6,460
Views
17
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Men on the move and the wives left behind: the impact of migration on family planning in Nepal

ORCID Icon, , , & ORCID Icon

References

  • Seddon D, Adhikari J, Guruṅga G. The new Lahures: foreign employment and remittance economy of Nepal. Kathmandu: Nepal Institute of Development Studies; 2001.
  • Maharjan A, Bauer S, Knerr B. Do rural women who stay behind benefit from male out-migration? A case study in the hills of Nepal. Gend Technol Dev. 2012;16(1):95–123. doi: 10.1177/097185241101600105
  • CBS. National population and housing census 2011. In: Statistics NCBo, ed. Kathmandu: National Planning Commission Secretariat; 2012. p. 118–149.
  • Mishra S. Qatar top destination for Nepali migrants last fiscal year. The Himalayan Times, October 7, 2017.
  • The World Bank. Large-scale migration and remittance in Nepal: issues, challenges, and opportunities; 2011.
  • CBS. National population and housing census 2011. Kathmandu: Nepal Central Bureau of Statistics; 2012.
  • De Haas H. International migration, remittances and development: myths and facts. Third World Q. 2005;26(8):1269–1284. doi: 10.1080/01436590500336757
  • Velayutham S, Wise A. Moral economies of a translocal village: obligation and shame among South Indian transnational migrants. Global Networks. 2005;5(1):27–47. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0374.2005.00106.x
  • Yeoh BS, Huang S, Lam T. Transnationalizing the ‘Asian’ family: imaginaries, intimacies and strategic intents. Global Networks. 2005;5(4):307–315. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0374.2005.00121.x
  • Gartaula HN, Visser L, Niehof A. Socio-cultural dispositions and wellbeing of the women left behind: a case of migrant households in Nepal. Soc Indic Res. 2012;108(3):401–420. doi: 10.1007/s11205-011-9883-9
  • Chen F, Liu H, Vikram K, et al. For better or WORSE: the health implications of marriage separation due to migration in rural China. Demography. 2015;52(4):1321–1343. doi: 10.1007/s13524-015-0399-9
  • Gao Y, Li LP, Kim JH, et al. The impact of parental migration on health status and health behaviours among left behind adolescent school children in China. BMC Public Health. 2010;10(1):56. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-56
  • Morooka H, Liang Z. International migration and the education of left-behind children in Fujian, China. Asian Pac Migr J. 2009;18(3):345–370. doi: 10.1177/011719680901800302
  • Schmeer K. Father absence due to migration and child illness in rural Mexico. Soc Sci Med. 2009;69(8):1281–1286. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.07.030
  • Skledon R. Of skilled migration, brain drains and policy responses. Int Migr. 2009;47(4):3–29. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2435.2008.00484.x
  • Lu Y. Household migration, social support, and psychosocial health: The perspective from migrant-sending areas. Soc Sci Med. 2012;74(2):135–142. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.10.020
  • Roy A, Nangia P. Impact of male out-migration on health status of left behind wives-a study of Bihar, India. International Union for the Scientific Study of Population XXV International Population Conference; July 18–23; Tours, France; 2005.
  • Sevoyan A, Agadjanian V. Male migration, women left behind, and sexually transmitted diseases in Armenia. Int Migr Rev. 2010;44(2):354–375. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-7379.2010.00809.x
  • Webber G, Spitzer D, Somrongthong R, et al. Facilitators and barriers to accessing reproductive health care for migrant beer promoters in Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam: a mixed methods study. Global Health. 2012;8(1):21. doi: 10.1186/1744-8603-8-21
  • Kaspar H. Gender and sustainable development: case studies from NCCR North-South; 2006.
  • Agasty MP, Patra RN. Migration of labour and left-behind women: a case study of rural Odisha. Am Int J Res Humanit, Arts Soc Sci. 2014;7(1):28–33.
  • Hadi A. Overseas migration and the well-being of those left behind in rural communities of Bangladesh. Asia-Pac Popul J/U N. 1999;14(1):43.
