Ageing in obscurity: a critical literature review regarding older intersex people

References

• UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). Free & equal campaign fact sheet: intersex [Internet]. 2017. Available from: https://www.unfe.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/UNFE-Intersex.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Money J, Hampson JG, Hampson JL. Imprinting and the establishment of gender role. AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry. 1957;77(3):333–336.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Griffiths DA. Diagnosing sex: intersex surgery and “sex change” in Britain 1930–1955. Sexualities. 2018;21(3):476–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeeman L, Sherriff N, Browne K, … Farinella F. A review of lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and intersex (LGBTI) health and healthcare inequalities. Eur J Public Health. 2019;29(5):974–980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenwohl-Mack A, Tamar-Mattis S, Baratz AB, et al. A national study on the physical and mental health of intersex adults in the U.S. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(10):e0240088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latham JR, Holmes MM. Intersex ageing and (sexual) rights. In: Barrett C, Hinchliff S, editors. Addressing the sexual rights of older people. Routledge; 2017. p. 104–116.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes M. Loneliness and social support among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex people aged 50 and over. Ageing Soc. 2016;36(9):1961.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes M. Health and well-being of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex people aged 50 years and over. Aust Health Rev. 2018;42(2):146–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter M. The human rights of intersex people: addressing harmful practices and rhetoric of change. Reprod Health Matters. 2016;24(47):74–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FRA. The fundamental rights situation of intersex people. Vienna: FRA European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights; 2015. Available from: https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2015/fundamental-rights-situation-intersex-people.
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter M. The OHCHR background note on human rights violations against intersex people. Sex Reprod Health Matters. 2020;28(1):1731298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond M, Garland J. Evidence regarding cosmetic and medically unnecessary surgery on infants. J Pediatr Urol. 2014;10(1):2–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monro S, Crocetti D, Yeadon-Lee T, et al. Intersex, variations of sex characteristics, and DSD: the need for change. Huddersfield: University of Huddersfield Press; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Bauer M, Truffer D, Crocetti D. Intersex human rights. Int J Hum Rights. 2020;24(6):724–749.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EEOC. ADA Amendments Act of 2008, PL 110-325 (S 3406). 2008. Available from: https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/ada-amendments-act-2008.
   Google Scholar
• Ismail I, Creighton S. Surgery for intersex. Rev Gynaecol Prac. 2005;5(1):57–64.
   Google Scholar
• Woodhouse CRJ. Intersex surgery in the adult. BJU Int. 2004;93:57–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snodgrass W, Bush NC. Re-operative urethroplasty after failed hypospadias repair: how prior surgery impacts risk for additional complications. J Paediatric Urol. 2017;13(3):289–2e1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths DA. Queering the moment of hypospadias “Repair”. Glq. 2021;27(4):499–523.
   Google Scholar
• Garland F, Thomson M, Travis M, et al. Management of “disorders of sex development”/intersex variations in children: results from a freedom of information exercise. Med Law Int. 2021;21(2):116–146.
   Google Scholar
• Carmack A, Notini L, Earp BD. Should surgery for hypospadias be performed before an age of consent? J Sex Res. 2016;53(8):1047–1058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neheman A, Rappaport YH, Verhovsky G, … Efrati S. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for paediatric “hypospadias cripple” evaluating the advantages regarding graft take. J Paediatric Urol. 2020;16(2):163.e1–163.e7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tourchi A, Hoebeke P. Long-term outcome of male genital reconstruction in childhood. J Paediatric Urol. 2013;9(6):980–989.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skarin Nordenvall A, Norrby C, Butwicka A, et al. Psychosocial outcomes in adult men born with hypospadias: a register-based study. Plos one. 2017;12(4):e0174923.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arana MdM. A human rights investigation into the medical “normalization” of intersex people. 2005. A Report of a Public Hearing by the Human Rights Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Holmes M. Rethinking the meaning and management of intersexuality. Sexualities. 2002;5(2):159–180.
   Google Scholar
• Ehrenreich N, Barr M. Intersex surgery, female genital cutting, and the selective condemnation of cultural practices. Harv. cr-cll Rev. 2005;40:71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reis E, Kessler S. Why history matters: fetal dex and intersex. Am J Bioeth. 2010;10(9):58–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minto CL, Liao LM, Woodhouse CR, et al. The effect of clitoral surgery on sexual outcome in individuals who have intersex conditions with ambiguous genitalia: a cross-sectional study. Lancet. 2003;361(9365):1252–1257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karkazis K. Fixing sex. In: Fixing Sex. Durham, NC: Duke University Press; 2008. p. 210–231.
