Understanding climate smart agriculture and the resilience of smallholder farmers in Umguza district, Zimbabwe

References

• Abegunde, O. V., Sibanda, M., ., & Obi, A., . (2019). The Dynamics of Climate Change Adaptation in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of Climate-Smart Agriculture among Small-Scale Farmers. Climate, 7(7), 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli7110132
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AGRITEX Umguza. (2020). Report on Climate Smart Agriculture practice in Umguza. Ministry of Agriculture, Mechanization and Irrigation Development in Zimbabwe.
   Google Scholar
• Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA). (2014). Africa agriculture status report: Climate change and smallholder agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa. Available at: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/agra-africa-agriculture-status-report-2014.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Borquez, R., Aldunce, P., & Adler, C. (2017). Resilience to climate change: From theory to practice through co-production of knowledge in Chile. Sustainability Science, 12(1), 163–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-016-0400-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Chitongo, L., & Casadevall, R. S. (2019). Rural livelihood resilience strategies in the face of harsh climatic conditions. The case of ward 11 Gwanda, South, Zimbabwe. CogentSciences Social, 5(1), 13. Reviewing editor. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2019.1617090.
   Google Scholar
• Climate –Smart Agriculture Manual for Zimbabwe, Climate Technology Centre and Network (2017). Denmark Climate Smart Agriculture Framework 2018–2028, Government of Zimbabwe, Ministry of Lands, Agriculture, Water, Climate, and Rural Resettlement, Manual (2018)
   Google Scholar
• Corbeels, M., Thierfelder, C., & Rusinamhodzi, L. (2015). Conservation Agriculture in Sub Saharan Africa. In M. Farooq & K. Siddique (Eds.), Conservation Agriculture (pp. 23-24). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11620-4_18
   Google Scholar
• Dube, T., Mlilo, C., Moyo, P., Ncube, C., & Phiri, K. (2018). Will adaptation carry the future? Questioning the long-term capacity of smallholder farmers’ adaptation strategies against climate change in Gwanda District, Zimbabwe. Journal of Human Ecology, 61(1–3), 20–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2018.1452866
   Google Scholar
• Dube, T., Moyo, P., Ncube, M., & Nyathi, D. (2016). The Impact of Climate Change on Agro-Ecological Based Livelihoods in Africa: A Review. Journal of Sustainable Development, 9(1), 256. https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n1p256
   Google Scholar
• Dube, T., Ncube, C., Moyo, P., Phiri, K., & Moyo, N. (2021). Marginal communities and livelihoods: San communities’ failed transition to a modern economy in Tsholotsho, Zimbabwe. Development Southern Africa, 10, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2021.1955660
   Google Scholar
• Dube, T., & Phiri, K. (2013). Rural Livelihoods under Stress: The impact of Climate Change on Livelihoods in South Western Zimbabwe. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 3 (5), 11–25. USA https://www.aijcrnet.com/journals/Vol_3_No_5_May_2013/2.pdf
   Google Scholar
• FAO. (2005). Irrigation in Africa in figures. AQUASTAT survey 2005. Food and Agriculture Organisation. pp 1–74. Available online at: www.fao.org
   Google Scholar
• FAO. (2008). Investing in sustainable agricultural intensification. The role of Conservation agriculture: A framework for action, 1–24. Available online at: http://www.fao.org/sustainable-food-value-chains/library/details/en/c/266308/
   Google Scholar
• Farooq, M., & Siddique, K. (2015). Conservation Agriculture: Concepts, Brief History, and Impacts on Agricultural Systems.  Conservation Agriculture, 1(2), 5. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11620-4_1
   Google Scholar
• Faurès, J. M., Bartley, D., Bazza, M., Burke, J., Hoogeveen, J., Soto, D. (2013). Climate Smart Agriculture. FAO.
