12,578
Views
13
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Articles

Regional legal and policy instruments for addressing LGBT exclusion in Africa

ORCID Icon, , , ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon &

References

  • Chitando E, Mateveke P. Africanizing the discourse on homosexuality: challenges and prospects. Critical African Stud. 2017;9(1):124–140. doi: 10.1080/21681392.2017.1285243
  • Van Klinken A, Chitando E. Masculinities, HIV and religion in Africa. 2015.
  • Kaoma K. A dance of many tunes: Christianity, globalization, and protective homophobia. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan; 2018.
  • Müller A. Strategies to include sexual orientation and gender identity in health professions education. Afr J Health Prof Educ. 2015;7(1):4–7.
  • Rodenbough PP. Being LGBT in West Africa: a virtual student foreign service project and independent report exploring regional sexual orientation and gender identity issues. 2014 [cited 2019 May 6]. Available from: http://blogs.cuit.columbia.edu/rightsviews/ files/2015/03/The-Being-LGBT-in-West-Africa-Project-Final-Report.pdf
  • Tucker A, Liht J, de Swardt G, et al. Homophobic stigma, depression, self-efficacy and unprotected anal intercourse for peri-urban township men who have sex with men in Cape Town, South Africa: a cross-sectional association model. AIDS Care. 2014;26(7):882–889. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2013.859652
  • Bennett J, Reddy V. ‘African positionings’: South African relationships with continental questions of LGBTI justice and rights. Agenda. 2015;29(1):10–23. doi: 10.1080/10130950.2015.1015829
  • Mills E. ‘Leave No One Behind’: Gender, Sexuality and the Sustainable Development Goals. 2015 [cited 2019 July 6]. Available from: https://www.ids.ac.uk/publications/leave-no-one-behind-gender-sexuality-and-the-sustainable-development-goals/
  • Ndashe S. Seeking the protection of LGBTI1 rights at the African Commission on human and peoples’ rights. Feminist Africa. 2015;15:17–37.
  • Cviklová L. Advancement of human rights standards for LGBT people through the perspective of international human rights law. J Compar Res Anthropol Sociol. 2012;2:45–60.
  • Poku NK, Esom K, Armstrong R. Sustainable development and the struggle for LGBTI social inclusion in Africa: opportunities for accelerating change. Dev Pract. 2017;27(4):432–443. doi: 10.1080/09614524.2017.1304894
  • World Refugee Council. Transforming the global refugee system: solidarity, humanity and accountability. 2018 [cited 2019 June 12]. Available from: https://www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/documents/WRC20Interim20Report%201_2.pdf
  • International Labour Organization. Social protection floors recommendation: recommendation concerning national floors of social protection. Geneva; 2012 [cited 2019 June 10]. https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:3065524
  • ILO, UNHR, UNDP, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNODC, UNWOMEN, WFP,WHO, UNAIDS. Ending violence and discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex people. 2015 [cited 2019 June 20]. Available from: https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Discrimination/Joint_LGBTI_Statement_ENG.PDF
  • American Bar Association. Human rights and access to justice. Not Dated. Available from: https://www.americanbar.org/advocacy/governmental_legislative_work/priorities_policy/promoting_international_rule_law/international_treaties/
  • Gloppen S, Kanyongolo FE. Courts and the poor in Malawi: economic marginalization, vulnerability, and the law. Int J Constitut Law. 2007;5(2):258–293. doi: 10.1093/icon/mom002
  • Council on Foreign Relations. The global human rights regime. 2012 [cited 2019 August 14]. Available from: https://www.cfr.org/report/global-human-rights-regime
  • Clark F. Discrimination against LGBT people triggers health concerns. Lancet. 2014;383(9916):500–502. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60169-0
  • Meyer D. Violence against queer people: race, class, gender, and the persistence of anti-LGBT discrimination. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press; 2015.
  • Mkhize N, Bennett J, Reddy V, et al. The country we want to live in: hate crimes and homophobia in the lives of black lesbian South Africans. Cape Town: HSRC Press; 2010.
  • Zahn R, Grosso A, Scheibe A, et al. Human rights violations among men who have sex with men in Southern Africa: comparisons between legal contexts. PLoS One. 2016;11(1):e0147156. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147156
  • Epprecht M. Sexual minorities, human rights and public health strategies in Africa. Afr Aff. 2012;111(443):223–243. doi: 10.1093/afraf/ads019
  • Thoreson R, Cook S. Nowhere to turn: blackmail and extortion of LGBT people in sub-Saharan Africa. New York: International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission; 2011.
  • Mallory C, Sears B, Conron K. The economic impact of stigma and discrimination against LGBT people in Georgia. 2017 [cited 2019 June 30]. Available from: http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Economic-Impact-of-Discrimination-and-Stigma-against-LGBT-People-in-Georgia-FINAL-4.pdf
