Covid-19 and populist leadership in US and Brazil: Impact on international cooperation and global solidarity

Reference

• Al Jazeera. (2020). Bolsonaro threatens WHO exit as Brazil’s Coronavirus toll soars. Al Jazeera, June 6 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/6/6/bolsonaro-threatens-who-exit-as-brazils-Coronavirus-toll-soars.
   Google Scholar
• Aljazeera. (2021). Bolsonaro should face charges for COVID pandemic: Senate inquiry. Aljazeera, updated October https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/20/brazils-bolsonaro-should-face-homicide-charge-over-covid-report.
   Google Scholar
• Andreoni, M. (2021). Coronavirus in Brazil: What you need to know. The New York Times, October 19. https://www.nytimes.com/article/brazil-Coronavirus-cases.html.
   Google Scholar
• Arlie Russell Hochschild. (2016). Strangers in their own land: A journey to the heart of our political divide. New Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bayerlein, M., Boese, V. A., Gates, S., Kamin, K., & Murshed, S. M. (2021). “ The pandemic showed that populists are no good at governing. Journal of Political Institutions and Political Economy, 2(3), 1–14. https://www.economist.com/the-world-ahead/2020/11/17/the-pandemic-showed-that-populists-are-no-good-at-governing. https://doi.org/10.1561/113.00000043
   Google Scholar
• BBC News. (2018). Media seen as enemy of people - Donald Trump. BBC News, November, https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-us-canada-46057126.
   Google Scholar
• BBC News. (2020a). Coronavirus: Brazil Becomes Second Country to Pass 50,000 Deaths. BBC News, June 22. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-53132225.
   Google Scholar
• BBC News. (2020b). Coronavirus: Brazil reports over 1,000 deaths. BBC News, April 11. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-52251342.
   Google Scholar
• BBC News. (2020c). Coronavirus: Trump moves to pull US out of World Health Organization. BBC News, July 7. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53327906.
   Google Scholar
• BBC News. (2020d). Coronavirus: What are President Trump’s charges against the WHO?” Reality Check team, BBC News. July 8, 2020. www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52294623.
   Google Scholar
• Béland, D., Rocco, P., Segatto, C. I., & Waddan, A. (2021). Trump, Bolsonaro, and the framing of the COVID-19 Crisis. World Affairs, 184(4), 413–440. https://doi.org/10.1177/00438200211053314
   Google Scholar
• Belvedere, M. J. (2020). Trump says he trusts China’s Xi on Coronavirus and the US has it ‘totally under control. CNBC, January 22. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/22/trump-on-Coronavirus-from-china-we-have-it-totally-under-control.html.
   Google Scholar
• Boadle, A., & Slattery, G. (2018). Brazil’s next president declares war on ‘fake news’ media. Reuters, November 5. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-politics-media-idUSKCN1N90NN.
   Google Scholar
• Bueno De Mesquita, J., & Mason Meier, B. (2020). Moving towards global solidarity for global health through multilateral governance in the Covid-19 response. In Covid-19, Law and Human Rights: Essex Dialogues, 1–39.
   Google Scholar
• Burki, T. (2020). Covid-19 in Latin America. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 20(5), 547–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30303-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casarões, G., & Magalhães, D. (2021). The hydroxychloroquine alliance: How far-right leaders and alt-science preachers came together to promote a miracle drug. Revista de Administração Pública, 55(1), 197–214. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-761220200556
   Google Scholar
• Casarões, G., & Barros Leal Farias, D. (2021). Brazilian foreign policy under Jair Bolsonaro: Far-right populism and the rejection of the liberal international order. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 35(5), 741–761. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2021.1981248
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen, T., & Lægreid, P. (2020). Balancing governance capacity and legitimacy: How the Norwegian Government Handled the COVID-19 crisis as a high performer. Public Administration Review, 80(5), 774–779. 10.1111/puar.13241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de la Torre, C. (2017). Trump’s Populism: Lessons from Latin America. Postcolonial Studies, 20(2), 187–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/13688790.2017.1363846
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De La Torre, C. (2018). Populism revived: Donald Trump and the Latin American leftist populists. The Americas, 75(4), 733–753. https://doi.org/10.1017/tam.2018.39
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duque, D., & Smith, A. E. (2019). The Establishment Upside Down: A Year of Change in Brazil. Revista de ciencia política (Santiago), 39(2), 165–189. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-090X2019000200165
   Google Scholar
• Dzhanova, Y. (2020). From downplaying the Coronavirus to pushing Congress for $2,000 stimulus checks, here’s how Trump responded to the pandemic month by month in 2020. Insider, Dec 26. https://www.businessinsider.com/year-in-review-trump-Coronavirus-reaction-timeline-2020-12.
