The patterns of pastoralists seasonal migration in Gambella region: the case of Itang special district

References

• Adriansen, K. A., & Nielsen, T. T. (2002). Going where the grass is greener: On the study of pastoral mobility in Ferlo, Senegal. Human Ecology, 30(2), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015692730088
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adugna, L. (2012). Trade liberization and change in poverty status in rural Ethiopia: What are the links? International Economic Journal, 26, 609–633.
   Google Scholar
• Alemseged, N., & Tamiru, W. (2014). Impacts of flooding on households’ settlement of rural Gambella. African Climate Policy Center.
   Google Scholar
• Ali, J. (2013). People to people diplomacy in the pastoral system: A case from Sudan and South Sudan. Abdalla Pastoralism Research, Policy and Practice, 3, 12.
   Google Scholar
• Altai Consulting. (2015). Irrigular migration between West Africa, North Africa and Medeterinean. Consulting for IOM.
   Google Scholar
• Amusan, L., Abegunde, O., & Akinyemi, E., T. (2017). Climate change, pastoral migration, resource governance and security: The Grazing Bill solution to farmer-herder conflict in Nigeria. Environmental Economics, 8(3), 35–45. https://doi.org/10.21511/ee.08(3).2017.04
   Google Scholar
• Andry, C. (2017). Pathways to resilience in pastoralist areas: A synthesis of research in the Horn of Africa. A Feinstein International Center Publication.
   Google Scholar
• Anna, D., & Christian, N. (2013). Nenets migration in the lanscape: Impacts of industrial development in Yamal Penisula. Research, Policy and Practice, 3, 15.
   Google Scholar
• Arsham, H. (2007). Sample size determination. Merrick School of Business, University of Baltimore, Charlesat Mount Royal.
   Google Scholar
• Awinia, C. S. (2020). The sociology of intra-African pastoralist migration: The case of Tanzania. Frontiers in Sociology, 5, 518797. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2020.518797
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bailey, J. (2012). Gender dimensions of drought and pastoral mobility among the Maasai (Africa Portal Backgrounder No. 22).
   Google Scholar
• Bassett, T., & Turner, M. (2007). Sudden shift or migratory drift? FulBE herd movements to the Sudano-Guinean region of West Africa. Human Ecology, 35(1), 33–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-006-9067-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becky, C., & Brigitte, R. (2016). Rapid fragility and migration assessment for Ethiopia: Rapid literature review. GSDRC, University of Birmingham.
   Google Scholar
• Befikadu, E., Z. (2012). Migration and urban livelihood: A quest for sustainability in Southern Ethiopia. Global Journal of Human-Society Science: Geography Geoscience, Environmental Science and Disaster Management.
   Google Scholar
• Belete, A., & Aynalem, T. (2017). A review on traditional livestock movement system (Godantu) in bale zone: An implication to utilization of natural resources. Journal of Veterinary Science and Research.
   Google Scholar
• Ben, W., & Michael, L. (2002). Tracking pastoralists migration: Lesson from Ethiopia Somali regional state. Human Organization, Society for Applied Anthropology, 61, 328–338.
   Google Scholar
• Biesta, G. (2010). Pragmatism and the philosophical foundations of mixed methods research. Sage Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioral Research, 2, 95–118.
   Google Scholar
• Birhanu, Z., Birhanu, N., & Ambelu, A. (2015). Rapid appraisal of resilience to the effects of droughts in Borana Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Horn of Africa Resilience Innovation Lab (HoARILab).
   Google Scholar
• Buono, N., Di Lello, S., Gomarasca, M., Heine, C., Mason, S., Nori, M., Saavedra, R., & Van Troos, K. (2016). Pastoralism, the backbone of the world’s dry lands. Veterinan Sans Frontiers International.
   Google Scholar
• Central Statistical Agency (CSA). (2013). Population projection of Ethiopian populations for all regions at Woreda level from 2014-2017. Federal Demographic Republic of Ethiopia, Central Statistical Agency.
   Google Scholar
• Chepp, V., & Gray, C. (2014). Foundations and new directions. Cognitive Interviewing Methodology, 7–14.
