373
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Politics

Trustful competitor & distrustful cooperator: Impacts of assessment gaps on trustworthy coopetition in policy network

ORCID Icon &
Article: 2293308 | Received 25 Jul 2022, Accepted 06 Dec 2023, Published online: 13 Dec 2023

References

  • Ansell, C., & Gash, A. (2007). Collaborative governance in Theory and practice. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 18(4), 543–22. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mum032
  • Barber, B. (1983). The logic and limits of trust. The Rutgers University Press.
  • Baur, V. E., Arnold, H. G., Elteren, V., Nierse, C. J., & Abma, T. A. (2010). Dealing with distrust and power dynamics: Asymmetric relations among stakeholders in responsive evaluation. Evaluation, 16(3), 233–248. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356389010370251
  • Berardo, R. (2008). Generalized trust in multi-organizational policy arenas: Studying its emergence from a network perspective. Political Research Quarterly, 62(1), 178–189. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912907312982
  • Berardo, R., & Scholz, J. T. (2010). Self-organizing policy networks: Risk, partner selection, and cooperation in estuaries. American Journal of Political Science, 54(3), 632–649. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00451.x
  • Brandenburger, A. M., & Nalebuff, B. J. (1996). Co-optition. Currency and Doubleday.
  • Brewer, M. B. (1979). In-group bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive-motivational analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 86(2), 307–324. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.307
  • Brewer, M. B. (1999). The Psychology of prejudice: Ingroup love and outgroup hate? Journal of Social Issues, 55(3), 429–444. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00126
  • Brewer, M. B., & Kramer, R. (1985). The Psychology of intergroup attitudes and behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 36(1), 219–243. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.36.020185.001251
  • Calanni, J. C., Siddiki, S. N., Weible, C. M., & Leach, W. D. (2014). Explaining coordination in collaborative partnerships and clarifying the scope of the belief homophily hypothesis. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 25(3), 901–927. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mut080
  • Calò, F., Teasdale, S., Donaldson, C., Roy, M. J., & Baglioni, S. (2018). Collaborator or competitor: Assessing the evidence supporting the role of social enterprise in health and social care. Public Management Review, 20(12), 1790–1814. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2017.1417467
  • Castaldo, S., & Dagnino, G. B. (2009). Trust and coopetition: The strategic role of trust in interfirm coopetitive dynamics. In G. B. Dagnino & E. Rocco (Eds.), Coopetition strategy: Theory, experiments and cases (pp. 74–100). Routledge.
  • Chai, L., Li, J., Tangpong, C., & Clauss, T. (2020). The interplays of coopetition, conflicts, trust, and efficiency process innovation in vertical B2B relationships. Industrial Marketing Management, 85, 269–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2019.11.004
  • Chen, B. (2010). Antecedents or processes? Determinants of perceived effectiveness of interorganizational Collaborations for Public service delivery. International Public Management Journal, 13(4), 381–407. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2010.524836
  • Cho, J. (2006). The mechanism of trust and distrust formation and their relational outcomes. Journal of Retailing, 82(1), 25–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2005.11.002
  • Crandall, C. S., Silvia, P. J., N’Gbala, A. N., Tsang, J. A., & Dawson, K. (2007). Balance theory, unit relations, and attribution: The underlying integrity of heiderian theory. Review of General Psychology, 11(1), 12–30. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.11.1.12
  • Czakon, W., & Czernek-Marszałek, K. (2016). The role of trust-building mechanisms in entering into network coopetition: The case of tourism networks in Poland. Industrial Marketing Management, 57, 64–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2016.05.010
  • Czakon, W., & Czernek-Marszałek, K. (2021). Competitor perceptions in tourism coopetition. Journal of Travel Research, 60(2), 312–335. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519896011
  • Czakon, W., Jedynak, P., & Konopka-Cupiał, G. (2022). Trust-and distrust-building mechanisms in academic spin-off relationships with a parent university. Studies in Higher Education, 47(10), 2056–2070. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2022.2122659
  • Czakon, W., Klimas, P., & Mariani, M. (2020). Behavioral antecedents of coopetition: A synthesis and measurement scale. Long Range Planning, 53(1), 101875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2019.03.001
  • Czakon, W., Srivastava, M. K., Le Roy, F., & Gnyawali, D. (2020). Coopetition strategies: Critical issues and research directions. Long Range Planning, 53(1), 101948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2019.101948
  • Czernek, K., & Czakon, W. (2016). Trust-building processes in tourist coopetition: The case of a Polish region. Tourism Management, 52, 380–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.07.009
  • Dagnino, G. B. (2009). Coopetition strategy: A new kind of interfirm dynamics for value creation. In G. B. Dagnino & E. Rocco (Eds.), Coopetition strategy: Theory, experiments and cases (pp. 25–43). Routledge.