   Google Scholar
• Facher, L. (2020). President Trump just declared the Coronavirus pandemic a national emergency. Here’s what that means. STAT, March 13. https://www.statnews.com/2020/03/13/national-emergency-Coronavirus/.
   Google Scholar
• Fidler, D. P. (2020). WHO criticisms: The World Health Organization and Pandemic Politics. Think Global Health, April 10. https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/article/world-health-organization-and-pandemic-politics.
   Google Scholar
• Forbes. (2021). Trump Called BLM Protesters ‘thugs’ but capitol-storming supporters ‘very special’. Forbes, Jan 6. https://www.forbes.com/sites/tommybeer/2021/01/06/trump-called-blm-protesters-thugs-but-capitol-storming-supporters-very-special/.
   Google Scholar
• Free Speech Today. (2021). Trump-incited mob attacks capitol, testing boundaries of speech and resilience of American democracy. Free Speech Today. Retrieved February 14, 2021, from https://freespeechproject.georgetown.edu/tracker-entries/trump-incited-mob-attacks-capitol-testing-boundaries-of-speech-and-resilience-of-american-democracy/.
   Google Scholar
• Gideon, R. (2020). Jair Bolsonaro’s populism is leading Brazil to Disaster. Financial Times, May 25. https://www.ft.com/content/c39fadfe-9e60-11ea-b65d-489c67b0d85d. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2020.1807581
   Google Scholar
• Gomes Saravia, M., & de Mello e Silva, A. (2020). Between political crisis and Covid-19: Bolsonaro’s Foreign Policy. E-International Relations, Retrieved June 2, 2020, from https://www.e-ir.info/2020/06/02/between-political-crisis-and-covid-19-bolsonaros-foreign-policy/.
   Google Scholar
• Ghosh, A., Nundy, S., & Mallick, T. K. (2020). How India is dealing with Covid-19 pandemic. Sensors International 1, 100021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sintl.2020.100021.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gostin, L. O., De Bartolo, M., & Friedman, E. (2015). The International Health Regulations 10 years on: The Governing Framework for Global Health Security. Lancet, 386(10009), 2222–2226. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00948-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gostin, L. O., Moon, S., & Meier, B. M. (2020). Reimagining global health governance in the age of COVID-19. American Journal of Public Health, 110(11), 1615–1619. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.305933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greer, S. L., Dubin, K. A., Falkenbach, M., Jarman, H., & Trump, B. D. (2023). Alignment and authority: Federalism, social policy, and Covid-19 response. Health Policy, 127, 12–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2022.11.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greer, S. L., Jarman, H., Falkenbach, M., Massard da Fonseca, E., Raj, M., & King, E. J. (2021). The comparative politics of Covid-19: The need to understand government responses. Global Public Health, 15(9), 1413–1416. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2020.1783340
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greer, S. L., et al. (2021b). Social policy as an integral component of pandemic response: Learning from Covid-19 in Brazil, Germany, India and the United States. Global Public Health 16(8–9), 1209–1222. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2021.1916831
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greer, S. L., King, E. J., da Fonseca, E. M., & Peralta-Santos, A. (2022). Centralizing and decentralizing governance in the COVID-19 pandemic: The politics of credit and blame. Global Public Health, 126(5), 408–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2022.03.004
   Google Scholar
• Grillo, B. (2020). Bolsonaro: I am the Constitution. The Brazilian Report. Retrieved April 21, 2020, from https://brazilian.report/liveblog/Coronavirus/2020/04/20/jair-bolsonaro-i-am-the-constitution/.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, L. (2020). Bolosonaro says Covid vaccine may turn people into crocodiles in bizarre rant. Independent. December 20. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/bolosonaro-covid-vaccine-brazil-crocodiles-b1776753.html.
