11.
  • Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook “friends:” Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-mediated Communication, 12(4), 1143–1168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x
  • Feezell, J. T. (2018). Agenda setting through social media: The importance of incidental news exposure and social filtering in the digital era. Political Research Quarterly, 71(2), 482–494. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912917744895
  • Fjerza, O., Gega, E., & Memaj, F. (2014). Youth political participation in Albania. Journal of Management Cases, 16(1), 4–16.
  • Flynn, D. J., Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2017). The nature and origins of misperceptions: Understanding false and unsupported beliefs about politics. Political Psychology, 38(S1), 127–150. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12394
  • Fraile, M. (2011). Widening or reducing the knowledge gap? Testing the media effects on political knowledge in Spain (2004-2006). The International Journal of Press/Politics, 16(2), 163–184. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161210388413
  • Gaby, S. (2017). The civic engagement gap (s): Youth participation and inequality from 1976 to 2009. Youth & Society, 49(7), 923–946. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X16678155
  • Gong, R. (2011). Internet politics and state media control: Candidate weblogs in Malaysia. Sociological Perspectives, 54(3), 307–328. https://doi.org/10.1525/sop.2011.54.3.307
  • Gottfried, J. A., Hardy, B. W., Holbert, R. L., Winneg, K. M., & Jamieson, K. H. (2017). The changing nature of political debate consumption: Social media, multitasking, and knowledge acquisition. Political Communication, 34(2), 172–199. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2016.1154120
  • Goyanes, M. (2019). Antecedents of incidental news exposure: The role of media preference, use and trust. Journalism Practice, 14(6), 714-729. . https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2019.1631710
  • Gruzd, A., Wellman, B., & Takhteyev, Y. (2011). Imagining Twitter as an imagined community. American Behavioral Scientist, 55(10), 1294–1318. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764211409378
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: Global edition: Pearson Higher Education Upper Saddle River.
  • Halim, H., & Azizan, F. L. (2017). Examining Malaysian leader characteristics in a manager-Subordinate relationship. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 33(3), 214-230. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2017-3303-13
  • Halim, H., Mohamad, B., Dauda, S. A., & Azizan, F. L. (2020). Malaysian youth political participation: A conceptual framework and hypothesis development. Journal of Talent Development and Excellence, 12(2s), 1072–1086.
  • Halpern, D., Valenzuela, S., & Katz, J. E. (2017). We face, I tweet: How different social media influence political participation through collective and internal efficacy. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 22(6), 320–336. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12198
  • Harris, A., Wyn, J., & Younes, S. (2010). Beyond apathetic or activist youth: Ordinary’young people and contemporary forms of participation. Young, 18(1), 9–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/110330880901800103
  • Hed, M. N. (2017). The dynamics of youth political participation in Southeast Asia: The case of Malaysia [Doctoral dissertation, University of Sheffield]. The University of Sheffield.
  • Himelboim, I., McCreery, S., & Smith, M. (2013). Birds of a feather tweet together: Integrating network and content analyses to examine cross-ideology exposure on Twitter. Journal of Computer-mediated Communication, 18(2), 154–174. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12001
  • Holtz, P., Dahinden, J., & Wagner, W. (2013). German Muslims and the ‘integration debate’: Negotiating identities in the face of discrimination. Integrative Psychological & Behavioral Science, 47(2), 231–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-012-9227-6
  • Houston, J. B., Hawthorne, J., Perreault, M. F., Park, E. H., Goldstein Hode, M., Halliwell, M. R., McGowen, S. E. T., Davis, R., Vaid, S., McElderry, J. A., & Griffith, S. A. (2015). Social media and disasters: A functional framework for social media use in disaster planning, response, and research. Disasters, 39(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12092
  • Huang, H. (2018). The pathology of hard propaganda. The Journal of Politics, 80(3), 1034–1038. https://doi.org/10.1086/696863
  • Jenkins, H. (2009). Confronting the challenges of participatory culture: Media education for the 21st century (pp. 145). The MIT Press.
  • Jennings, F. J., Suzuki, V. P., & Hubbard, A. (2020). Social media and democracy: Fostering political deliberation and participation. Western Journal of Communication, 85(2), 147-167.. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2020.1728369
  • Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1996). LISREL 8: User’s reference guide. Scientific Software International.
  • Jung, N., Kim, Y., & De Zuniga, H. G. (2011). The mediating role of knowledge and efficacy in the effects of communication on political participation. Mass Communication and Society, 14(4), 407–430. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2010.496135
  • Jung, N. Y., Kim, S., & Kim, S. (2014). Influence of consumer attitude toward online brand community on revisit intention and brand trust. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 21(4), 581–589.
  • Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003
  • Kenski, K., & Stroud, N. J. (2006). Connections between Internet use and political efficacy, knowledge, and participation. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 50(2), 173–192. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem5002_1
  • Keyton, J. (2014). Communication, organizational culture, and organizational climate. In The Oxford handbook of organizational climate and culture. New York: Oxford University Press
  • Khan, M. Y., Javeed, A., Khan, M. J., Din, S. U., Khurshid, A., & Noor, U. (2019). Political participation through social media: Comparison of Pakistani and Malaysian youth. IEEE Access, 7, 35532–35543. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2904553
  • Kim, Y., Chen, H. T., & De Zúñiga, H. G. (2013). Stumbling upon news on the Internet: Effects of incidental news exposure and relative entertainment use on political engagement. Computers in human behavior,29(6), 2607–2614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.06.005
  • Kim, Y., Russo, S., & Amna, E. (2017). The longitudinal relation between online and offline political participation among youth at two different developmental stages. New Media & Society, 19(6), 899–917. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815624181
  • Kitanova, M. (2019). Youth political participation in the EU: Evidence from a cross-national analysis. Journal of Youth Studies, 23(7), 819-836. http://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2019.1636951
  • Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607–610. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308
  • Ksiazek, T. B., Peer, L., & Lessard, K. (2016). User engagement with online news: Conceptualizing interactivity and exploring the relationship between online news videos and user comments. New Media & Society, 18(3), 502–520. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814545073
  • Lee, S., & Cho, M. (2011). Social media use in a mobile broadband environment: Examination of determinants of Twitter and Facebook use. International Journal of Mobile Marketing, 6(2), 71–87.
  • Lee, S., & Xenos, M. (2019). Social distraction? Social media use and political knowledge in two US Presidential elections. Computers in Human Behavior, 90, 18–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.08.006
  • Lim, S. (2009). How and why do college students use Wikipedia? Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 60(11), 2189–2202. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.21142
  • Lizotte, M. K., & Sidman, A. H. (2009). Explaining the gender gap in political knowledge. Politics & Gender, 5(2), 127. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X09000130
  • Marsh, H. W., & Hocevar, D. (1985). Application of confirmatory factor analysis to the study of self-concept: First-and higher order factor models and their invariance across groups. Psychological Bulletin, 97(3), 562. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.97.3.562
  • Masiha, S., Habiba, U., Abbas, Z., Saud, M., & Ariadi, S. (2018). Exploring the link between the use of Facebook and political participation among youth in Pakistan. Journal of Political Sciences & Public Affairs, 6(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.4172/2332-0761.1000315
  • McIver, J., & Carmines, E. G. (1981). Unidimensional scaling (Vol. 24). Sage.
  • Miller, P. R., Bobkowski, P. S., Maliniak, D., & Rapoport, R. B. (2015). Talking politics on Facebook: Network centrality and political discussion practices in social media. Political Research Quarterly, 68(2), 377–391. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912915580135
  • Mohamad, B., Dauda, S. A., & Halim, H. (2018). Youth offline political participation: Trends and role of social media. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 34(3), 192–207. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2018-3403-11
  • Mohamad, B., Zulkepli Hew, J., Ismail, A. R., & Abu Bakar, H. (2016). Intrinsic work values on building association of South-East Asian Nation’s future workforce: a comparison of three nations. International Review of Management and Marketing, 6(S7), 42–50.
  • Mohamed, M. H. (2018). Managing public political opinion on Facebook: Political discussion and the Somali experience [Master’s Thesis, Arcada University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
  • Muntean, A. (2015). The impact of social media use of political participation [master’s thesis, Aarhus University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
  • Ohme, J. (2020). Algorithmic social media use and its relationship to attitude reinforcement and issue-specific political participation–The case of the 2015 European immigration movements. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 18(1), 36-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2020.1805085
  • Ohme, J., De Vreese, C. H., & Albaek, E. (2018). The uncertain first-time voter: Effects of political media exposure on young citizens’ formation of vote choice in a digital media environment. New Media & Society, 20(9), 3243–3265. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817745017
  • Otieno, A. C. M., & Mukhongo, L. L. (2015). Social media and youth interest in politics in Kenya. In Public affairs and administration: Concepts, methodologies, tools, and applications. Information Resources Management Association (USA) (pp. 1651-1663). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8358-7.ch084
  • Pap, A., Ham, M., & Bilandzic, K. (2017). The influence of social media on online and offline political participation of youth. In Economic and social development: Book of proceedings, 902–910. http://search.proquest.com/docview/2070396395?pq-origsite=gs
  • Partheymuller, J., & Faas, T. (2015). The impact of online versus offline campaign information on citizens’ knowledge, attitudes and political behaviour: Comparing the German federal elections of 2005 and 2009. German Politics, 24(4), 507–524. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644008.2015.1021789
  • Pontes, A. I., Henn, M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2019). Youth political (dis) engagement and the need for citizenship education: Encouraging young people’s civic and political participation through the curriculum. Education, Citizenship and Social Justice, 14(1), 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1746197917734542
  • Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: America’s declining social capital. In Culture and politics (pp. 223–234). Palgrave Macmillan: New York.