  • Deutsch, M. (1958). Trust and suspicion. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2(4), 265–279. https://doi.org/10.1177/002200275800200401
  • Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(1), 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5
  • Dovidio, J. F., Penner, L. A., Albrecht, T. L., Norton, W. E., Gaertner, S. L., & Shelton, J. N. (2008). Disparities and distrust: The implications of psychological processes for understanding racial disparities in health and health care. Disparities and Distrust: The Implications of Psychological Processes for Understanding Racial Disparities in Health and Health Care Social Science and Medicine, 67(3), 478–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.019
  • Emerson, K., Nabatchi, T., & Balogh, S. (2012). An integrative framework for collaborative governance. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 22(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mur011
  • Fotaki, M. (2011). Towards developing new partnerships in Public services: Users as consumers, Citizens and/or co-producers in Health and Social care in England and Sweden. Public Administration, 89(3), 933–955. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2010.01879.x
  • Gamson, W. A. (1968). Power and discontent (Vol. 124). Dorsey Press.
  • Gray, B. (1997). Framing and reframing of intractable environmental disputes. In L. Roy, B. Robert, & B. Sheppard (Eds.), Research on negotiations in organizations (pp. 163–188). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
  • Guo, S., Lumineau, F., & Lewicki, R. J. (2017). Revisiting the Foundations of organizational distrust. Foundations and Trends in Management, 1(1), 1–88. https://doi.org/10.1561/3400000001
  • Hardin, R. (2004). Distrust: Manifestations and Management. In R. Hardin (Ed.), Distrust (pp. 3–33). Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Hatmaker, D. M., & Rethemeyer, R. K. (2008). Mobile trust, enacted relationships: Social capital in a state-level policy network. International Public Management Journal, 11(4), 426–462. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967490802494867
  • Head, B. W. (2008). Assessing network-based collaborations: Effectiveness for whom? Public Management Review, 10(6), 733–749. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719030802423087
  • Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. Wiley.
  • Hurley, R. F. (2006, September). The decision to trust. Harvard Business Review, 84(9), 55–62.
  • Imperial, M. T. (2005). Using collaboration as a governance strategy: Lessons from six watershed Management programs. Administration and Society, 37(3), 281–320. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399705276111
  • Ingold, K., Fischer, M., & Cairney, P. (2017). Drivers for policy agreement in nascent subsystems: An application of the advocacy Coalition framework to fracking policy in Switzerland and the UK. Policy Studies Journal, 45(3), 442–463. https://doi.org/10.1111/psj.12173
  • Kang, M., & Eun Park, Y. (2017). Exploring trust and distrust as conceptually and empirically distinct constructs: Association with symmetrical communication and Public engagement across four pairings of trust and distrust. Journal of Public Relations Research, 29(2–3), 114–135. Routledge https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2017.1337579
  • Kaufman, S., Elliott, M., & Shmueli, D. (2003). Frames, framing and reframing. Retrieved from http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/framing.
  • Kaufman, S., & Smith, J. (1999). Framing and reframing in land use change conflicts. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 16(2), 164–180.