   Google Scholar
• Clarisse, U., & Augustin, A. (2018). Perceived effects of transhumance practices on natural resources management in Southern Mali. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practices, 8, 8.
   Google Scholar
• Coalation of European Lobbies on Eastern African Pastoralism (CELEP). (2017). Recognizing the roles and the values of pastoralism and pastoralists (Policy Brief). Food and Agriculture Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Coppolillo, P. B. (2000). The landscape ecology of pastoral herding: Spatial analysis of land use and livestock production in East Africa. Human Ecology, 28(4), 527–560. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026435714109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W. (2014). A concise introduction to mixed methods research. SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design (5th ed.). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• David, O. (2009). Pastoralists’ dropout study in Jijiga, Shinile and Fik zones of Somali region, Ethiopia. Save the children. Kenya Polytechnic College.
   Google Scholar
• Dawn, C., & Troy, S. (2015). Climate effects on nomadic pastoralist societies: Oman and Mangolia Retley-The modern climatic and social change: Social challenges to mobile pastoral livelihood. Forced Migration Review, (49).
   Google Scholar
• Devereux, S. (2006). Vulnerable livelihoods in Somali region, Ethiopia (IDS Research Report 57). Institute of Development Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Dinah, A. (2018). Assessing the fluxes and the impacts of drought induced migration of pastoral communities into urban areas: A case study of marsabit town, northern Kenya. Faculty of Geoinformation Science and Earth Observation [Master’s thesis]. University of Twente.
   Google Scholar
• Dwyer, J. M., & Istomin, V. K. (2008). Theories of nomadic movement: A new theoretical approach for understanding the movement decisions of Nenets and Komi Reindeer Herders. Human Ecology, 36(4), 521–533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-008-9169-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Economic Commission of Africa (ECA). (2017). New fringe pastoralism: Conflict & insecurity and development in the Horn of Africa and Sahel.
   Google Scholar
• Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). (2018). Pastoralism in Africa dry land: Reducing risks, addressing vulnerability and enhancing resilience.
   Google Scholar
• François, P. (2007). Complex development-induced migration in the afar pastoral area (North-East Ethiopia). Paper prepared for the Migration and Refugee Movements in the Middle East and North Africa. The Forced Migration & Refugee Studies Program, The American University in Cairo, Egypt.
   Google Scholar
• Frankenberger, T., & Smith, L. C. (2015). Ethiopian pastoral areas: resilience improvement and market expansion (PRIME). Project impact evaluation. A baseline survey report. USAID.
   Google Scholar
• George, K., Bernard, K., & Abdi, Y. (2011). Effects of cattle rustling and households characteristics on migration decisions and herds size among pastoralists in Baringo district in Kenya. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice, 1, 18.
   Google Scholar
• Getahun, T., Hassen, H., G/Maram, A., Admasu, D., Tadesse, L. B., Seyum, D., & Tessema, A. (2010). Pastoralism and land: Land tenure, administration and use in pastoral areas of Ethiopia. Ethiopian Pastoralism Forum.
   Google Scholar
• Gunvor, J. (2010). The environmental factors in migration dynamic: A overview of africa case studies. University of Oxford: International Migration Institute, James Martime 21st Century School.
   Google Scholar
• Haile, G. (2003). Pastoralism in Ethiopia, the Ethiopia Herald, April, 12, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Hanne, K. (1999). Pastoral mobility as a response to climate variability in Africa dry lands. Geografisk Tidsskrift, 99(1), 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Hein, H. (2007). Migration and development: A theoretical perspectives [Working paper]. Conference on Transhumance Development Toward North-South Perspectives, Center for Internation Research, Bielefela, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Hussein, M. (2018). Exploring spatio-temporal processes of communal rangelands grabbings in Sudan. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practices, 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13570-018-0117-5
   Google Scholar
• Hussein, S., & Helen, Y. (2019). Transforming pastoralists mobility in West Darfur: Understanding continuity and change. A Fernstein International Center Publication.
