References
- Allen, T. (2012). Meghalaya, India: Where women rule, and men are suffragettes. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16592633
- Alsop, R., Bertelsen, M., & Holland, J. (2006). Empowerment in practice: From analysis to implementation. Directions in Development. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6980
- Azong, M. N., & Kelso, C. J. (2021). Gender, ethnicity and vulnerability to climate change: The case of matrilineal and patrilineal societies in Bamenda Highlands Region, Cameroon. Global Environmental Change, 67, 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102241
- Baghel, P. K., & Tiwari, A. (2021). Status of tribal women in India. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology, 25(6), 11790–13. http://annalsofrscb.ro/index.php/journal/article/view/7768
- Bhasin, V. (2007). Status of tribal women in India. Studies on Home and Community Science, 1(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/09737189.2007.11885234
- Bhattacharjee, P. R., & Nayak, P. (2013). Vicious circle of insurgency and underdevelopment in North East India. In Identity, contestation and development in Northeast India (1st ed., pp. 75–85). Routledge India. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2342682
- Bhattacharya, R., & Deka, N. (2021). Roads matter at the periphery: India’s post-liberalization road projects in the Northeast. Journal of Social and Economic Development, 23(2), 321–337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40847-021-00161-1
- Bleidorn, W., Klimstra, T. A., Denissen, J. J. A., Rentfrow, P. J., Potter, J., & Gosling, S. D. (2013). Personality Maturation Around the World. Psychological Science, 24(12), 2530–2540. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613498396
- Bloom, S. S., Wypij, D., & Das Gupta, M. (2001). Dimensions of women’s autonomy and the influence on maternal health care utilization in a North Indian city. Demography, 38(1), 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2001.0001
- Brulé, R., & Gaikwad, N. (2021). Culture, capital, and the political economy gender gap: Evidence from Meghalaya’s matrilineal tribes. The Journal of Politics, 83(3), 834–850. https://doi.org/10.1086/711176
- Census. (2011). Primary census abstract. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India (ORGI). https://censusindia.gov.in/
- Das Gupta, M., Choudhury, H., & Das, M. B. (2013). Discrimination against women in a matrilineal society: A reality in the Khasi Tribe of Meghalaya. Arthshastra: Indian Journal of Economics & Research, 2(4), 44. https://doi.org/10.17010/aijer/2013/v2i4/36078
- Dunn, D. (1993). Gender inequality in education and employment in the scheduled castes and tribes of India. Population Research and Policy Review, 12(1), 53–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01074509
- Ellena, R., & Nongkynrih, K. A. (2017). Changing gender roles and relations in food provisioning among matrilineal Khasi and patrilineal Chakhesang Indigenous rural People of North-East India. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 13(3), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12560
- Ewerling, F., Lynch, J. W., Victora, C. G., van Eerdewijk, A., Tyszler, M., & Barros, A. J. D. (2017). The SWPER index for women’s empowerment in Africa: Development and validation of an index based on survey data. The Lancet Global Health, 5(9), e916–e923. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30292-9
- Fakir, A. M. S., Anjum, A., Bushra, F., & Nawar, N. (2016). The endogeneity of domestic violence: Understanding women empowerment through autonomy. World Development Perspectives, 2, 34–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2016.09.002
- Garg, B. M. (1960). Status of women in tribal communities in India. Indian Journal of Social Work, 21(2), 195.
- Gneezy, U., Leonard, K. L., & List, J. A. (2009). Gender differences in competition: Evidence from a matrilineal and a patriarchal society. Econometrica, 77(5), 1637–1664. https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA6690
- Guha, S. (2023). Ties that bind: Allomaternal care and cooperation among matrilocal and patrilocal Northeast Indian tribes [College of Arts and Sciences]. https://repository.usfca.edu/thes/1511
- Gupta, K., & Yesudian, P. P. (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-006-7556-zy of socio-spatial disparities. GeoJournal, 65(4), 365–380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-006-7556-z
- Hendriks, S. (2019). The role of financial inclusion in driving women’s economic empowerment. Development in Practice, 29(8), 1029–1038. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2019.1660308
- IIPS & ICF. (2021). National family and health survey (NFHS-5). IIPS & ICF
- Kabeer, N. (1999). Resources, agency, achievements: Reflections on the measurement of women’s empowerment. Development and Change, 30(3), 435–464. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00125
- Kakati, B. K. (2014). Culture and women empowerment in the study of tribes in India. A Journal on Tribal Life and Culture, 17(1), 27–25.
- Kandpal, V. (2022). Socio-economic development through self-help groups in rural India – a qualitative study. Qualitative Research in Financial Markets, 14(5), 621–636. https://doi.org/10.1108/QRFM-10-2021-0170
- Kaur, R. (2010). Institutional structure and women empowerment. Asia-Pacific Journal of Rural Development, 20(2), 103–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/1018529120100208
- Keeni, M., Takashino, N., Nongkynrih, A. K., & Fuyuki, K. (2018). Women empowerment in a rural matrilineal society of Meghalaya, India. Journal of Asian Rural Studies, 2(2), 144. https://doi.org/10.20956/jars.v2i2.1417
- Khan, S. (2023). Is tribe a homogeneous category? Evidence from Tripura in North-East India. Society and Culture in South Asia, 9(1), 7–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/23938617221076175
- Lankina, T., & Getachew, L. (2013). Competitive religious entrepreneurs: Christian missionaries and female education in colonial and post-colonial India. British Journal of Political Science, 43(1), 103–131. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123412000178
- Lyngdoh, A. Q., & Nongkynrih, A. K. (2016). Mother’s brother in matrilineal societies: A study of Khasi Matriliny. The NEHU Journal, 13(1), 33–46.