  • Kim, K. (2018). Coopetition: Complexity of cooperation and competition in dyadic and triadic relationships. Organizational Dynamics, 49(2), 100683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2018.09.005
  • Klijn, E. H., Edelenbos, J., & Steijn, B. (2010). Trust in governance networks: Its impacts on outcomes. Administration and Society, 42(2), 193–221. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399710362716
  • Kostis, A., & Näsholm, M. H. (2020). Towards a research agenda on how, when and why trust and distrust matter to coopetition. Journal of Trust Research, 10(1), 66–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/21515581.2019.1692664
  • Kramer, R. M. (1994). The sinister attribution error: Paranoid cognition and collective distrust in organizations. Motivation and Emotion, 18(2), 199–230. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02249399
  • Kramer, R. M. (1998). Paranoid cognition in Social systems: Thinking and acting in the Shadow of Doubt. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2(4), 251–275. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0204_3
  • Kramer, R. M. (1999). Trust and distrust in organizations: Emerging perspectives, enduring questions. Annual Review of Psychology, 50(1), 569–598. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.50.1.569
  • Kramer, R. M. (2004). Collective paranoia: Distrust between Social groups. In R. Hardin (Ed.), Distrust (pp. 136–166). Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Kramer, R. M., & Wei, J. (1999). Social uncertainty and the problem of trust in Social groups: The Social self in Doubt. In T. R. Tyler, R. M. Kramer, & O. P. John (Eds.), The psychology of the social self (pp. 145–168). Erlbaum.
  • Kwan, L. Y., & Chiu, C. (2014). Holistic versus analytic thinking explains collective culpability attribution. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 36(1), 3–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2013.856790
  • Larson, D. W. (2004). Prudent, if not always wise. In R. Hardin (Ed.), Distrust (pp. 34–59). Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Lascaux, A. (2020). Coopetition and trust: What we know, where to go next. Industrial Marketing Management, 84, 2–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2019.05.015
  • Laumann, E., Marsden, P. V., & Prensky, D. (1989). The boundary specification problem in Social network analysis. In C. Linton, D. Freeman, R. White, & A. K. Romney (Eds.), Applied Network Analysis: A methodological introduction (pp. 18–34). Sage Publications.
  • Lavie, D. (2008). Capturing Value from Alliance Portfolios. Organizational Dynamics, 38(1), 26–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2008.04.008
  • Leach, W. D., & Sabatier, P. A. (2005). To trust an adversary: Integrating rational and psychological models of collaborative policymaking. American Political Science Review, 99(4), 491–503. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000305540505183X
  • Lee, J. (2021). When illusion met illusion: How interacting biases affect (dis)trust within coopetitive policy networks. Public Administration Review, 81(5), 962–972. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13351
  • Lee, I., Felock, R. C., & Lee, R. (2012). Competitors and cooperators: A micro-level analysis of regional economic development collaboration networks. Public Administration Review, 72(2), 253–262. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2011.02501.x
  • Lee, J., Kim, S., & Lee, J. (2022). Public vs. Public: Balancing the competing Public values of Participatory Budgeting. Public Administration Quarterly, 46(1), 39–66. https://doi.org/10.37808/paq.46.1.3
  • Lee, J., & Lee, J. (2018). When you trust and distrust the other side: The roles of asymmetric power in a policy network. Annual conference of Academy of Management (AoM), Chicago, IL.
  • Lee, J., & Lee, J. (2023). Compatibility of the incompatible: How does asymmetric power lead to coexistence of trust and distrust in adversarial policy networks? International Journal of Public Administration, 1–16. In press. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2022.2094410
  • Lee, H., Robertson, P. J., Lewis, L., Sloane, D., Galloway-Gilliam, L., & Nomachi, J. (2016). Trust in a cross-sectoral interorganizational network: An empirical investigation of antecedents. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 41(4), 609–631. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764011414435
  • Leifeld, P., & Schneider, V. (2012). Information exchange in policy networks. American Journal of Political Science, 56(3), 731–744. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00580.x
  • Lenferink, S., Tillema, T., & Arts, J. (2013). Public-private interaction in contracting: Governance strategies in the competitive dialogue of Dutch infrastructure projects. Public Administration, 91(4), 928–946. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12033
  • Lewicki, R. J. (2006). Trust and Distrust. In A. K. Schneider, & C. Honeyman (Eds.), The Negotiator’s fieldbook (pp. 191–202). American Bar Association.
  • Lewicki, R. J., Barry, B., & Saunders, D. M. (2007). Essentials of negotiation. McGraw-Hill.