   Google Scholar
• Köhler B, Kleinemeier E, Lux A, et al. Satisfaction with genital surgery and sexual life of adults with XY disorders of sex development: results from the German clinical evaluation study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(2):577–588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nermoen I, Husebye ES, Svartberg J, et al. Subjective health status in men and women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: a population-based survey in Norway. Eur J Endocrinol. 2010;163(3):453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosti K, Athanasiadis L, Goulis DG. Long-term consequences of androgen insensitivity syndrome. Maturitas. 2019;127:51–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preves SE. Intersex and identity: the contested self. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Davis G. Contesting intersex: the dubious diagnosis. Vol. 10. New York, NY: NYU Press; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Méndez JE. Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment. 2013. Human Rights Council. Available from: https://www.ohchr.org/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/regularsession/session22/a.hrc.22.53_english.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Rowlands S, Amy JJ. Preserving the reproductive potential of transgender and intersex people. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2018;23(1):58–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cools M, Nordenström A, Robeva R, … Pasterski V. Caring for individuals with a difference of sex development (DSD): a consensus statement. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2018;14(7):415–429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babu R, Shah U. Gender identity disorder (GID) in adolescents and adults with differences of sex development (DSD): a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pediatr Urol. 2021;17(1):39–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweizer K, Brunner F, Handford C, et al. Gender experience and satisfaction with gender allocation in adults with diverse intersex conditions (divergences of sex development, DSD). Psychol Sexuality. 2014;5(1):56–82.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson BA. Conditional families and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer youth homelessness: gender, sexuality, family instability, and rejection. J Marriage Family. 2018;80(2):383–396.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. Fifth ed. Arlington (VA): American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Veldhuis CB, Drabble L, Riggle ED, et al. “I fear for my safety but want to show bravery for others”: violence and discrimination concerns among transgender and gender-nonconforming individuals after the 2016 presidential election. Viol Gender. 2018;5(1):26–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett C, Crameri P. An extra degree of difficulty: an evidence-based resource exploring the experiences and needs of older LGBTI carers and the carers of older LGBTI people. 2015. Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia. Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, La Trobe University, Melbourne.
   Google Scholar
• Crameri P, Barrett C, Latham JR, et al. It is more than sex and clothes: culturally safe services for older lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex people. Aust J Ageing. 2015;34:21–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latham JR, Barrett C. Appropriate bodies and other damn lies: intersex ageing and aged care. Aust J Ageing. 2015;34:19–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swissinfo. Zurich to open Switzerland’s first LGBTI elder care homes. 2020, July 12. Available from: https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/zurich-to-open-switzerland-s-first-lgbti-elder-care-homes/45898136.
   Google Scholar
• Dye H. The impact and long-term effects of childhood trauma. J Hum Behav Soc Environ. 2018;28(3):381–392.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morland I. Intersex treatment and the promise of trauma. In: Fisher JA, editor, Gender and the science of difference. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press; 2011. p. 147–163.
   Google Scholar
• de Vries AL, Roehle R, Marshall L, … Cohen-Kettenis PT. Mental health of a large group of adults with disorders of sex development in six European countries. Psychosom Med. 2019;81(7):629.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CDC. Facts at a glance 2015. Suicide. 2015;4:17–10. Available from: https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/34181.
   Google Scholar
• Schützmann K, Brinkmann L, Schacht M, et al. Psychological distress, self-harming behaviour, and suicidal tendencies in adults with disorders of sex development. Arch Sex Behav. 2009;38(1):16–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liddell B, Malhi GS, Felmingham KL, … Bryant RA. The impact of torture on interpersonal threat and reward neurocircuitry. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2021;55(2):153–166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell TA. Psychological assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of torture survivors: a review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2007;27(5):628–641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart B, Shakespeare-Finch J. Intersex lived experience: trauma and posttraumatic growth in narratives. Psychol Sexuality. 2021;13(4):912–930.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen JK. A comprehensive guide to intersex. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers; 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Viloria H, Nieto M. The spectrum of sex: the science of Male, female, and intersex. London: Jessica Kingsley; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Domajnko B, Pahor M. Health within limitations: qualitative study of the social aspects of resilience in old age. Ageing Int. 2015;40(2):187–200.