   Google Scholar
• Hay, C. (1999). Crisis and the structural transformation of the state. British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 1(3), 317–344. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-856X.00018
   Google Scholar
• Heller, P. (2020). The age of reaction: Retrenchment populism in India and Brazil. International Sociology, 35(6), 590–609. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580920949979
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch, L. (2020). Trump says, ‘Anybody who wants a test gets a test’ after Pence says US can’t meet Coronavirus testing demand. CNBC, March 6. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/06/trump-anybody-who-wants-a-test-gets-a-test-amid-shortage-for-Coronavirus.html.
   Google Scholar
• Hunter, W., & Power, T. (2019). Bolsonaro and Brazil’s illiberal backlash. Journal of Democracy, 30(1), 68–82. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2019.0005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibbotson, S. (2020). Covid-19: Approaches, outlooks, and power dynamics in Central Asia. Asian Affairs 51(3), 528–541. https://doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2020.1805891
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iftekhar, E. N., et al. (2021). A look into the future of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe: An expert consultation. The Lancet Regional Health – Europe 8, 100185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100185.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jeung, R. (2020). Incidents of Coronavirus discrimination. A3PCON and CAA. Retrieved April 9, 2020, https://www.asianpacificpolicyandplanningcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/Stop_AAPI_Hate_Weekly_Report_4_3_20.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• John, B. J. (2016). The Populist Explosion: How the great recession transformed american and european politics, Columbia Global Reports. Columbia University.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, D. (2020). Key moments that defined the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020,”abc10. Retrieved December 21, 2020, from https://www.abc10.com/article/news/year-in-review/moments-defined-covid-19-pandemic-2020/507-065c471d-e4da-47df-8927-3ce2df277701.
   Google Scholar
• Joseph, L. (2018). Populism and race in the United States from George Wallace to Donald Trump. In Routledge handbook of global populism. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Keohane, R., & Martin, L. (1995). The promise of institutionalist theory. International Security, 20(1), 39–51. https://doi.org/10.2307/2539214
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khaled, A. B., & Ayoub, A. (2017). Executive disorder: The Muslim ban, emergency advocacy, and the fires next time. Michigan Journal of Race & Law, 22(22.2), 215. https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjrl/vol22/iss2/2. https://doi.org/10.36643/mjrl.22.2.executive
   Google Scholar
• Lasco, G. (2020). Medical populism and the COVID-19 pandemic. Global Public Health 15(10), 1417–1429. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2020.1807581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, P. (2019). Revealed: The Rise and Rise of Populist Rhetoric. The Guardian. March 06. https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2019/mar/06/revealedthe-rise-and-rise-of-populist-rhetoric.
   Google Scholar
• Liete, J. (2020). Bolsonaro slams Chinese vaccine his government agreed to buy. Bloomberg. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-21/bolsonaro-slams-chinese-vaccine-his-government-said-it-would-buy.
   Google Scholar
• McKee, M., Gugushvili, A., Koltai, J., & Stuckler, D. (2020). Are Populist Leaders Creating the Conditions for Spread of COVID-19? Comment on “A Scoping Review of Populist Radical Right Parties” Influence on Welfare Policy and its Implications for Population health in Europe. International Journal of Health Policy Management, 10(8). https://doi.org/10.34172/ijhpm.2020.124
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muggah, R. (2021). Brazil’s President is a Global Health Threat. NPR. Retrieved March 4, 2021, from https://www.npr.org/2021/03/04/973662184/opinion-brazils-president-is-a-global-health-threat.
   Google Scholar
• NBC News. (2020). Timeline: How The Coronavirus Spread in the United States. NBC News. Retrieved April 7, 2020, from YouTube video: 01:28. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eD72-43uPLY.
   Google Scholar
• Neundorf, A., & Pardos-Prado, S. (2021). The impact of Covid-19 on Trump’s Electoral Demise: The role of economic and democratic accountability. Perspectives on Politics, 20(1), 170–186. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592721001961
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farzan, A., & Berger, M. (2020). Bolsonaro says Brazilians must not be ‘sissies’ about Coronavirus, as ‘all of us are going to die one day. The Washington Post. November 11. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2020/11/11/bolsonaro-Coronavirus-brazil-quotes/.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, P., & Inglehart, R. (2016). Trump, Brexit, and the rise of populism: Economic have-nots and cultural backlash. Harvard SSRN Electronic Journal, HKS Working Paper No. RWP16-026. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2818659
   Google Scholar
• NPR. (2021). Brazil’s Bolsonaro Rallies his followers against the courts in a major demonstration. NPR. Retrieved September 7, 2021, from https://www.npr.org/2021/09/07/1034812245/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-rally-supreme-court.
