Female genital modification: Untangling visual attractiveness of female genitalia from an Afrocentric perspective of male sexual partners

References

• Bagnol, B., & Mariano, E. (2012). Gender, sexuality and vaginal practices. DAA.
   Google Scholar
• Baumann, S. (2008). The moral underpinnings of beauty: A meaning-based explanation for light and dark complexions in advertising. Poetics, 36(1), 2–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2007.11.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beksinska, M., Lulie, B., Beesham, I., & Smit, J. (2020). Pubic hair grooming practices in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: Prevalence, side effects and association with sexually transmitted infections. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 31(11), 1034–1039. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462420941709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boddy, J. (2016). The normal and the aberrant in female genital cutting. Shifting paradigms. Hau: Journal of Ethnographic Theory, 6(2), 41–69. https://doi.org/10.14318/hau6.2.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buss, D. (2003). The evolution of desire (2nd ed.). basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Buss, D. M., & Haselton, M. (2005). Martie. The evolution of jealousy. Trends in Cognitive Science, 11(9). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2005.09.006
   Google Scholar
• Buss, D. M., & Schmitt, D. P. (1993). Sexual strategies theory: An evolutionary perspective on human mating. Psychological Review, 100(2), 2014–2232. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.100.2.204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, S. M., Smith, N. K., Collazo, E., Caltabiano, L., & Herbenick, D. (2014). Pubic hair preferences, reasons for removal, and associated genital symptoms: Comparisons between men and women. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 12(1), 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caron, S. L. (2022). To shave or no to shave: Exploring pubic hair removal among college students. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 17(2), 156–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/15546128.2021.2025182
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conroy-Beam, D., & Buss, D. M. (2019). Why is age so important in human mating? Evolved age preferences and their influences on multiple mating behaviors. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, 13(2), 127. https://doi.org/10.1037/ebs0000127
   Google Scholar
• DeMaria, A. L., Rivera, S., Meier, S., Wakefield, A. L., Long, L. F., & Miller, A. R. (2020). “You have to be clean:” a qualitative study of pubic hair grooming behaviours among women living in Italy. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 23(5), 593–607. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2020.1717631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeSantis, A., & Kayson, W. A. (1997). Defendants’ characteristics of attractiveness, race, and sex and sentencing decisions. Psychological Reports, 81(2), 679–683. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1997.81.2.679
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond, L. M. (2016). Sexual fluidity in male and females. Current Sex Health Reports, 8(4), 249–256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11930-016-0092-z
   Google Scholar
• Earp, B. D., & Johnsdotter, S. (2021). Current critiques of the WHO policy on female genital mutilation. International Journal of Impotence Research, 33(2), 196–209. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41443-020-0302-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enzlin, P., Bollen, K., Prekatsounaki, S., Hidalgo, L., Aerts, L., & Deprest, J. (2019). To shave or not to shave: Pubic hair removal and its association with relational and sexual satisfaction in women and men. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 16(7), 954–962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.04.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esho, T. (2015). Modifying the female form: Whose call is it? Female genital mutilation and labia elongation practices in Africa. Heinrich-Boll-Stiftung E d Bodies, Morals and Politics Reflections on Sexual and Reproductive Rights in Africa Perspectives, 2, 6–11.
   Google Scholar
• Esses, V. M., & Webster, C. D. (1988). Physical attractiveness, dangerousness, and the Canadian criminal code 1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 18(12), 1017–1031. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb01190.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahs, B. (2014). Genital panics: Constructing the vagina in women’s qualitative narratives about pubic hair, menstrual sex, and vaginal self-image. Body Image, 11, 210–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.03.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng, C. (2002). Looking Good: The psychology and biology of beauty. Stanford University.