  • Rauf, A. A. A., Hamid, N. A., & Ishak, M. S. (2016). Modelling the effect of access to information, political interest and policy satisfaction on youth online political participation in Malaysia. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 32(2), 317-340. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2016-3202-17
  • Raza, S. H., Bakar, H. A., & Mohamad, B. (2018). Advertising appeals and Malaysian culture norms: Scale content validation. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication, 28(1), 61–82. https://doi.org/10.1075/japc.00004.raz
  • Reichert, F. (2016). How internal political efficacy translates political knowledge into political participation: Evidence from Germany. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 12(2), 221. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v12i2.1095
  • Roscoe, J. T. (1975). Fundamental Research Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. 
  • Russo, S., & Stattin, H. (2017). Self-determination theory and the role of political interest in adolescents’ socio-political development. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 50, 71–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2017.03.008
  • Salman, A., Samsudin, A. R., & Yusuf, F. (2017). Civic and political participation: A study of marginalised and mainstream youth in Malaysia. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 25(S), 67–76.
  • Schafer, J. (2020). Delayed gratification in political participation. American Politics Research, 49(3), 304-312. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X20972352.
  • Schmitt, J. B., Debbelt, C. A., & Schneider, F. M. (2018). Too much information? Predictors of information overload in the context of online news exposure. Information, Communication & Society, 21(8), 1151–1167. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1305427
  • Shehata, A., & Amnå, E. (2019). The development of political interest among adolescents: A communication mediation approach using five waves of panel data. Communication Research, 46(8), 1055–1077. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650217714360
  • Shin, J., Jian, L., Driscoll, K., & Bar, F. (2018). The diffusion of misinformation on social media: Temporal pattern, message, and source. Computers in Human Behavior, 83, 278–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.008
  • Shiratuddin, N., Sani, M. A. M., Hassan, S., Ahmad, M. K., Talib, K. A., & Ahmad, N. S. Y. (2016). Generation Y’s political participation and social media in Malaysia. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 32(1), 246–262. https://doi.org/10.17576/jkmjc-2016-3201-12
  • Skoric, M. M., & Kwan, G. C. E. (2011). Platforms for mediated sociability and online social capital: The role of Facebook and massively multiplayer online games. Asian Journal of Communication, 21(5), 467–484. https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2011.587014
  • Skoric, M. M., & Poor, N. (2013). Youth engagement in Singapore: The interplay of social and traditional media. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 57(2), 187–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2013.787076
  • Smyth, T. N., & Best, M. L. (2013, December). Tweet to trust: Social media and elections in West Africa. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development: Full Papers-Volume 1 (pp. 133–141).
  • Steinberg, A. (2015). Exploring Web 2.0 political engagement: Is new technology reducing the biases of political participation? Electoral Studies, 39, 102–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2015.05.003
  • Stroud, N. J. (2011). Niche news: The politics of news choice. Oxford University Press on Demand.
  • Sundar, S. S., Bellur, S., Oh, J., Jia, H., & Kim, H. S. (2016). Theoretical importance of contingency in human-computer interaction: Effects of message interactivity on user engagement. Communication Research, 43(5), 595–625. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650214534962
  • Sveningsson, M. (2014). “I don’t like it and I think it’s useless, people discussing politics on Facebook”: Young Swedes’ understandings of social media use for political discussion. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 8(3). 106-120. https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2014-3-8
  • Tang, G., & Lee, F. L. (2013). Facebook use and political participation: The impact of exposure to shared political information, connections with public political actors, and network structural heterogeneity. Social Science Computer Review, 31(6), 763–773. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439313490625
  • Theocharis, Y., & Lowe, W. (2016). Does Facebook increase political participation? Evidence from a field experiment. Information, Communication & Society, 19(10), 1465–1486. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1119871
  • Theocharis, Y., & Quintelier, E. (2016). Stimulating citizenship or expanding entertainment? The effect of Facebook on adolescent participation. New Media & Society, 181, 817–836. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814549006
  • Thorson, K., Cotter, K., Medeiros, M., & Pak, C. (2019). Algorithmic inference, political interest, and exposure to news and politics on Facebook. Information, Communication & Society, 24(2), 183-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1642934
  • Uzochukwu, C. E., Ekwugha, U. P., & Marion, N. E. (2014). Media coverage of the environment in Nigeria: Issues and prospects. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity Review, 4(2), 111–124.