- Manna, S., & Sarkar, R. (2016). The status of women in tribal society: A study on three tribal communities in Paschim Midnapore, W.B. In Gender asymmetry in contemporary India (pp. 226–234).
- Mehta, V., & Sai, H. (2021). Freedom of movement: Studying women’s mobility in North India. Urbanisation, 6(1), S77–S114. https://doi.org/10.1177/24557471211022566
- Miedema, S. S., Haardörfer, R., Girard, A. W., & Yount, K. M. (2018). Women’s empowerment in East Africa: Development of a cross-country comparable measure. World Development, 110, 453–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.05.031
- Mishra, S., Behera, D. K., & Babu, B. (2012). Socialisation and gender bias at the household level among school-attending girls in a tribal community of the Kalahandi district of Eastern India. Anthropological Notebooks, 18, 45–53. https://anthropological-notebooks.zrc-sazu.si/Notebooks/article/view/260
- Mitra, A. (2008). The status of women among the scheduled tribes in India. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 37(3), 1202–1217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2006.12.077
- Moghadam, V. M., & Senftova, L. (2005). Measuring women’s empowerment: Participation and rights in civil, political, social, economic, and cultural domains. International Social Science Journal, 57(184), 389–412. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2451.2005.00557.x
- MoTA. (2023). Ministry of tribal affairs: Annual report 2021–22. https://tribal.nic.in/downloads/Statistics/AnnualReport/AREnglish2223.pdf
- Mukherjee, B. N. (1974). Restrictions on married women’s activities and some aspects of husband-wife relations in Khasi culture. Indian Anthropologist, 4(2), 104–130. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41919264
- Naresh, G. (2014). Work participation of tribal women in India: A development perspective. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 19(12), 35–38. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-191223538
- NFTFDC. (2022). Twenty first annual report 2021–22: National scheduled tribes finance and development corporation. https://nstfdc.tribal.gov.in/CuteSoft_Client/writereaddata/upload/Annual Report 2021-22 English.pdf
- Nichols, C. (2021). Self-help groups as platforms for development: The role of social capital. World Development, 146, 105575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105575
- Nongbri, T. (2000). Khasi women and matriliny: Transformations in gender relations. Gender, Technology and Development, 4(3), 359–395. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718524.2000.11909976
- Page, N., & Czuba, C. E. (1999). Empowerment: What is it. Journal of Extension, 37(5), 1–5. https://archives.joe.org/joe/1999october/comm1.php
- Rafi, M., Ahiliya, D., Indore, V., & Email, M. P. (2019). Status of tribal women in India with special reference to the socio-economic and educational condition. Ilkogretim Online - Elementary Education Online, 18(4), 2284–2292. https://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2019.641221
- Rathnayake, Z. (2021). Khasis: India’s indigenous matrilineal society. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20210328-why-some-indians-want-more-mens-rights
- Richardson, R., Schmitz, N., Harper, S., & Nandi, A. (2019). Development of a tool to measure women’s agency in India. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 20(1), 26–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/19452829.2018.1545751
- Roberts, B. W., Wood, D., & Smith, J. L. (2005). Evaluating five factor theory and social investment perspectives on personality trait development. Journal of Research in Personality, 39(1), 166–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2004.08.002
- Rodriguez, Z. (2022). The power of employment: Effects of India’s employment guarantee on women empowerment. World Development, 152, 105803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105803
- Roy, A. (2016). The land where women prevail: Khasi matrilineality and emergent social issues in Meghalaya. An International Journal of Social Sciences (AIJSS). http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/23
- Sengupta, M. (2018). Gender, tribe and development: A case study of the Reang tribal community in Tripura (Northeast India). Asian Ethnicity, 19(1), 106–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/14631369.2017.1301777
- Sikdar, M. (2009). Continuity and change in matrilineal marriage system: A case study among the garos of Poschim Bosti, Assam. Studies of Tribes and Tribals, 7(2), 125–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972639X.2009.11886603
- Singh, R. K., Pretty, J., & Pilgrim, S. (2010). Traditional knowledge and biocultural diversity: Learning from tribal communities for sustainable development in northeast India. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 53(4), 511–533. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640561003722343
- Xaxa, V. (1999). Transformation of tribes in India: Terms of discourse. Economic and Political Weekly, 34(24), 1519–1524. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4408077
- Ziipao, R. R. (2018). Look/act east policy, roads and market infrastructure in North-East India. Strategic Analysis, 42(5), 476–489. https://doi.org/10.1080/09700161.2018.1523082