   Google Scholar
• Penha-Lopes, V. (2022). The presidential elections of trump and bolsonaro, whiteness, and the nation. Lexington Books, an imprint of The Rowman & Littlefiled Publising Group, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Pevehouse, J. C. W. (2020). The Covid-19 pandemic, international cooperation, and populism. International Organization, 74(S1), E191–E212. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818320000399
   Google Scholar
• Phillips, T. (2020). Bolsonaro’s son enrages Beijing by blaming China for Coronavirus crisis. The Guardian. March 19. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/19/Coronavirus-bolsonaro-son-china-row.
   Google Scholar
• Politico. (2016). Full text: Donald Trump 2016 RNC draft speech transcript. Politico, July. https://www.politico.com/story/2016/07/full-transcript-donald-trump-nomination-acceptance-speech-at-rnc-225974.
   Google Scholar
• Quinn, M. (2020). Trump splits with Fauci over Coronavirus surge, says “we are in a good place. CBS News, July 8. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-fauci-Coronavirus-surge-in-a-good-place/.
   Google Scholar
• Reuters. (2020). Timeline: Key moments in Bolsonaro’s handling of COVID-19 crisis. Reuters, July 8, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-Coronavirus-brazil-timeline/timeline-key-moments-in-bolsonaros-handling-of-covid-19-crisis-idINKBN2482UL.
   Google Scholar
• Ribeiro, G. (2021). Bolsonaro suggests Coronavirus is part of China’s biological war. The Brazilian Report. Retrieved July 3, 2021, from https://brazilian.report/liveblog/2021/05/05/bolsonaro-suggests-Coronavirus-is-part-of-chinas-biological-war/.
   Google Scholar
• Ringe, N., & Renno, L. R. (eds.). (2023). Populists and the pandemic how populists around the world responded to Covid-19. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• Robert, K. (2018). International institutions and state power: Essays in international relations theory. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, K. M. (2022). Performing crisis? Trump, populism and the GOP in the age of Covid-19. Government and Opposition, 2022, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2022.30
   Google Scholar
• Romero, M. (2018). Trump’s immigration attacks, in brief. Contexts, 17(1), 34–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536504218766549
   Google Scholar
• Sandel, M. J. (2018). Populism, liberalism, and democracy. Philosophy & Social Criticism, 44(4), 353–359. https://doi.org/10.1177/0191453718757888
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spring, J. (2018). Bolsonaro’s anti-China rants have Beijing nervous about Brazil. Reuters. Retrieved October 25, 2018, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-election-china-insight-idUSKCN1MZ0DR.
   Google Scholar
• Stargardter, G., & Paraguassu, L. (2020). Special Report: Bolsonaro bets ‘miraculous cure’ for COVID-19 can save Brazil – And his life. Reuters. July 9. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-Coronavirus-brazil-hydroxychlo-idUSKBN249396.
   Google Scholar
• Sutter, R. G. (2022). U.S.-China relations: Perilous past, uncertain present. Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. (2020). Coronavirus Spread Now a Global Emergency Declares World Health Organization. United Nations. January 30. https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/01/1056372.
   Google Scholar
• Vieira, O. (2021). Authoritarian populism and constitutional resilience in Brazil. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. July 10, https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2021/07/10/authoritarian-populism-and-constitutional-resilience-in-brazil/.
   Google Scholar
• Walsh, N. P., Shelley, J., Duwe, E., & Bonnett, W. (2020). Bolsonaro calls Coronavirus a ‘little flu.’ Inside Brazil’s hospitals, doctors know the horrifying reality. CNN. Retrieved May 25, 2020, from https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/23/americas/brazil-Coronavirus-hospitals-intl/index.html.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, K., Halabi, S., & Gostin, L. O. (2020). The International Health Regulations (2005), the threat of populism and the COVID-19 pandemic. Globalization and Health, 16(1), 70. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020-00600-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2015). WHO issues best practices for naming new human infectious diseases. World Health Organization. Retrieved May 8, 2015, from https://www.who.int/news/item/08-05-2015-who-issues-best-practices-for-naming-new-human-infectious-diseases.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2016). International Health Regulations, 2nd ed. WHO Press.
   Google Scholar