  • Lewicki, R. J., McAllister, D. J., & Bies, R. I. (1998). Trust and distrust: New relationships and realities. Academy of Management Review, 23(3), 438–458. https://doi.org/10.2307/259288
  • Loorbach, D. (2010). Transition Management for sustainable development: A prescriptive, complexity-based governance framework. Governance, 23(1), 161–183. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.2009.01471.x
  • Lumineau, F. (2017). How contracts influence trust and distrust. Journal of Management, 43(5), 1553–1577. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314556656
  • Lundin, M. (2007). Explaining cooperation: How resource interdependence, goal congruence, and trust affect joint actions in policy implementation. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 17(4), 651–672. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mul025
  • Mandell, M., Keast, R., & Chamberlain, D. (2017). Collaborative networks and the need for a new management language. Public Management Review, 19(3), 326–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2016.1209232
  • Marques, R. C., & Berg, S. (2011). Public-private partnership contracts: A tale of two cities with different contractual arrangements. Public Administration, 89(4), 1585–1603. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2011.01944.x
  • Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., & Schoorman, D. F. (1995). An Integrative Model of Organizational Trust. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 709–734. https://doi.org/10.2307/258792
  • McEvily, B., Radzevick, J. R., & Weber, R. A. (2012). Whom do you distrust and how much does it cost? An experiment on the measurement of trust. Games and Economic Behavior, 74(1), 285–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geb.2011.06.011
  • Ménard, C. (2004). The Economics of hybrid organizations. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 160(3), 345–376. https://doi.org/10.1628/0932456041960605
  • Muthusamy, S. K., & White, M. A. (2005). Learning and knowledge transfer in strategic alliances: A Social exchange View. Organization Studies, 26(3), 415–441. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840605050874
  • Nielsen, B. B. (2004). The role of trust in collaborative relationships: A multi-dimensional approach. Management, 7(3), 239–256. https://doi.org/10.3917/mana.073.0239
  • O’Reilly, T. (2011). Government as a platform. Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization, 6(1), 13–40. https://doi.org/10.1162/INOV_a_00056
  • Osipovič, D., Allen, P., Shepherd, E., Coleman, A., Perkins, N., Williams, L., Sanderson, M., & Checkland, K. (2016). Interrogating institutional change: Actors’ attitudes to competition and cooperation in Commissioning Health services in England. Public Administration, 94(3), 823–838. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12268
  • Ostrom, E. (1998). A behavioral approach to the rational choice theory of collective action: Presidential address, American political Science association, 1997. The American Political Science Review, 92(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.2307/2585925
  • Otnes, C., Lowrey, T. M., & Shrum, L. J. (1997). Toward an understanding of consumer ambivalence. Journal of Consumer Research, 24(1), 80–93. https://doi.org/10.1086/209495
  • Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42(5), 533–544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y
  • Park, H. H., & Rethemeyer, R. K. (2014). The politics of connections: Assessing the determinants of Social structure in policy networks. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 24(2), 349–379. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mus021
  • Poocharoen, O., & Ting, B. (2015). Collaboration, co-production, networks: Convergence of theories. Public Management Review, 17(4), 587–614. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2013.866479
  • Priester, J. R., & Petty, R. E. (1996). The gradual threshold model of ambivalence: Relating the positive and negative bases of attitudes to subjective ambivalence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(3), 431–449. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.3.431
  • Putnam, R. D. (2001). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. Touchstone Books by Simon & Schuster.
  • Raza-Ullah, T. (2021). When does (not) a coopetitive relationship matter to performance? An empirical investigation of the role of multidimensional trust and distrust. Industrial Marketing Management, 96, 86–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2021.03.004
  • Raza-Ullah, T., & Kostis, A. (2020). Do trust and distrust in coopetition matter to performance? European Management Journal, 38(3), 367–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2019.10.004
  • Rethemeyer, R. K. (2007). Policymaking in the Age of Internet: Is the Internet Tending to make policy networks more or less inclusive? Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 17(2), 259–284. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mul001
  • Rethemeyer, R. K., & Hatmaker, D. M. (2008). Network Management reconsidered: An inquiry into Management of network structures in Public Sector service provision. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 18(4), 617–646. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mum027
  • Ritala, P., Valimaki, K., Blomqvist, K., & Henttonen, K. (2009). Intrafirm coopetition, knowledge creation and innovativeness. In G. B. Dagnino & E. Rocco (Eds.), Coopetition strategy: Theory, experiments and cases (pp. 64–73). Routledge.