   Google Scholar
• Agius S. Human rights and intersex people. 2015. Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights. Available from: https://tandis.odihr.pl/bitstream/20.500.12389/22066/1/08290.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Monro S, Carpenter M, Crocetti D, … Aggleton P. Intersex: cultural and social perspectives. Cult Health Sex. 2021;23(4):431–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carastathis GS, Cohen L, Kaczmarek E, et al. Rejected by family for being gay or lesbian: portrayals, perceptions, and resilience. J Homosex. 2017;64(3):289–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VanBergen AM, Love HA. Family-of-origin rejection on suicidal ideation among a sexual minority sample. J Marital Fam Ther. 2022;48(2):560–575.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FRA. A long way to go for LGBTI equality. Luxembourg: FRA European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights; 2020. Available from: https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/fra-2020-lgbti-equality-1_en.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Alderson J, Madill A, Balen A. Fear of devaluation: understanding the experience of intersexed women with androgen insensitivity syndrome. Br J Health Psychol. 2004;9(1):81–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DSD families. “Listen to us”: consultations with children, young people and families living with different sex development. . 2019. DSD Families. Available from: https://www.dsdfamilies.org/application/files/8015/5447/3715/reportdsdf-2019.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Reis E. Divergence or disorder? The politics of naming intersex. Perspect Biol Med. 2007;50(4):535–543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cools M, Simmonds M, Elford S, … Hiort O. Response to the council of Europe human rights commissioner’s issue paper on human rights and intersex people. Eur Urol. 2016;70(3):407–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler-Nissen R. The social self in international relations: identity, power, and the symbolic interactionist roots of constructivism. Eur Rev Int Stud. 2016;3(3):27–39.
   Google Scholar
• Leavitt PA, Covarrubias R, Perez YA, et al. “Frozen in time”: the impact of native American media representations on identity and self-understanding. J Soc Issues. 2015;71(1):39–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covington C, Nugiel N, Goldman WP. 2014–2016. Faking it [TV series]. MTV.
   Google Scholar
• MTV. 2014, December 9. Faking it, 9 things you need to know about being intersex [Video file]. YouTube. Available from: https://youtu.be/CTYIjXSdZxA.
   Google Scholar
• Buzzfeed. 2015, March 28. What it’s like to be intersex [Video file]. YouTube. Available from: https://youtu.be/cAUDKEI4QKI.
   Google Scholar
• Pertl L, Sadzinski S. Mercury rising – InterHermstory(ies) now and then [Exhibition]. Schwulesmuseum, Berlin; 2021. Available from: https://www.schwulesmuseum.de/ausstellung/mercury-rising-inter-hermstoryies-now-and-then/?lang = en.
   Google Scholar
• Crocetti D, Monro S, Vecchietti V, et al. Towards an agency-based model of intersex, variations of sex characteristics (VSC) and DSD/dsd health. Cult Health Sexuality. 2020;23(4):500–515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dermott E, Main G. (Eds.). Poverty and social exclusion in the UK: Vol. 1: The nature and extent of the problem. Bristol: Policy Press; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Crenshaw KW. Mapping the margins: intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of colour. Stanford Law Rev. 1991;43(6):1241–1299.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor Y. Working class lesbian life: classed outsiders. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Pillay-van Wyk V, Bradshaw D. Mortality and socioeconomic status: the vicious cycle between poverty and ill health. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5(9):e851–e852.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henningham M, Jones T. Intersex students, sex-based relational learning & isolation. Sex Educ. 2021;21:600–613.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irving D. Gender transition and job in/security: trans* un/der/employment experiences and labour anxieties in post-Fordist society. Atlantis: Critic Stud Gender Cult Soc Justice. 2017;38(1):168–178.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ní Mhuirthile T. Recent reforms in law on LGBT rights in Ireland: tightening the tourniquet in the rights of vulnerable intersex people. In: Law, responsibility and vulnerability. London: Routledge; 2021. p. 167–178.
   Google Scholar
• Travis M. Accommodating intersexuality in European Union Anti-Discrimination Law. Eur Law J. 2015;21(2):180–199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero AP, Goldberg SK, Vasquez LA. LGBT people and housing affordability, discrimination, and homelessness. 2020. Available from: https://escholarship.org/content/qt3cb5b8zj/qt3cb5b8zj.pdf.
   Google Scholar