Foreign assistance or attack? Impact of the expanded Global Gag Rule on sexual and reproductive health and rights in Kenya

References

• Keats EC, Ngugi A, Macharia W, et al. Progress and priorities for reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health in Kenya: a countdown to 2015 country case study. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5:e782–e795. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30246-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. Kenya demographic and health survey 2014; 2015. Available from: https://dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-fr308-dhs-final-reports.cfm
   Google Scholar
• Track20. Assessing opportunities for family planning programming among adolescents and youth in Kenya; 2020. Available from: http://track20.org/download/pdf/Youth%20Briefs/Kenya%20Youth%20Opportunity%20Brief.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Guttmacher Institute. Adding it up: investing in contraception and maternal and newborn health for adolescents in Kenya; 2018. Available from: https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/adding-it-up-contraception-mnh-adolescents-kenya
   Google Scholar
• Loi UR, Otieno B, Oguttu M, et al. Abortion and contraceptive use stigma: a cross-sectional study of attitudes and beliefs in secondary school students in western Kenya. Sex Reprod Health Matters. 2019;27:20–31.
   Google Scholar
• Godia PM, Olenja JM, Lavussa JA, et al. Sexual reproductive health service provision to young people in Kenya; health service providers’ experiences. BMC Health Serv Res. 2013;13:476. doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-13-476
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Council for Population and Development, Division of Family Health, Population Studies and Research Institute (PSRI), et al. Reducing maternal deaths in Kenya. Nairobi: National Council for Population and Development; 2015. (Report no.: 46). Available from: https://www.ncpd.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Policy-Brief-46-Maternal-Deaths-in-Kenya-1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hussain R. Abortion and unintended pregnancy in Kenya. Guttmacher Institute; 2012. (Series 2012, no. 2). Available from: https://www.guttmacher.org/report/abortion-and-unintended-pregnancy-kenya
   Google Scholar
• The Republic of Kenya. The constitution of Kenya. National Council for Law Reporting; 2010. Available from: http://www.kenyalaw.org:8181/exist/kenyalex/actview.xql?actid=Const2010
   Google Scholar
• The Republic of Kenya. Kenya penal code. Revised edition 2012. National Council for Law Reporting; 2012. Available from: https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/28595/115477/F-857725769/KEN28595.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Mutua MM, Manderson L, Musenge E, et al. Policy, law and post-abortion care services in Kenya. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0204240. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ushie BA, Juma K, Kimemia G, et al. Community perception of abortion, women who abort and abortifacients in Kisumu and Nairobi counties, Kenya. PLoS One. 2019;14:e0226120. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yegon EK, Kabanya PM, Echoka E, et al. Understanding abortion-related stigma and incidence of unsafe abortion: experiences from community members in Machakos and Trans Nzoia counties Kenya. Pan Afr Med J. 2016;24, Available from: https://www.ajol.info/index.php/pamj/article/view/144563 doi: 10.11604/pamj.2016.24.258.7567
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izugbara CO, Egesa C, Okelo R. ‘High profile health facilities can add to your trouble’: women, stigma and un/safe abortion in Kenya. Soc Sci Med. 2015;141:9–18. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.07.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marlow HM, Wamugi S, Yegon E, et al. Women’s perceptions about abortion in their communities: perspectives from western Kenya. Reprod Health Matters. 2014;22:149–158. doi: 10.1016/S0968-8080(14)43758-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makleff S, Wilkins R, Wachsmann H, et al. Exploring stigma and social norms in women’s abortion experiences and their expectations of care. Sex Reprod Health Matters. 2019;27:149–158.