  • Rotter, J. B. (1971). Generalized Expectancies for Interpersonal Trust. American Psychologist, 26(5), 443–452. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0031464
  • Rotter, J. B. (1980). Interpersonal trust, trustworthiness, and gullibility. American Psychologist, 35(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.35.1.1
  • Rousseau, D. M., Sitkin, S. B., Burt, R. S., & Camerer, C. (1998). Not so different after all: A cross-discipline view of trust. Academy of Management Review, 23(3), 393–404. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1998.926617
  • Rubery, J., Grimshaw, D., & Hebson, G. (2013). Exploring the limits to Local Authority Social care Commissioning: Competing pressures, variable practices, and unresponsive providers. Public Administration, 91(2), 419–437. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2012.02066.x
  • Russell, C. A., & Russell, D. W. (2010). Guilty by stereotypic association: Country animosity and brand prejudice and discrimination. Marketing Letters, 21(4), 413–425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11002-009-9097-y
  • Schiffling, S., Hannibal, C., Fan, Y., & Tickle, M. (2020). Coopetition in temporary contexts: Examining swift trust and swift distrust in humanitarian operations. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 40(9), 1449–1473. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOPM-12-2019-0800
  • Schindler-Rainman, E. (1981). Toward collaboration—risks we need to take. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 10(3–4), 120–127. https://doi.org/10.1177/089976408101000310
  • Shah, D. V. (1998). Civic engagement, interpersonal trust, and television use: An individual level assessment of social capital. Political Psychology, 19(3), 469–496. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00114
  • Sitkin, S. B., & Roth, N. L. (1993). Explaining the limited effectiveness of legalistic ‘remedies’ for trust/distrust. Organization Science, 4(3), 367–392. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.4.3.367
  • Soekijad, M., & De’joode, R. V. (2009). Coping with coopetition in knowledge-intensive multiparty alliances: Two case studies. In G. B. Dagnino & E. Rocco (Eds.), Coopetition strategy: Theory, experiments and cases (pp. 146–165). Routledge.
  • Stack, L. C. (1988). Trust. In H. London & J. E. Exner (Eds.), Dimensionality of personality (pp. 561–599). Wiley.
  • Stolle, D. (1998). Bowling together, bowling alone: The development of generalized trust in voluntary associations. Political Psychology, 19(3), 497–525. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00115
  • Tardy, C. H. (1988). Interpersonal evaluations: Measuring attraction and trust. In C. H. Tardy (Ed.), A handbook for the study of human communication (pp. 269–283). Ablex Publishing.
  • Thompson, M. M., Zanna, M. P., & Griffin, D. W. (1995). No, Let’s not be indifferent about ‘attitudinal’ ambivalence. In R. E. Petty & J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 361–386). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Triandis, H. C., Feldman, J. M., Weldon, D. E., & Harvey, W. M. (1975). Ecosystem distrust and the hard-to-employ. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60(1), 44–56. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0076349
  • Ullmann-Margalit, E. (2004). Trust, distrust, and in between. In R. Hardin (Ed.), Distrust (pp. 60–82). Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Vangen, S., & Huxham, C. (2003). Nurturing collaborative relations building trust in interorganizational collaboration. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 39(1), 5–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886303039001001
  • Veenstra, G. (2002). Explicating social capital: Trust and participation in the civil space. Canadian Journal of Sociology / Cahiers Canadiens de Sociologie, 27(4), 547–572. https://doi.org/10.2307/3341590
  • Waardenburg, M., Groenleer, M., de Jong, J., & Keijser, B. (2020). Paradoxes of collaborative governance: Investigating the real-life dynamics of multi-agency collaborations using a quasi-experimental action-research approach. Public Management Review, 22(3), 386–407. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2019.1599056
  • Wales, W. J., Parida, V., & Patel, P. C. (2013). Too much of a good thing? Absorptive capacity, firm performance, and the moderating role of entrepreneurial orientation. Strategic Management Journal, 34(5), 622–633. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2026
  • Willem, A., & Lucidarme, S. (2014). Pitfalls and challenges for trust and effectiveness in collaborative networks. Public Management Review, 16(5), 733–760. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2012.744426
  • Williams, M. (2001). In whom we trust: Group membership as an affective context for trust development. The Academy of Management Review, 26(3), 377–396. https://doi.org/10.2307/259183
  • Worchel, P. (1979). Trust and Distrust. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Intergroup (pp. 174–187). Brooks Cole Publishing.