  • Nguyen L, Yeoh BS, Toyota M. Migration and the well-being of the ‘left behind’ in Asia: key themes and trends. Asian Popul Stud. 2006;2(1):37–44. doi: 10.1080/17441730600700507
  • Lokshin M, Glinskaya E. The effect of male migration on employment patterns of women in Nepal. World Bank Econ Rev. 2009;23(3):481–507. doi: 10.1093/wber/lhp011
  • NDHS. Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2011. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of Health and Population.
  • NDHS. Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of Health and Population.
  • NFHP II. National Family Health Program Survey 2012. Kathmandu, Nepal; 2012.
  • DoH. Annual report: department of health services 2015/16. Kathmandu: Ministry of Health; 2016.
  • Remo Software, 2018.
  • Bowling A. Research methods in health: investigating health and health services. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education; 2002.
  • Institute for Reproductive Health. Fertility awareness 2018. [cited 2018 Aug 11]. Available from: http://irh.org/focus-areas/fertility_awareness/.
  • Van Enk L. Fertility awareness & body literacy: integrating information about fertility, menstruation, and our bodies into social and behavior change programs. Washington (DC): The Institute for Reproductive Health; 2018.
  • Campbell DT, Fisk DW. Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychol Bull. 1959;56:81–105. doi: 10.1037/h0046016
  • Embretson SE, Reise SP. Item response theory for psychologists. New York (NY): Psychology Press; 2000.
  • Hambleton RK, Swaminathan H, Rogers HJ. Fundamentals of item response theory. Vol. 2. Newbury Park (CA): Sage Press; 1991.
  • Mackie G, Moneti F, Denny E, et al. What are social norms? How are they measured? San Diego: Center on Global Justice, UNICEF/University of California; 2015.
  • Bicchieri C. The grammar of society: the nature and dynamics of social norms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2005.
  • Suhr D. Exploratory or confirmatory factor analysis? Cary (NC): SAS Institute; 2006.
  • Hu LB, P. Cutoff criteria for fit indices in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Vol. 6; 1999.
  • Nunnally JC. Psychometric theory. New York (NY): McGraw Hill; 1970.
  • Raykov T. Coefficient alpha and composite reliability with interrelated nonhomogeneous items. Appl Psychol Meas. 1998;22(4):375–385. doi: 10.1177/014662169802200407
  • Zumbo BD, Gadermann AM, Zeisser C. Ordinal versions of coefficients alpha and theta for Likert rating scales. J Mod Appl Stat Methods. 2007;6(1):4. doi: 10.22237/jmasm/1177992180
  • Nepal National Health Training Center. Comprehensive Family Planning (COFP) & Counselling Training Reference Manual. Ministry of Health and Population: pg 187; 2016.
  • Ministry of Labour and Employment. Labour migration for employment: a Status Report for Nepal, 2013-2014; 2016.
  • Temel S, Voorst SFV, Jack BW, et al. Evidence-based preconceptional lifestyle interventions. Epidemiol Rev. 2013;36(1):19–30. doi: 10.1093/epirev/mxt003
  • World Health Organization (WHO). Preconception care: maximizing the gains for maternal and child health. In: Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health; 2013.
  • Hartmann M, Gilles K, Shattuck D, et al. Changes in couples’ communication as a result of a male-involvement family planning intervention. J Health Commun. 2012;17(7):802–819. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2011.650825
  • Shattuck D, Yadaz D, Doggett E, et al. Enhancing couples’ family planning decisions through male engagement. Paper presented at: XXVII International Population Conference; August 26–31st, 2013; Busan, Korea; 2013.
  • Thapa D, Niehof A. Women’s autonomy and husbands’ involvement in maternal care in Nepal. Soc Sci Med. 2013;93:1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.06.003
  • Mullany B, Hindin M, Becker S. Can women’s autonomy impede male involvement in pregnancy health in Kathmandu, Nepal? Soc Sci Med. 2005;61(9): 1993–2006. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.04.006