   Google Scholar
• Gbegbelegbe, S., Serem, J., Stirling, C., Kyazze, F., Radeny, M., Misiko, M., Tongruksawattana, S., Nafula, L., Gakii, M., & Sonder, K. (2018). Smallholder farmers in eastern Africa and climate change: A review of risks and adaptation options with implications for future adaptation programmes. Climate and Development, 10(4), 289–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2017.1374236
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gitz, V., & Meybeck, A. (2012). Risks, vulnerabilities and resilience in a context of climate change Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department. Science and Education Publishing. http://www.fao.org/3/i3084e/i3084e03.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Government of Zimbabwe. (2020). National Assembly Hansard. https://www.parlzim.gov.zw/national-assembly-hansard/national-assembly-hansard-09-september-2020-vol-46-no-63
   Google Scholar
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2007). Climate Change 2007 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC. Available on: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/ar4_wg2_full_report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. IPCCWGIIAR5 Technical Summary. Available at http://ipccwg2.gov/AR5/images/uploads/WGIIAR5-TS_FGDall.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (IPCC). 2019. Climate Change and Land: An IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. Cambridge University Press. Available online at https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/download/
   Google Scholar
• IPCC. (2012). Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation (SREX). Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Available online at: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/SREX_Full_Report-1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Jamshidi, O. A., Ali, K., Khalil, M., Movahhed, S. D., Farzaneh, J., Azadi, H., Passel, S. V., & Witlox, F. (2020). Adaptive capacity of smallholder farmers toward climate change: Evidence from Hamadan Province in Iran. Climate and Development, 12(10), 923–933. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2019.1710097
   Google Scholar
• Jayne, T. S., Sitko, N. J., Mason, N. M., & Skole, D. (2018). Input Subsidy Programs and Climate Smart Agriculture: Current Realities and Future Potential. In L. Lipper, N. McCarthy, D. Zilberman, S. Asfaw, & G. Branca Eds., Climate Smart Agriculture. Natural Resource Management and Policy (Vol. 52, pp. 35-47). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61194-5_12
   Google Scholar
• Kanyenze, G., Kondo, T., Chitambara, P., & Martens, J. (2011). Beyond the enclave: Towards a pro-poor and inclusive development strategy for Zimbabwe (pp. 1–532). Beyond the Enclave: Towards a Pro-Poor and Inclusive Development Strategy for Zimbabwe. http://www.ledriz.co.zw/index.php/publications/item/9-beyond-the-enclave-towards-a-pro-poor-and-inclusive-development-strategy-for-zimbabwe
   Google Scholar
• Levine, S. (2014). “Assessing Resilience: Why Quantification Misses the Point.” HPG Working Paper, July, Humanitarian Policy Group, Overseas Development Institute (ODI).https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/9049.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Lipper, L., & Zilberman, D. (2018). A Short History of the Evolution of the Climate Smart Agriculture Approach and Its Links to Climate Change and Sustainable Agriculture Debates. In L. Lipper, N. McCarthy, D. Zilberman, S. Asfaw, & G. Branca Eds., Climate Smart Agriculture. Natural Resource Management and Policy (Vol. 52, p. 11). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61194-5_2
   Google Scholar
• Makate, C., Makate, M., & Mango, N. (2018). Farm household typology and adoption of climate-smart agriculture practices in smallholder farming systems of southern Africa. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 10(4), 4,421–439. https://doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2018.1471027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mupangwa, W., Walker, S., & Twomlow, S. (2011). Start, end and dry spells of the growing season in semi-arid southern Zimbabwe. Journal of ARID Environments - J ARID ENVIRON, 75(11), 1097–1104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.05.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, U., Gebremedhin, Z., Brychkova, G., & Spillane, C. (2016). Smallholder Farmers and Climate Smart Agriculture: Technology and Labor-productivity Constraints amongst Women Smallholders in Malawi. Gender, Technology and Development, 20(2), 117–148. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971852416640639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ndlovu, S., Mathe, B., Phiri, K., & Nyathi, D. (2020). Factoring water harvesting into climate change adaptation: Endogenous responses by smallholder farmers in Gwanda district, Zimbabwe. Cogent Social Sciences, 6(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2020.1784652
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newell, E., Davis, W. T., Johengen, H. T., Duane, G., Ashley, B., Danna, P., & Mark, J. M. (2019). Reduced forms of nitrogen are a driver of non nitrogen-fixing harmful cyano bacterial blooms and toxicity in Lake. Harmful Algae, 81(2), 86–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2018.11.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngara, T. (Ed.). (2017). Climate-Smart Agriculture Manual for Agriculture Education in Zimbabwe. UNEP DTU Partnership. https://www.uncclearn.org/wp-content/uploads/library/climate-smart_agriculture_manual_0.pdf
   Google Scholar
• OECD. (2012). Effective Support for Agricultural Development: Joint Study Visit to Zimbabwe. https://www.oecd.org/dac/dac-global-relations/Report%20on%20Joint%20Study%20Visit%20to%20Zimbabwe_Final.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Parry, M., Canziani, O., & Palutikof, J. (2008), Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation And Vulnerability. Workgroup II Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Phiri, K., Dube, T., Moyo, P., Ncube, C., & Ndlovu, S. (2019). Small grains ‘resistance’? Making sense of Zimbabwean smallholder farmers’ cropping choices and patterns within a climate change context. Cogent Social Sciences, 5(1), 1622485. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2019.1622485 Open Access Journal
   Google Scholar
• Phiri, K., Ndlovu, S., Mpofu, M., Moyo, P., & Evans, H. C. (2020). Addressing Climate Change Vulnerability Through Small Livestock Rearing in Matobo, Zimbabwe. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42091-8_121-1
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, M. (2018). Climate-smart agriculture: What is it good for? The Journal of Peasant Studies, (2018(45), 89–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2017.1312355
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Anglican Diocese of Matabeleland. (2020). Quarterly Report. Unpublished report.
   Google Scholar
• Thornton, K. P., Rosenstock, T., Lamanna, C., .Förch, W., Henderson, B., ., & Herrero, M. (2018). A Qualitative Evaluation of CSA Options in Mixed Crop-Livestock Systems in Developing Countries. L. Lipper et al Eds., Climate Smart Agriculture: Natural Resource Management and Policy 52. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61194-5_17
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC). (2019), United Nations Climate Change Annual Report. Available online at: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/unfccc_annual_report_2019.pdf
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2019a). Climate-Smart Agriculture. Available online at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/climate-smart-agriculture
   Google Scholar