   Google Scholar
• Mohamed SF, Izugbara C, Moore AM, et al. The estimated incidence of induced abortion in Kenya: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2015;15:1–10. doi: 10.1186/s12884-015-0621-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• African Population and Health Research Center, Ministry of Health, Kenya, Ipas, et al. Incidence and Complications of Unsafe Abortion in Kenya: Key Findings of a National Study. 2013. Available from: https://aphrc.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Incidence-and-Complications-of-Unsafe-Abortion-in-Kenya-Key-Findings-of-a-National-Study.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Mukasa B, Ali M, Farron M, et al. Contraception supply chain challenges: a review of evidence from low- and middle-income countries. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2017;22:384–390. doi: 10.1080/13625187.2017.1394453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USAID Global Health Supply Chain Program. 2017 Contraceptive security indicators report – procurement and supply management single award IDIQ. Washington (DC): Chemonics International; 2018. Available from: https://www.ghsupplychain.org/sites/default/files/data/FullReport.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Newmann SJ, Zakaras JM, Tao AR, et al. Integrating family planning into HIV care in western Kenya: HIV care providers’ perspectives and experiences one year following integration. AIDS Care. 2016;28:209–213. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2015.1080791
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. OECD statistics database: creditor reporting system (CRS). Available from: https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=CRS1
   Google Scholar
• Sidze EM, Pradhan J, Beekink E, et al. Reproductive health financing in Kenya: an analysis of national commitments, donor assistance, and the resources tracking process. Reprod Health Matters. 2013;12:139–150. doi: 10.1016/S0968-8080(13)42738-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The White House. Presidential memorandum regarding the Mexico City policy. 2017. Available from: https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/presidential-memorandum-regarding-mexico-city-policy/
   Google Scholar
• Population Action International (PAI). With a stroke of the Pen⁠—Trump’s global gag rule DRAMATICALLY expands harmful health impacts. PAI; 2017. Available from: https://pai.org/newsletters/stroke-pen-trumps-global-gag-rule-dramatically-expands-harmful-health-impacts/
   Google Scholar
• Mavodza C, Goldman R, Cooper B. The impacts of the global gag rule on global health: a scoping review. Glob Health Res Policy. 2019;4:26. doi: 10.1186/s41256-019-0113-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bendavid E, Avila P, Miller G. United States aid policy and induced abortion in sub-Saharan Africa. Bull World Health Organ. 2011;89:873–880C. doi: 10.2471/BLT.11.091660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks N, Bendavid E, Miller G. USA aid policy and induced abortion in sub-Saharan Africa: an analysis of the Mexico City Policy. Lancet Glob Health. 2019;7:e1046–e1053. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30267-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodgers Y. The global gag rule and women’s reproductive health: rhetoric versus reality. New York: Oxford University Press; 2018. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=GM90DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&ots=2OzRkvVwPB&sig=3yw1FDi0wYKb3fZEQ9Stn1ZmuhA
   Google Scholar
• Center for Reproductive Rights. Breaking the silence: the global gag rule’s impact on unsafe abortion. New York: Center for Reproductive Rights; 2003. Available from: http://reproductiverights.org/sites/default/files/documents/bo_ggr.pdf?_ga=2.195067948.1449638667.1585685230-597718214.1585685230
   Google Scholar
• Population Action International (PAI). access denied: the impact of the global gag rule in Kenya. PAI; 2006. Available from: http://pai.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Access-Denied-The-Impact-of-the-Global-Gag-Rule-in-Kenya.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch. Re: early impact of the protecting life in global health assistance policy in Kenya and Uganda; 2017. Available from: https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/10/26/re-early-impact-protecting-life-global-health-assistance-policy-kenya-and-uganda
   Google Scholar
• Rios V. Crisis in care: year two impacts of Trump’s global gag rule. International Women’s Health Coalition; 2019. Available from: https://iwhc.org/resources/crisis-care-year-two-impact-trumps-global-gag-rule/
   Google Scholar
• Planned Parenthood Global. Assessing the global gag rule: harms to health, community, and advocacy. Planned Parenthood Global; 2018. Available from: https://www.plannedparenthood.org/uploads/filer_public/81/9d/819d9000-5350-4ea3-b699-1f12d59ec67f/181231-ggr-d09.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Center for Reproductive Rights. The center for reproductive rights sues Kenyan officials over recent ban on Marie Stopes; 2011. Available from: https://reproductiverights.org/press-room/center-reproductive-rights-sues-kenyan-officials-over-recent-ban-marie-stopes
   Google Scholar
• Center for Reproductive Rights. Kenya’s high court issues a landmark ruling on access to safe abortion in a case against ministry of health – press release; 2019. Available from: https://reproductiverights.org/press-room/kenyas-constitutional-court-issues-landmark-ruling-access-safe-abortion-case-against
   Google Scholar
• Schaaf M, Maistrellis E, Thomas H, et al. ‘Protecting life in global health assistance’? Towards a framework for assessing the health systems impact of the expanded global gag rule. BMJ Glob Health. 2019;4:e001786. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001786
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• General Accountability Office (GAO). Global health assistance: awardees’ declinations of U.S. planned funding due to abortion-related restrictions; 2020. (Report no.: GAO-20-347). Available from: https://www.gao.gov/assets/710/705388.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Skuster P. Advocacy in whispers: the impact of the unsaid global gag rule upon free speech and free association in the context of abortion law reform in three east African countries. Mich J Gend Law. 2004;11:97–126.
