References
- Asmolov, G. (2018). The disconnective power of disinformation campaigns. JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26508120
- Beardsworth, J. (2022, March 17). In Russia’s pro-military ‘Z’ campaign, Children are placed front and center. The Moscow Times, https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/03/17/in-russias-pro-military-z-campaign-children-are-placed-front-and-center-a76976
- Bell, M. (1997). TV news: How far should we go? British Journalism Review, 8(1), 7–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/095647489700800102
- Benton, J. (2022, March 7). “An information dark age”: Russia’s new “fake news” law has outlawed most independent journalism there. Nieman Lab. https://www.niemanlab.org/2022/03/an-information-dark-age-russias-new-fake-news-law-has-outlawed-most-independent-journalism-there/
- Brown, C. (2022, March 18). From capturing Russian tanks to humanitarian aid, Ukraine’s farmers step up for war effort. CBCnews. https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/ukraine-farmers-1.6387964
- Byrne, D., Frantz, C., Harrison, J., & Weymouth, T. (2017, April 8). Life during wartime (2003 remaster). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jLwZvg46jms
- Chayka, K. (2022, March 3). Ukraine becomes the world’s “first TikTok war”. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/culture/infinite-scroll/watching-the-worlds-first-tiktok-war
- Christensen, B., & Khalil, A. (2023). Reporting conflict from afar: Journalists, social media, communication technologies, and war. Journalism Practice, 17(2), 300–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.1908839
- Collingwood, L., Lajevardi, N., & Oskooii, K. A. (2018). A change of heart? Why individual-level public opinion shifted against Trump’s “Muslim ban. Political Behavior, 40(4), 1035–1072. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-017-9439-z
- Cooper, H. (2022, March 30). Ukrainian forces are using their home-turf knowledge to stymie Russia, the top U.S. general says. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/03/03/world/russia-ukraine/ukraine-military-strategy-russia?smid=url-share
- Cushion, S. (2022, March 11). Russia: The west underestimates the power of state media. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/russia-the-west-underestimates-the-power-of-state-media-178582
- Daer, A. R., Hoffman, R., & Goodman, S. (2014). Rhetorical functions of hashtag forms across social media applications. Proceedings of the 32nd ACM International Conference on The Design of Communication CD-ROM, (16), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1145/2666216.2666231
- Dean, J. (2022, March 9). The letter Z is becoming a symbol of Russia’s war in Ukraine. But what does it mean? NPR. Retrieved June 14, 2022, from https://www.npr.org/2022/03/09/1085471200/the-letter-z-russia-ukraine
- Dubey, A., Moro, E., Cebrian, M., & Rahwan, I. (2018). Memesequencer: Sparse matching for embedding image macros. Proceedings of the 2018 World Wide Web Conference on World Wide Web - WWW ’18, 1225–1235. https://doi.org/10.1145/3178876.3186021
- Eisenhardt, K. M., & Graebner, M. E. (2007). Theory building from cases: Opportunities and challenges. Academy of Management Journal, 50(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2007.24160888
- Erlich, A., & Garner, C. (2021). Is pro-Kremlin disinformation effective? Evidence from Ukraine. The International Journal of Press/politics, 28(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/19401612211045221
- Eschler, J., & Menking, A. (2018). “No prejudice here”: Examining social identity work in starter pack memes. Social Media + Society, 4(2), 205630511876881. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118768811
- Feldstein, S. (2022, Dec. 7). Disentangling the digital battlefield: How the internet has changed war. Texas National Security Review. https://warontherocks.com/2022/12/disentangling-the-digital-battlefield-how-the-internet-has-changed-war/
- Gault, M. (2022, March 16). The tractor has become a symbol of Ukrainian resistance. Vice. https://www.vice.com/en/article/n7n5ed/the-tractor-has-become-a-symbol-of-ukrainian-resistance
- Geldern, J., & Stites, R. (1995). Mass culture in Soviet Russia: Tales, poems, songs, movies, plays, and folklore, 1917-1953. Indiana University Press.
- Gershkovich, E., & Luxmoore, M. (2022, March 8). How the letter Z became a Russian pro-war symbol. The Wall Street Journal, https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-the-letter-z-became-a-russian-pro-war-symbol-11646675508
- Gershkovich, E., & Luxmoore, M. (2022, March 8). How the letter Z became a Russian pro-war symbol. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-the-letter-z-became-a-russian-pro-war-symbol-11646675508
- Gershman, M., Gokhberg, L., Kuznetsova, T., & Roud, V. (2018). Bridging S&T and innovation in Russia: A historical perspective. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 133, 132–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.03.014
- Ghaffary, S. (2022, March 4). Russia continues its online censorship spree by blocking Instagram. Vox. https://www.vox.com/recode/22962274/russia-block-instagram-facebook-restrict-twitter-putin-censorship-ukraine
- Gilbert, D. (2022, March 11). Russian Tiktok influencers are being paid to spread Kremlin propaganda. VICE. https://www.vice.com/en/article/epxken/russian-tiktok-influencers-paid-propaganda
- Hagen, R., & Golombisky, K. (2016). White space is not your enemy: A beginner’s guide to communicating visually through graphic, web & multimedia design. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
- Hall, S. (2001). Encoding/decoding. In M. G. Durham & D. Kellner (Eds.), Media and Cultural Studies: Keyworks (pp. 163–173). essay, Blackwell Publishers.