  • Valenzuela, S., Correa, T., & Zuniga, H. G. (2018). Ties, likes, and tweets: Using strong and weak ties to explain differences in protest participation across Facebook and Twitter use. Political Communication, 35(1), 117–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2017.1334726
  • Valenzuela, S., Halpern, D., Katz, J. E., & Miranda, J. P. (2019). The paradox of participation versus misinformation: Social media, political engagement, and the spread of misinformation. Digital Journalism, 7(6), 802–823. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1623701
  • Valeriani, A., & Vaccari, C. (2016). Accidental exposure to politics on social media as online participation equalizer in Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom. New Media & Society, 18(9), 1857–1874. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815616223
  • Vissers, S., Hooghe, M., Stolle, D., & Maheo, V. A. (2012). The impact of mobilization media on off-line and online participation: Are mobilization effects medium-specific? Social Science Computer Review, 30(2), 152–169. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439310396485
  • Vissers, S., & Stolle, D. (2014). Spill-over effects between Facebook and on/offline political participation? Evidence from a two-wave panel study. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 11(3), 259–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2014.888383
  • Vitak, J., Zube, P., Smock, A., Carr, C. T., Ellison, N., & Lampe, C. (2011). It’s complicated: Facebook users’ political participation in the 2008 election. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 14(3), 107–114. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2009.0226
  • Wang, C. H. (2015). A deeper look at the relationship between political knowledge and political participation: Evidence from presidential and legislative elections in Taiwan. Asian Journal of Political Science, 23(3), 397–419. https://doi.org/10.1080/02185377.2015.1098550
  • Wattenberg, M. P. (2015). Is voting for young people? Routledge.
  • Weeks, B. E., Ardevol-Abreu, A., & Zuniga, H. G. (2017). Online influence? Social media use, opinion leadership, and political persuasion. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 29(2), 214–239. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edv050
  • Weiss, M. L. (2012). Politics in cyberspace: New media in Malaysia. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, fesmedia Asia.
  • Whiteley, P. (2005). Citizenship education longitudinal study: Second literature review. Citizenship Education: The political science perspective.  (London, Department for Education and Skills).
  • Yamamoto, M., & Kushin, M. J. (2014). More harm than good? Online media use and political disaffection among college students in the 2008 election. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19(3), 430–445. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12046
  • Yamamoto, M., Kushin, M. J., & Dalisay, F. (2015). Social media and mobiles as political mobilization forces for young adults: Examining the moderating role of online political expression in political participation. New Media & Society, 17(6), 880–898. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444813518390
  • Yang, H. C., & DeHart, J. L. (2016). Social media use and online political participation among college students during the US election 2012. Social Media & Society, 2(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305115623802
  • Young, A. L., & Quan-Haase, A. (2009, June). Information revelation and internet privacy concerns on social network sites: A case study of Facebook. In Proceedings of the fourth international conference on Communities and technologies (pp. 265–274). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, United States, June 25-27, 2009.  https://doi.org/10.1145/1556460.1556499
  • Zainon, N., Hashim, R., & Zulkifli, N. (2017). Political voice of young Malaysians: Online political participation among university students. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(8), 649–651. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i8/3271
  • Zuniga, H. G., & Diehl, T. (2019). News finds me perception and democracy: Effects on political knowledge, political interest, and voting. New Media & Society, 21(6), 1253–1271. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818817548
  • Zuniga, H. G., Jung, N., & Valenzuela, S. (2012). Social media use for news and individuals’ social capital, civic engagement and political participation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 17(3), 319–336. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2012.01574.x
  • Zuniga, H. G., Molyneux, L., & Zheng, P. (2014). Social media, political expression, and political participation: Panel analysis of lagged and concurrent relationships. Journal of Communication, 64(4), 612–634. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12103
  • Zuniga, H. G., Weeks, B., & Ardevol-Abreu, A. (2017). Effects of the news-finds-me perception in communication: Social media use implications for news seeking and learning about politics. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 22(3), 105–123. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12185