   Google Scholar
• Ibrahim, S. S., Ozdeser, H., Cavusoglu, B., Shagali, A. A., & Shu’Aibu, M. (2020). Migration drivers, income inequality and rural attachment in deprived remote areas prone to cattle rustling in Nigeria. Migration and Development, 11(3), 958–973. https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2020.1848710
   Google Scholar
• International Organization for Migration (IOM). (2017). IOM launches migrations: The environment and climate change project in Namibia. International Migration Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Izumi, N. (2017). Agro-pastoral large-scale farmers in East Africa: A case study of migration and economic changes of the Sukuma in Tanzania. Nilo-Ethiopian Studies, 22, 55–66.
   Google Scholar
• Jebessa, T., & Zelalem, B. (2014). A literature review report on understanding the context of people transitioning out of pastoralism (TOPs) in Ethiopia. PRIME, Haramaya University.
   Google Scholar
• Jeremy, L., Rachel, S., Sarah, K., Matteo, C., Abdurehman, E., Deborah, M., & Christopher, O. (2016). Changes in the dry lands of East Africa: Case studies of pastoralists system in the region. Institute of development studies, University of Sussex.
   Google Scholar
• Jessica, H. (2008). Why do people migrate? A review of theoretical literature. maastrichit graduate school of governance. Munich Personal REPEc Archive (MPRA Paper 28197).
   Google Scholar
• Jon, H. (2014). Lands of the future: Transforming the pastoral lands and livelihood in eastern Africa (Working paper number 15). Max Plank Institute for Social Anthropology.
   Google Scholar
• Kuenga, N., Joanne, M., Rosemary, B., & Tashi, S. (2013). Transhumant and agro-pastoralism in Bhutan: Exploring contemporary plan and socio-cultural traditions. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practices, 3, 13.
   Google Scholar
• Liao, C., Morreale, J., S., Kassam, S., K., Sullivan, J., P., & Fei, D. (2014). Following the green: Coupled pastoral migration and vegetation dynamics in the Altay and Tianshan Mountains of Xinjiang, China. Applied Geography, 46, 61–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.10.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linger, A. (2018). Temporary rural-rural migration, vulnerability of migrants at destination and it is outcomes on migrants households: Evidence from temporary migrants sending households in Quarit district, North western Ethiopia [doctoral dissertation]. Addis Ababa University.
   Google Scholar
• McCabe, T. J., Smith, M. N., Leslie, W. P., & Telligman, L. A. (2014). Livelihood diversification through migration among a pastoral people: Contrasting case studies of Maasai in Northern Tanzania. Human Organization, 73(4), 389–400. https://doi.org/10.17730/humo.73.4.vkr10nhr65g18400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mersha, T. G., & Tadesse, F., Y. (2019). Mapping of livestock movement routes in Afambo and Teru districts of Afar National Regional State Ethiopia. Spatial Information Research, 27(4), 433–438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41324-019-00247-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammed, T. (2015). The policy environment and critical constraints. Brief for GSDR. Arbaminch University.
   Google Scholar
• Nagabhatla, N., Cassidy-Neumiller, M., Francine, N., N., & Maatta, N. (2021). Water, conflicts and migration and the role of regional diplomacy: Lake Chad, Congo Basin, and the Mbororo pastoralist. Environmental Science & Policy, 122, 35–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2021.03.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nathaniel, O. (2019). Locational analysis of seasonal migration of nomadic pastoralists in a part of northern Nigeria. Geagraphical Bulletin, 605, 5–23.
   Google Scholar
• Nejimu, B., & Hussein, M. (2016). Pastoralist and antenatal care services utilization in Dubti district, Afar, Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practices, 6, 15.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, E. L., Khan, S. A., Thorve, S., & Greenough, P. G. (2020). Modeling pastoralist movement in response to environmental variables and conflict in Somaliland: Combining agent-based modeling and geospatial data. PLoS One, 15(12), e0S244185. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244185
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nori, M., & López-I-Gelats, F. (2020). Pastoral migrations and generational renewal in the Mediterranean. Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales, 20(2), 95–118. https://doi.org/10.7201/earn.2020.02.05
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nori, S., & Gemini, M. (2011). The common agricultural policy vis-a-vis European pastoralists: Principles and practices. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice, 1(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1186/2041-7136-1-27
   Google Scholar
• Ono, C., & Ishikawa, M. (2020). Pastoralists’ herding strategies and camp selection in the local commons—A case study of pastoral societies in Mongolia. Land Journal, 9, 496. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9120496
   Google Scholar
• Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Johnson, R. B. (2006). The validity issue in mixed research. Research in the Schools, 13(1), 48–63.