   Google Scholar
• Gezinski LB. The global gag rule: impacts of conservative ideology on women’s health. Int Soc Work. 2012;55:837–849. doi: 10.1177/0020872811421619
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crimm N. The global gag rule: undermining national interests by doing unto foreign women and NGOs what cannot be done at home. Cornell Int Law J. 2007;40:587–633.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollmann M. Who can be held responsible for the consequences of aid and loan conditionalities?: the global gag rule in Peru and its criminal consequences. Michigan State University Women & International Development working paper #279; 2004. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228771741_Who_Can_be_Held_Responsible_for_the_Consequences_of_Aid_and_Loan_Conditionalities_The_Global_Gag_Rule_in_Peru_and_Its_Criminal_Consequences
   Google Scholar
• Sagala J. Bush’s gag rule and Africa: impact on reproductive health. Int J Glob Health Health Disparities. 2005;4:13–29.
   Google Scholar
• Family Planning 2020. Country worksheet: prioritized action planning 2019–2020 – Kenya. 2019. Available from: http://www.familyplanning2020.org/sites/default/files/Kenya_Worksheet.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Lindegren ML, Kennedy CE, Bain-Brickley D, et al. Integration of HIV/AIDS services with maternal, neonatal and child health, nutrition, and family planning services. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; 2012. Available from: https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010119/full
   Google Scholar
• Promoting integration of family planning into HIV and AIDS programming. U.S. Agency for International Development; 2019. Available from: https://www.usaid.gov/global-health/health-areas/hiv-and-aids/technical-areas/promoting-integration-family-planning-hiv-and
   Google Scholar
• Narasimhan M, Yeh PT, Haberlen S, et al. Integration of HIV testing services into family planning services: a systematic review. Reprod Health. 2019;16:61. doi: 10.1186/s12978-019-0714-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherwood J, Sharp A, Honermann B, et al. Mapping the impact of the expanded Mexico City policy for HIV/ family planning service integration in PEPFAR-supported countries: a risk index. BMC Public Health. 2018;18:1116. doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-6008-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• amfAR The Foundation for AIDS Research. The effect of the expanded Mexico City policy on HIV/AIDS programming: evidence from the PEPFAR implementing partners survey; 2019. Available from: https://www.amfar.org/uploadedFiles/_amfarorg/Articles/On_The_Hill/2019/IB-1-31-19a.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Ministry of Medical Services. National guidelines for quality obstetrics and perinatal care. Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation; 2010. Available from: http://guidelines.health.go.ke:8000/media/National_Guidelines_for_Quality_Obstetrics_and_Perinatal_Care.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Mutua MM, Achia TNO, Maina BW, et al. A cross-sectional analysis of Kenyan postabortion care services using a nationally representative sample. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2017;138:276–282. doi: 10.1002/ijgo.12239
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHANGE. Trump’s global gag rule; 2020. Available from: https://srhrforall.org/download/trumps-global-gag-rule-policy-and-research-brief/?wpdmdl=2335&refresh=5ec54da3ebc671589988771
   Google Scholar
• Center for Health and Gender Equity. A powerful force: U.S. global health assistance and reproductive health and rights in Malawi; 2020. Available from: http://www.genderhealth.org/files/uploads/change/publications/CHANGE_A_Powerful_Force_Malawi_February_2020.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Population Action International (PAI). Access denied: Senegal – preliminary impacts of Trump’s expanded global gag rule; 2018. Available from: https://pai.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Access-Denied-Senegal.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kaiser Family Foundation. UNFPA funding & Kemp-Kasten: an explainer. KFF; 2019. Available from: https://www.kff.org/global-health-policy/fact-sheet/unfpa-funding-kemp-kasten-an-explainer/
   Google Scholar
• Aizenman N. Trump’s proposed budget would cut $2.2 billion from global health spending. NPR.org; 2017 May 25. Available from: https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/05/25/529873431/trumps-proposed-budget-would-cut-2-2-billion-from-global-health-spending
   Google Scholar
• Population Action International (PAI). The interpretation that vastly extended the harm of the global gag rule. PAI; 2019. Available from: https://pai.org/data-and-maps/the-interpretation-that-vastly-extended-the-harm-of-the-global-gag-rule/
   Google Scholar