- Highfield, T., & Leaver, T. (2016). Instagrammatics and digital methods: Studying visual social media, from selfies and gifs to memes and emoji. Communication Research and Practice, 2(1), 47–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/22041451.2016.1155332
- Huang, A. (2020). Combatting and defeating Chinese propaganda and disinformation: A case study of Taiwan’s 2020 elections. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/combatting-and-defeating-chinese-propaganda-and-disinformation-case-study-taiwans-2020
- Ioanes, E. (2022, February 27). Putin’s baffling war strategy. Vox. https://www.vox.com/2022/2/27/22953539/ukraine-invasion-putin-russia-baffling-war-strategy
- Jaessing, C. (2022, March 17). The ‘Tiktok war’: Social Media Influencers take over Russia-Ukraine news. globalEDGE Blog: The ‘Tiktok war’. https://globaledge.msu.edu/blog/post/57113/the-‘tiktok-war’–social-media-influencers-take-over-russia-ukraine-news
- Keller, F. B., Schoch, D., Stier, S., & Yang, J. H. (2019). Political astroturfing on Twitter: How to coordinate a disinformation campaign. Political Communication, 37(2), 256–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2019.1661888
- Kofman, M., Lennon, O., Minakov, M., & Tabarovsky, I. (2022, March 9). The Russian war in Ukraine: The situation after two weeks. Wilson Center. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/russian-war-ukraine-situation-after-two-weeks
- Laskin, A. V. (2019). Defining propaganda: A psychoanalytic perspective. Communication and the Public, 4(4), 305–314. https://doi.org/10.1177/2057047319896488
- Mejias, U. A., & Vokuev, N. E. (2017). Disinformation and the media: The case of Russia and Ukraine. Media, Culture, & Society, 39(7), 1027–1042. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443716686672
- Mellor, S. (2022, March 7). Russian TikTok influencers promote the war in Ukraine with a hypnotically repetitive message. Fortune. https://fortune.com/2022/03/07/russian-tiktok-influencers-propaganda/
- Millward, D. (2022, March 11). White House turns to Tiktok influencers to counter Russian misinformation on Ukraine. The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2022/03/11/white-house-turns-tiktok-influencers-counter-russian-misinformation/
- Milner, R. M. (2018). The world made meme: Public conversations and participatory media. MIT Press.
- Mittal, V. (2022, March 11). Military equipment losses provide insight into Russia-Ukraine War. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/vikrammittal/2022/03/10/military-equipment-losses-provide-insight-into-russia-ukraine-war/?sh=6c0630fe6f59
- Moran, T. P. (1979). Propaganda as pseudocommunication.ETC: A Review of General Semantics, 36(2), 181–197.
- Paul, K., & Vengattil, M. (2022, April 11). How Meta fumbled propaganda moderation during Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/technology/how-meta-fumbled-propaganda-moderation-during-russias-invasion-ukraine-2022-04-11/
- Prenatt, J., & Hook, A. (2016). Katyusha: Russian multiple rocket launchers 1941-present. Osprey.
- Richards, A. (2022, March 11). A pro-Russia propaganda campaign is using over 180 TikTok influencers to promote the invasion of ukraine. Media Matters for America. https://www.mediamatters.org/tiktok/pro-russia-propaganda-campaign-using-over-180-tiktok-influencers-promote-invasion-ukraine
- Saldaña, J. (2015). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. SAGE.
- Sauer, P. (2022, March 17). ‘It is not possible to stay quiet’: Putin’s first victim of ‘fake news’ law speaks out. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/17/veronika-belotserkovskaya-putin-fake-news-law-first-victim-russia-ukraine
- Shadijanova, D. (2022, April 23). Pro-war memes, Z symbols and blue and yellow flags: Russian influencers at war. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/apr/23/z-symbols-pro-war-memes-ukrainian-flags-russian-influencers-ukraine
- Sharma, S. (2022, February 25). Ukrainian woman tells Russian soldier to put sunflower seeds pocket so they bloom. The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/ukraine-russia-soldier-woman-confrontation-b2022993.html
- Sherman, J. (2022, April 7). Russia’s war on Google and Apple Maps. Slate Magazine. https://slate.com/technology/2022/04/russia-apple-google-maps.html
- Shifman, L. (2013). Memes in Digital Culture. MIT Press.
- Star, P. (2022, May 3). This is Ultra Lord. Know Your Meme. https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/this-is-ultra-lord
- Stokel-Waler, C. (2022, February 27). The first Tiktok war: How are influencers in Russia and Ukraine responding? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/feb/26/social-media-influencers-russia-ukraine-tiktok-instagram
- Suciu, P. (2022, March 2). Real or fake: Video of farmer stealing Russian tank, landmine removed with bare hands, and comparisons of Putin to Hitler trending. https://www.forbes.com/sites/petersuciu/2022/03/02/real-or-fake-video-of-farmer-stealing-russian-tank-landmine-removed-with-bare-hands-and-comparisons-of-putin-to-hitler-trending/?sh=355647c843ec
- Thomas, T. (2015). Russia’s 21st century information war: Working to undermine and destabilize populations. Defence Strategic Communications, 1(1), 11–26. https://doi.org/10.30966/2018.riga.1.1
- Tilton, S. (2022). Meme life: The social, cultural, and psychological aspects of memetic communication. Leyline Publishing.
- Treisman, D. (2022, April 18). Putin unbound. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/ukraine/2022-04-06/putin-russia-ukraine-war-unbound
- Yue, L., Chen, W., Li, X., Zuo, W., & Yin, M. (2018). A survey of sentiment analysis in social media. Knowledge and Information Systems, 60(2), 617–663. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-018-1236-4