   Google Scholar
• Fink, B., & Penton-Voak, I. (2002). Evolutionary psychology of facial attractiveness. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11(5), 154–158. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00190
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, M. L., & Voracek, M. (2006). The shape of beauty: Determinants of female physical attractiveness. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 5(2), 190–194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-2165.2006.00249.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gaither, T. W., Awad, M. A., Osterberg, E. C., Rowen, T. S., & Breyer, B. N. (2017). Prevalence and motivation: Pubic hair grooming among men in the United States. American Journal of Men’s Health, 11(3), 620–640. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988316661315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallo, P. G., Mbuyi, N. T., & Bertoletti, A. (2010). Stretching of the labia minora and other expansive interventions of female genitals in the democratic republic of the Congo (DRC). In Genital autonomy (pp. 111–124). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9446-9_13
   Google Scholar
• Gunes, A., & Alinsod, R. M. (2018). A mini-review of aesthetic gynecology and leading gynecology associations’ approaches to this issue. Turkey Journal of Obstetrics Gynaecology, 15(2), 101–111. https://doi.org/10.4274/tjod.33407
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodges, A. L., & Holland, A. C. (2017). Prevention and treatment of injuries and infections related to pubic hair removal. Nursing for Women’s Health, 21(4), 313–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nwh.2017.06.001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Houston, V., & Bull, R. (1994). Do people avoid sitting next to someone who is facially disfigured? European Journal of Social Psychology, 24(2), 279–284. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420240205
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howarth, C., Hayes, J., Simonis, M., & Temple-Smith, M. (2016). Everything’s neatly tucked away: Young women’s views on desirable vulval anatomy. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 8(12), 1363–1378. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2016.1184315
   Google Scholar
• Jaeger, B., Evans, A. M., Stel, M., & van Beest, I. (2022). Understanding the role of faces in person perception: Increased reliance on facial appearance when judging sociability. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 100, 104288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104288
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolly, N. (2017). Birth and the bush: Untangling the debate around women’s pubic hair. Birth, 44(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser, C., Wilczynski, P., & Fuchs, S. (2012). Guidelines for choosing between multi-item and single-item scales for construct measurement: A predictive validity perspective. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(3), 434–449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-011-0300-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koster, M., & Price, L. L. (2008). Rwandan female genital modification: Elongation of the labia minora and the use of local botanical species. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 10(2), 191–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691050701775076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kujawa, B., & Strzałko, J. (1998). Standard of physical attractiveness. Anthropological Review, 61, 31–48. https://doi.org/10.18778/1898-6773.61.02
   Google Scholar
• Magon, N., & Alinsod, R. (2016). ThermiVa: The revolutionary technology for vulvovaginal rejuvenation and noninvasive management of female SUI. The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India, 66(4), 300–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13224-016-0868-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marlowe, C. M., Schneider, S. L., & Nelson, C. E. (1986). Gender and attractiveness biases in hiring decisions: Are more experienced managers less biased? Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(1), 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.81.1.11
   Google Scholar
• Martínez Pérez, G., Namulondo, H., & Tomás Aznar, C. (2013). Labia minora elongation as understood by Baganda male and female adolescents in Uganda. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 15(10), 1191–1205. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2013.811613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miner, E. J., & Shackelford, T. K. (2010). Mate attraction, retention and expulsion. Psicothema, 22(1), 9–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mupotsa, D. S. (2020). Conjugality. GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian & Gay Studies, 26(3), 377–403. https://doi.org/10.1215/10642684-8311758
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mwenda, K. K. (2006). Labia elongation under African customary law: A violation of women’s rights? The International Journal of Human Rights, 10(4), 341–357. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642980600976369
   Google Scholar
• Pallant, J. (2011). Survival manual. A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS. Allen & Unwin.