   Google Scholar
• Oxfam (Oxford Committee for Famine). (2010). Pastoralism demographics, settlements and services provision in the Horn and east Africa. Transformation and opportunities. Oversees Development Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Oxfam (Oxford Committee for Famine). (2018). Ethiopian pastoralists communities affected by drought fight for their ancestral livelihood. A relief web report, informing humanitarians worldwide.
   Google Scholar
• Paolo, M., Thibaud, P., Saidou, M., Kenton, L., Victor, N., Vincent, N., Eran, R., Lan, G., & Barend, M. (2018). Cattle transhumance and agropastoral nomadic herding practices in Central Cameroon. BMC Veterinary Services.
   Google Scholar
• Pei, Q., & Zhang, D., D. (2014). Long-term relationship between climate change and nomadic migration in historical China. Ecology and Society, 19(2), 68. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-06528-190268
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riley, E., Olengurumwa, O., & Olesangale, T. (2012). Urban pastoralists: A report on the demographics, standards of living, and employment conditions of migrant Maasai living in Dar es Salaam. LHRC and lIVES.
   Google Scholar
• Salzman, C. P. (2002). Pastoral nomads: Some general observations based on research in Iran. Journal of Anthropological Research, Summer, 2002, 58(2), 245–264.
   Google Scholar
• Samuel, G. (2016). Economic linkages between pastoralists and farmers in Ethiopia: Case study evidence from districts in Afar/Amhara and Oromia. Ethiopian Economics Association.
   Google Scholar
• Samuel, T. (2014). Changes in livestock mobility and grazing patterns among the Hamer in the Southeastern Ethiopia. African study monographs (pp. 99–112). Graduate School of Asian and African Studies, Kyoto University.
   Google Scholar
• Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2009). Research methods for business students. Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Solomon, B. (2018). Formally recognizing pastoral community land right in Ethiopia. USAID/LAND.
   Google Scholar
• Stidsen, S. (2006). The migration world, 2006. IOW GIA.
   Google Scholar
• Sulieman, S. H., & Ahmed, M. G. A. (2017). Mapping the pastoral migratory patterns under land appropriation in East Sudan: The case of the Lahaween Ethnic Group. The Geographical Journal, 183(4), 386–399. https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12175
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suresh, A., & Gupta, J. S. (2011). Trends, determinants and constraints of temporary sheep migration in Rajasthan: An economic analysis. Agricultural Economic Resources Review, 24, 255–265.
   Google Scholar
• Wafula, M. W., Wasonga, V. O., Koech, K. O., & Kibet, S. (2022). Factors influencing migration and settlement of pastoralists in Nairobi City, Kenya. Pastoralism, 12, 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13570-021-00204-6
   Google Scholar
• Wondwosen, M. (2017). The Nuer pastoralists-between large scale agriculture and villagisation: A case study of lare district in the Gambella region of Ethiopia. The Nordic Africa Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Yilebes, A. (2017). Livelihood strategies and diversification in the western tip pastoral areas of Ethiopia. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice, 7, 9.
   Google Scholar
• Yonad. (2017). Factors for households exiting agropastoral livelihoods and an assessment of the urban livelihoods opportunities in Borena Zone, Ethiopia. Goal Ethiopia.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Q. (2012). The dilemma of conserving rangeland by means of development: Exploring ecological resettlement in a pastoral township of Inner Mongolia. Nomadic Peoples, 16(1), 88–115. Special Issue: Ecological narratives on grasslands in China: A people-centred view. https://doi.org/10.3167/np.2012.160108
   Google Scholar
• Zoe, C., & Helen, Y. (2012). Pastoralists in the new border land - Cross-border migration, conflict and peace building.
   Google Scholar