  • Human Rights Campaign Foundation. The state of human rights for LGBT people in Africa. Washington, DC; 2014 [cited 2019 May 6]. Available from: http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/sites/default/files/HRF-HRC-Africa-Report.pdf
  • Kerrigan F. Getting to rights: the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex persons in Africa. København: Danish Institute for Human Rights; 2013.
  • Miller LR, Grollman EA. The social costs of gender nonconformity for transgender adults: implications for discrimination and health. Sociol Forum. 2015;30(3):809–831. doi: 10.1111/socf.12193
  • Hein LC, Scharer KM. Who cares if it is a hate crime? Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender hate crimes – mental health implications and interventions. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2013;49(2):84–93. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6163.2012.00354.x
  • Russell ST, Fish JN. Mental health in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2016;12:465–487. doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093153
  • Almeida J, Johnson RM, Corliss HL, et al. Emotional distress among LGBT youth: the influence of perceived discrimination based on sexual orientation. J Youth Adolesc. 2009;38(7):1001–1014. doi: 10.1007/s10964-009-9397-9
  • Clements-Nolle K, Marx R, Katz M. Attepted suicide among transgender persons: the influence of gender-based discrimination and victimization. J Homosex. 2006;51(3):53–69. doi: 10.1300/J082v51n03_04
  • Marshal MP, Friedman MS, Stall R, et al. Sexual orientation and adolescent substance use: a meta-analysis and methodological review. Addiction. 2008;103(4):546–556. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02149.x
  • Prokos AH, Keene JR. Poverty among cohabiting gay and lesbian, and married and cohabiting heterosexual families. J Fam Issues. 2010;31(7):934–959. doi: 10.1177/0192513X09360176
  • Isaac K. Legal grounds: reproductive and sexual rights in African commonwealth courts. Toronto: University of Toronto, International Programme on Reproductive and Sexual Health; 2005.
  • Murray R, Viljoen F. Towards non-discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation: the normative basis and procedural possibilities before the African Commission on human and peoples’ rights and the African Union. Hum Rights Q. 2007;29(1):86–111. doi: 10.1353/hrq.2007.0010
  • Ibrahim AM. LGBT rights in Africa and the discursive role of international human rights law. African Human Rights Law J. 2015;15(2):263–281. doi: 10.17159/1996-2096/2015/v15n2a2
  • The Attorney General of Botswana v, Rammoge T, Dadani R, et al. Civil Appeal No. CACGB-128-14 C.F.R. Bostwana: Ministry of Justice; 2016.
  • High Court of Bostwana. Letsweletse Motshidiemang v Attorney General. Case No: MAHGB-000591-16. Botswan: Ministry of Justice; 2019.
  • The High Court of Kenya at Nairobi. EG vs Non- Governmental Organisations Co-ordination Board & 4 others. eKLR Petition No. 440 of 2013. Kenya: Ministry of Justice; 2015.
  • COI & GMN v Principal Magistrate Ukunda Law Courts. 4 others. Civil Appeal 56 of 2016. C.F.R. Kenya: Ministry of Justice; 2018.
  • The Court of Appeal at Mombasa. COI & another v Chief Magistrate Ukunda Law Courts & 4 others. Civil Appeal No. 56 of 2016. Kenya: Ministry of Justice; 2018.
  • Eric Gitari v NGO Board & 4 others. Petition 440 of 2013. C.F.R. Kenya: Ministry of Justice; 2014.
  • African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights. Zimbabwe human rights NGO v. Zimbabwe. 2006 [cited 2019 August 29]. Available from: http://www.achpr.org/files/sessions/39th/comunications/245.02/achpr39_245_02_eng.pdf
  • African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights. African Commission on human and peoples’ rights. Banjul: ACHPR; 2017. General Comment No. 4.
  • African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights. Guidelines for the policing of assemblies by law enforcement in Africa. Banjul: ACHPR; 2017 (African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 2017).
  • African Commission’s Expert Committee on the right of PLHIV. HIV, the law and human rights in the African human rights system: key challenges and opportunities for rights-based responses. Banjul: ACHPR; 2017 (African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights).
  • African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights. The special rapporteur on human rights defenders in Africa. Banjul: ACHPR; 2017 (African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 2017).
  • African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights. Draft principles on the declassification and decriminalization of petty offences in Africa. African Commission on human and peoples’ rights. Banjul: ACHPR; 2017.
  • African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights. Committee for the prevention of torture in Africa. Banjul: ACHPR; 2017 (African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights).
  • Agbeko MEM. Prejudice against Ghanaian homosexual youth. Legon: University of Ghana; 2017.