   Google Scholar
• Pan, S. (2021). The impact of physical appearance on employment competitiveness. Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Social Development and Media Communication (SDMC 2021). Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Researches, China, 631, 1033–1036. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220105.191
   Google Scholar
• Perez, G. M., Azna, C. T., & Bagnol, B. (2014). Labia minora elongation and its implications on the health of women: A systematic review. International Journal of Sexual Health, 26(3), 155–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/19317611.2013.851139
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez, G. M., Mubanga, M., Aznar, C. T., & Bagnol, B. (2015). Grounded theory: A methodological choice to investigating labia minora elongation among Zambians in South Africa. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406915618324
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perusse, D. (1994). Mate choice in modern societies. Human Nature, 5(3), 255–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02692154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pradeilles, R., Holdsworth, M., Olaitan, O., Irache, A., Osei-Kwasi, H. A., Ngandu, C. B., & Cohen, E. (2021). Body size preferences for women and adolescent girls living in Africa: A mixed–methods systematic review. Public Health Nutrition, 25(3), 738–759. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980021000768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, C. T., Strimling, P., Ericksen, K. P., Lindenfors, P., & Mulder, M. B. (2016). The origins and maintenance of female genital modification across Africa. Bayesian phylogenetic modeling of cultural evolution under the influence of selection. Human Nature, 27(2), 173–200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-015-9244-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rouzi, A. A., Berg, R. C., Turkistani, J., Alamoudi, R., Alsinani, N., Alkafy, S., & Alwazzan, A. (2018). Practices and complications of pubic hair removal among Saudi women. BMC Women’s Health, 18(172). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-018-06661-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rowen, T. S., Gaither, T. W., Awad, M. A., Osterberg, E. C., Shindel, A. W., & Breyer, B. N. (2016). Pubic hair grooming prevalence and motivation among women in the United States. JAMA Dernmatology, 152(10), 1106–1113. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2016.2154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaefer, L. M., & Thompson, J. K. (2018). The development and validation of the Physical Appearance Comparison Scale–3 (PACS-3). Psychological Assessment, 30(10), 1330–1341. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schick, V. R., Rima, B. N., & Calabrese, S. K. (2011). The portrayal of women’s external genitalia and physique across time and the current Barbie Doll ideals. The Journal of Sex Research, 48(1), 74–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490903308404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smelik, A. (2005). A close shave: The taboo on female body hair. Critical Studies in Fashion & Beauty, 6(2), 233–251. https://doi.org/10.1386/csfb.6.2.233_1
   Google Scholar
• Sorokowskia, P., & Pawlowskib, B. (2008). Adaptive preferences for leg length in a potential partner. Evolution of Human Behaviour, 29(2), 86–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone, N., Graham, C. A., & Baysal, I. (2017). Women’s engagement in pubic hair removal: Motivations and associated factors. International Journal of Sexual Health, 29(1), 89–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/19317611.2016.1228727
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugiyama, L. S. (2004). Is beauty in the context-sensitive adaptations of the beholder ? Shiwiar use of waist-to-hip ratio in assessment of female mate value. Evolution and Human Behaviour, 25(1), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1090-5138(03)00083-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toerien, M., Wilkinson, S., & Choi, P. Y. L. (2005). Body hair removal: The ‘mundane’ production of normative femininity. Sex Roles, 52(5/6), 399–406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-2682-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venganai, H. (2018). Reinterpretation of “traditional” bodily modifications by young people in contemporary Zimbabwe. Africa Development, 43(1), 43–60. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26664219
   Google Scholar
• Verster, J. C., Sandalova, E., Garssen, J., & Bruce, G. (2021). The use of single-item ratings versus traditional multiple-item questionnaires to assess mood and health. European Journal of Investigating Health Psychology Education, 11(1), 183–198. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11010015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, J. (2017). What are you doing on Tinder? Impression management on a matchmaking mobile app. Information, Communication & Society, 20(11), 1644–1659. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2016.1252412
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2018) . Care of girls and women living with female genital mutilation: A clinical handbook.
   Google Scholar
• Zebulon, A., Silverthorne, B. A., & Quinsey, V. L. (2000). Sexual partner age preferences of homosexual and heterosexual men and women. Archives of Sexual Behaviour, 29(1), 67–75. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1001886521449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar