2,016
Views
93
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Date and Date Processing: A Review

&
Pages 101-133 | Published online: 19 Feb 2011

References

  • Besbes , S. , Blecker , C. , Deroanne , C. , Drira , N. and Attia , H. 2004 . Date seeds: chemical composition and characteristic profiles of the lipid fraction . J. Food Chem. , 84 : 577 – 584 .
  • Sahari , M.A. , Barzegar , M. and Radfar , R. 2007 . Effect of varieties on the composition of dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) . Food Sci. Technol. Int. , 13 : 269 – 275 .
  • Ashraf Jahani , A. 2002 . Date, the life fruit; Agricultural Sciences' publication 147 Tehran, Iran
  • FAO. Available at http://www.FAO.org/ (http://www.FAO.org/)
  • Hui , Y.H. 2006 . Fruit and Fruit Processing , 391 – 411 . Ames, Iowa : Blackwell Publishing .
  • Dawson , W.H.W. 1982 . Production and Preservation of date , Edited by: Sanadgol , R. 326 Tehran, , Iran : Agricultural Promotion Organization Publication .
  • Barreveld , W.H. 1993 . Date Palm Products , Rome, , Italy : FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin, No. 101 .
  • Nixon , R.W. 1951 . The date palm-tree life tree in the subtropical deserts . Econ. Bot. , 31 : 15 – 20 .
  • Rohani , A. 1988 . Date palm , 292 Tehran, , Iran : Tehran University Publication Center .
  • Myhara , R.M. , Al-Alawi , A. , Karkalas , J. and Taylor , M.S. 2000 . Sensory and textural changes in maturing Omani dates . J. Sci. Food Agr. , 80 : 2181 – 2185 .
  • Sawaya , W.N. , Khalil , J.K. and Safi , W.J. 1984 . Chemical composition and nutritional quality of date seeds . J. Food Sci. , 49 : 617 – 619 .
  • Biglari , F. , AlKarkhi , A.F.M. and Easa , A.M. 2008 . Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of various date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) fruits from Iran . Food Chem. , 107 : 1636 – 1641 .
  • Eltayeb , E.A. , Al-Hasni , A.S. and Farooq , S.A. 1999 . Changes in soluble sugar content during the development of fruits in some varieties of Omani date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) . Pakistan J. Biol. Sci. , 2 : 255 – 258 .
  • Fallahi , M. 1996 . Growth, Treatment, and Packaging of Date , 124 Tehran, Iran : Barsava Publication .
  • Hashempoor , M. 1999 . Date Treasure , 668 Tehran, , Iran : Agricultural Education Publication .
  • Morton , J.F. 1987 . Fruits of Warm Climates , 9 Miami, , USA : Florida Flair Books .
  • Al-shahib , W. and Marshall , R.J. 2003 . The fruit of the date palm: its possible use as the best food for the future? Int . J. Food Sci. Nutr. , 54 : 247 – 259 .
  • Najeh , D. , Taher , T. and Kacem , B. 1999 . Tunisian Deglet Noor dates ripening, processing and storage . CIHEAM-IAMC. , : 179 – 184 .
  • Al-Hooti , S. , Sidhu , J.S. and Qabazard , H. 1997 . Physicochemical characteristics of five date fruit cultivars grown in the United Arab Emirates . Plant Food Hum. Nutr. , 50 : 101 – 113 .
  • Myhara , R.M. , Karkalas , J. and Taylor , M.S. 1999 . The composition of maturing Omani dates . J. Sci. Food Agr. , 79 : 1345 – 1350 .
  • Tafti , A.G. and Fooladi , M.H. 2006 . A study on the physico-chemical properties of Iranian Shamsaei date at different stages of maturity . World J. Dairy Food Sci. , 1 : 28 – 32 .
  • Shenasi , M. , Aidoo , K.E. and Candlish , A.A.G. 2002 . Micro flora of date fruits and production of aflatoxins at various stages of maturation . Int. J. Food Microbiol. , 79 : 113 – 119 .
  • Salem , S.A. and Hegazi , S.M. 1971 . Chemical composition of the Egyptian dry dates . J. Sci. Food Agr. , 22 : 632 – 633 .
  • Bacha , M.A. , Nasr , T.A. and Shaheen , M.A. 1987 . Changes in Physical and Chemical Characteristics of the Fruits of Four Date Palm Cultivars . Proc. Saudi Biol. Soc. , 10 : 285 – 295 .
  • Samarawira , I. and Date , Palm . 1983 . Potential Source for Refined Sugar . Econ. Bot. , 37 : 181 – 186 .
  • Gasim , A.A.A. 1994 . Changes in sugar quality and mineral elements during fruit development in five date palm cultivars in Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah . JKAU:Sci. , 6 : 29 – 36 .
  • Shaheen , M.A. and Al-Qurashi , A.D. 2007 . Fruit Chemical Composition and its Correlation with some Date Palm Cultivars during Fruit Development Stages . JKAU: Met. Env. Arid Land Agric. Sci. , 18 : 19 – 26 .
  • Ensminger , A.H. , Ensminger , M.E. , Konlande , J.E. and Robson , J.R.K. 1995 . The Concise Encyclopedia of Foods and Nutrition , 247 Florida, , USA : CRC Press LLC .
  • Sawaya , W.N. , Khalil , J.K. , Safi , W.N. and Al-Shalhat , A. 1983 . Physical and chemical characterization of the Saudi date cultivars at various stages of development . Can. Ins. Food Sci. Technol. J. , 16 : 87 – 91 .
  • Fadel , M.A. , Kurmestegy , L. , Rashed , M. and Rashed , Z. Date variety recognition and sugar content estimation via color analysis . The Second International Conference on Date Palms . March 25–27 , Al-Ain, UAE. pp. 830 – 841 .
  • Fadel , M.A. 2008 . Sugar Content Estimation of Date (Phoenix dactylifera, L.) Fruits in Tamr Stage. Agricultural Engineering International: the CIGR Ejournal . Manuscript 08 005 , X October
  • El-Agamy , S.Z. , El-Mahdy , T.K. and Khalil , O.A. 2001 . A comparative study of the performance of soft type date grown in arid environment . The second International Conference on Date Palms, Al–Ain, UAE , March 25–27 : 686 – 710 .
  • Auda , H. , Al-Wndawi , H. and Al-Adhami , L. 1976 . Protein and amino acid composition of three varieties of Iraqi dates at different stages of development . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 24 : 365 – 367 .
  • Abou-Zeid , A.A. , Baeshin , N.A. and Baghlaf , A.O. 1991 . The formation of oxytetracycline in a date-coat medium . Bioresource Technol , 37 : 179 – 184 .
  • Ishurd , O. , Zahid , M. , Peng , X. and YuanJiang , P. 2004 . Protein and amino acids contents of Libyan dates at three stages of development . J. Sci. Food Agric. , 84 : 481 – 484 .
  • Al-Aswad , M.B. 2008 . The amino acids content of some Iraqi dates . J. Food Sci. , 36 : 1019 – 1020 .
  • Nour , A.A.M. and Magboul , B.I. 1985 . Amino acid composition of some Sudanese date cultivars . Date Palm J. , 4 : 51 – 54 .
  • Ahmed , I.S.A. , Al-Gharibi , K.N. , Daar , A.S. and Kabir , S. 1995 . The composition and properties of date proteins . Food Chem , 53 : 441 – 446 .
  • Al Hakkak , Z.S. , Auda , H. and Al Hakkak , J.S. 1986 . Effect of high doses of phosphine fumigation on the amino acid, protein and sugar composition of Iraqi dates . Date Palm J. , 4 : 235 – 246 .
  • Biglari , F. 2009 . “ Assessment of Antioxidant Potential of Date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Fruits from Iran ” . In Effect of Cold Storage and Addition to Minced Chicken Meat; MSc thesis of science. School of Industrial Technology , 15 – 105 . Malaysia : University Sains Malaysia. Penang .
  • Al-Farsi , M. , Alasalvar , C. , Al-Abid , M. , Al-Shoaily , K. , Al-Amry , M. and Al-Rawahy , F. 2007 . Compositional and functional characteristics of dates, syrups, and their by-products . Food Chem. , 104 : 943 – 947 .
  • El-Kassas , S.E. and Mahmoud , H.M. The possibility of pollinating date palm by diluted pollen . Proceedings of the Second Symposium on the Date Palm, Al–Hassa, Saudi Arabia . March 3–6 . pp. 317 – 322 .
  • Yousif , A.K. , Benjamin , N.D. , Kado , A. , Alddin , S.M. and Ali , S.M. 1982 . Chemical composition of four Iraqi date cultivars . Date Palm J. , 1 : 285 – 294 .
  • El-Zoghbi , M. 1994 . Biochemical changes in some tropical fruits during ripening . Food Chem. , 49 : 33 – 37 .
  • Al-Farsi , M. , Morris , A. and Baron , M. Functional properties of Omani dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) . Acta Hortic. 2007 , 736 479 – 488 .
  • Farsi , Al- and M.A.; Lee , C.Y. 2008 . Nutritional and Functional Properties of Dates: A Review . Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. , 48 : 877 – 887 .
  • Rahman , M.S. and Al-Farsi , S.A. 2005 . Instrumental texture profile analysis (TPA) of date flesh as a function of moisture content . J. Food Eng. , 66 : 505 – 511 .
  • Ishurd , O. , Sun , C. , Xiao , P. , Ashour , A. and Pan , Y. 2002 . A neutral ß-D-glucan from dates of the date palm, Phoenix dactylifera L . Carbohyd. Res. , 337 : 1325 – 1328 .
  • Ishurd , O. and Kennedy , J.F. 2005 . The anti-cancer activity of polysaccharide prepared from Libyan dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) . Carbohyd. Polym. , 59 : 531 – 535 .
  • Al-Jasim , H.A. and Al-Delaimy , K.S. 1972 . Pectinesterase activity of some Iraqi dates at different stages of maturity . J. Sci. Food Agric. , 23 : 915 – 917 .
  • Elleuch , M. , Besbes , S. , Roiseux , O. , Blecker , C. , Deroanne , C. , Drira , N. and Attia , H. 2008 . Date flesh: Chemical composition and characteristics of the dietary fibre . Food Chem , 111 : 676 – 682 .
  • Ibrahim , A.F. , Attalla , A.M. , El-Kobbia , A.M. and Mostaffa , L.Y. Physico-chemical characteristics of fruits and pits of some date palm cultivars as affected by cultivars and seasons . Second International Conference on Date Palms . March 25–27 , Al-Ain. United Arab Emirates .
  • Mohamed , A.E. 2000 . Trace element levels in some kinds of dates . Food Chem. , 70 : 9 – 12 .
  • Chaira , N. , Ferchichi , A. , Mrabet , A. and Sghairoun , M. 2007 . Chemical composition of the flesh and the pit of date palm fruit and radical scavenging activity of their extracts . Pak. J. Biol. Sci. , 10 : 2202 – 2207 .
  • Ahmed , I.A. , Ahmed , A.K. and Robinson , R.K. 1995 . Chemical composition of date varieties as influenced by the stage of ripening . Food Chem. , 54 : 305 – 309 .
  • Mrabet , A. , Ferchichi , A. , Chaira , N. , Mohamed , B.S. , Baaziz , M. and Penny , T.M. 2008 . Physico-chemical characteristics and total quality of date palm varieties grown in the Southern of Tunisia . Pak. J. Biol. Sci. , 11 : 1003 – 1008 .
  • Messaïtfa , A. 2008 . Fluoride contents in ground waters and the main consumed foods (dates and tea) in Southern Algeria region . Environ. Geol. , 55 : 377 – 383 .
  • Al-Farsi , M. , Alasalvar , C. , Morris , A. , Baron , M. and Shahidi , F. 2005 . Comparison of antioxidant activity, anthocyanins, carotenoids, and phenolics of three native fresh and sun-dried date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) . varieties grown in Oman. J. Agric. Food Chem. , 53 : 7592 – 7599 .
  • Vyawahare , N. , Pujari , R. , Khsirsagar , A. , Ingawale , D. , Patil , M. and Kagathara , V. 2009 . Phoenix dactylifera: An update of its indegenous uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology . Internet J. Pharmacol. , 7 : 1
  • Mansouri , A. , Embarek , G. , Kokkalou , E. and Kefalas , P. 2005 . Phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of the Algerian ripe date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera) . Food Chem. , 89 : 411 – 420 .
  • Maier , V.P. and Metzler , D.M. 1965 . Changes in individual date polyphenols and their relation to browning . J. Food Sci. , 30 : 747 – 752 .
  • Hong , Y.J. , Tomas-Barberan , F.A. , Kader , A.A. and Mitchell , A.E. 2006 . The flavonoid glycosides and procyanidin composition of Deglet Noor dates (Phoenix dactylifera) . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 54 : 2405 – 2411 .
  • Vayalil , P.K. 2002 . Antioxidant and antimutagenic properties of aqueous extract of date fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L . Arecaceae). J. Agr. Food Chem. , 50 : 610 – 617 .
  • Al-Humaid , A.I. , Mousa , H.M. , El-Mergawi , R.A. and Abdel-Salam , A.M. 2010 . Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of dates and dates-camel-milk mixtures as a protective meal against lipid peroxidation in rats . Am. J. Food Technol. , 5 : 22 – 30 .
  • Amorós , A. , Pretel , M. , T , Almansa , M.S. , Botella , M.A. , Zapata , P.J. and Serrano , M. 2009 . Antioxidant and Nutritional Properties of Date Fruit from Elche Grove as Affected by Maturation and Phenotypic Variability of Date Palm . Food Sci. Technol. Int. , 15 : 65 – 72 .
  • Naskar , S. , Islam , A. , Mazumder , U.K. , Saha , P. , Haldar , P.K. and Gupta , M. 2010 . In Vitro and In Vivo Antioxidant Potential of Hydromethanolic Extract of Phoenix dactylifera . Fruits. J. Sci. Res. , 2 : 144 – 157 .
  • Maier , V.P. and Metzler , D.M. 1965 . Quantitative changes in date polyphenols and their relation to browning . J. Food Sci. , 30 : 80 – 84 .
  • Khali , M. and Selselet-Attou , G. 2007 . Effect of heat treatment on polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activities in Algerian stored dates . Afr. J. Biotechnol. , 6 : 790 – 794 .
  • Al-Kahtani , H.A. , Abu-Tarboush , H.M. , Al-Dryhim , Y.N. , Ahmed , M.A. , Bajaber , A.S. , Adam , E.E. and El-Mojaddidi , M.A. 1998 . Irradiation of dates: insect disinfestation, microbial and chemical assessments, and use of thermoluminescence technique. Radiat . Phys. Chem. , 53 : 181 – 187 .
  • Vandercook , C.E. , Hasegawa , S. , Maier , V.P. and Dates . 1980 . Tropical and Subtropical Fruits , Edited by: Nagy , S and Shaw , P.E. 506 – 541 . Westport, CT : AVI Publishing Co .
  • Zare , Z. , Sohrabpour , M. , Fazeli , T.Z. and Kohan , K.G. 2002 . Evaluation of invertase (B-fructo furanosidase) activity in irradiated Mazafaty dates during storage . Radiat. Phys. Chem. , 65 : 289 – 291 .
  • Mustafa , A.B. , Harper , D.B. and Johnston , D.E. 2006 . Biochemical changes during ripening of some Sudanese date varieties . J. Sci. Food Agr. , 37 : 43 – 53 .
  • Hasegawa , S. , Maier , V.P. , Kaszycki , H.P. and Crawford , J.K. 1969 . Polygalacturonase content of dates and its relation to maturity and softness . J. Food Sci. , 34 : 527 – 529 .
  • Hasegawa , S. and Smolensky , D.C. 1971 . Cellulase in dates and its role in fruit softening . J. Food Sci. , 36 : 966 – 967 .
  • Al-Qarni , S.S. M. 2005 . “ Biochemical changes during date palm fruits ripening ” . In MSc thesis of science in biochemistry , 147 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia : Faculty of science. King Saud University .
  • Al-Farsi , M. , Alasalvar , C. , Morris , A. , Baron , M. and Shahidi , F. 2005 . Compositional and sensory characteristics of three native sun-dried date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) . varieties grown in Oman. J. Agr. Chem. , 53 : 7586 – 7591 .
  • Boudries , H. , Kefalas , P. and Hornero-Me´ndez , D. 2007 . Carotenoid composition of Algerian date varieties (Phoenix dactylifera) at different edible maturation stages . Food Chem. , 101 : 1372 – 1377 .
  • Devshony , S. , Eteshola , E. and Shani , A. 1992 . Characteristics and some potential applications of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) . seeds and seed oil. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. , 69 : 595 – 597 .
  • Gross , J. , Haber , O. and Ikan , R. 1983 . The carotenoid pigments of the date . Sci. Hort. , 20 : 251 – 257 .
  • Saleem , S.A. 2005 . “ Aspects of ripening of Dhakki dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) and post harvest stability employing hurdle technology; PhD thesis of food science and technology ” . In Faculty of agriculture , 192 Pakistan : Gomal University . Dera Ismail Khan
  • Al-Hooti , S. , Sidhu , J.S. and Qabazard , H. 1997 . Objective color measurement of fresh date fruits and processed date products . J. Food Qual. , 20 : 257 – 266 .
  • Reynes , M. , Lebrun , M. and Shaw , P.E. 2007 . Identification of volatile date components and use of multivariate analysis to distinguish date varieties . J. Food Quality. , 19 : 505 – 514 .
  • Narain , N. 2007 . Volatile compounds in date palm fruit . Acta Hortic , 736 : 261 – 266 .
  • Organic Farming in the Tropics and Subtropics. Date palm. 2002. Available at http://www.naturland.de/fileadmin/MDB/documents/Publication/English/date_palms.pdf (http://www.naturland.de/fileadmin/MDB/documents/Publication/English/date_palms.pdf)
  • Mahmoudi , H. , Hosseininia , G. , Azadi , H. and Fatemi , M. 2008 . Enhancing date palm processing, marketing and pest control through organic culture . J. Org. Syst. , 3 : 29 – 39 .
  • Grecz , N. , Al-Harithy , R. , Jaw , R. , Al-Suwaine , A.R. , El-Mojaddidi , M.A. and Rahma , S. 1988 . Radiation processing of dates grown in Saudi Arabia . Int. J. Radiat. Appl. Instrum. Part C. Radiat. Phys. Chem. , 31 : 161 – 164 .
  • Ihsanullah , I. , Iqbal , Y. and Khattak , T.N. 2005 . Effect of various irradiation doses on some nutrients of Pakistani date . J. Radio analyt. Nucl. Chem. , 266 : 361 – 366 .
  • Azelmat , K. , ElGarrouj , D. , Mouhib , M. and Sayah , F. 2006 . Irradiation of ‘Boufeggous’ dates: Effects on chemical composition during storage . Postharvest Biol. Technol. , 39 : 217 – 222 .
  • Zare , Z. , Sayhoon , M. and Maghsoudi , V. 1993 . Irradiation disinfestation and decontamination of Iranian dates and pistachio nuts . Radiat. Phys. Chem. , 42 : 301 – 305 .
  • Emam , O.A. , Farag , S.E.A. and Hammad , A.I. 1994 . Comparative studies between fumigation and irradiation of semi-dry date fruits . Mol. Nutr. Food Res. , 38 : 61 – 620 .
  • Shomer , I. , Borochov-Neori , H. , Luzki , B. and Merin , U. 1998 . Morphological, structural and membrane changes in frozen tissues of Madjhoul date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruits. Postharvest Biol . Technol. , 14 : 207 – 215 .
  • Mortazavi , S.M.H. , Arzani , K. and Barzegar , M. 2007 . Effect of vacuum and modified atmosphere packaging on the postharvest quality and shelf life of date fruits in khalal stage . Acta Hortic. , 736 : 471 – 477 .
  • Al-Redhaiman , K.N. 2004 . Modified atmosphere extends storage period and maintains quality of Birhi date fruits . Acta hortic. , 682 : 979 – 986 .
  • Baloch , M. , Saleem , S.A. , Baloch , A.K. and Baloch , W.A. 2006 . Impact of controlled atmosphere on the stability of Dhakki dates . LWT – Food Sci. Technol. , 39 : 671 – 676 .
  • Baloch , A.K. , Baloch , W.A. , Baloch , M.K. and Saleem , S.A. 2007 . Shelf stability of Dhakki dates as influenced by water activity and headspace atmosphere . Acta Hortic. , 736 : 572 – 586 .
  • Shi , J. , Ho , C. and Shahidi , F. 2005 . Asian functional foods , 508 – 516 . New York : CRC Press .
  • Ahmed , J. and Ramaswamy , H.S. 2006 . Physico-chemical properties of commercial date pastes (Phoenix dactylifera) . J. Food Eng. , 76 : 348 – 352 .
  • Yousif , A.K. , Morton , I.D. and Mustafa , A.I. 1991 . Functionality of date paste in bread making . Cereal Chem. , 68 : 43 – 47 .
  • Khatchadourian , H.A. , Sawaya , W.N. , Ayaz , M. and Al-mohammad , M.M. 1987 . Processing date varieties into pickles . Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. , 22 : 243 – 247 .
  • Al-Hooti , S. , Sidhu , J.S. , Al-otaibi , J. , Al-ameeri , H. and Qabazard , H. 1997 . Processing of some important date cultivars grown in United Arab Emirates into chutney and date relish . J. Food Process. Preserv. , 21 : 55 – 68 .
  • Ale-booyeh , S. and Moosavi , A. 2007 . Reduction of date wastes via instructing rural women using instructor CDs. Collection of papers from the first scientific congress of the role of rural women in reduction of agricultural wastes, The Rural Women Office, Agricultural Ministry 21 – 34 . Tehran, Iran
  • Ahmed , I.A. , Ahmed , A.K. and Robinson , R.K. 1999 . Susceptibility of date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera) to aflatoxin production . J. Sci. Food Agr. , 74 : 64 – 68 .
  • Ahmed , I.A. and Robinson , R.K. 1999 . The ability of date extracts to support the production of aflatoxins . Food Chem , 66 : 307 – 312 .
  • Nancib , N. , Ghoul , M. , Larous , L. , Nancib , A. , Adimi , L. , Remmal , M. and Boudrant , J. 1999 . Use of date products in production of the thermophilic dairy starter strain Streptococcus thermophilus . Bioresource Technol. , 67 : 291 – 295 .
  • Kamel , B.S. 1979 . Dates as a potential substrate for single cell protein production . Enzyme Microb. Technol , 1 : 180 – 182 .
  • Al-Hooti , S.N. , Sidhu , J.S. , Al-Saqer , J.M. and Al-Othman , A. 2002 . Chemical composition and quality of date syrup as affected by pectinase/cellulase enzyme treatment . J. Food Chem. , 79 : 215 – 220 .
  • Entezari , M.H. , Hagh Nazary , S. and Haddad Khodaparast , M.H. 2004 . The direct effect of ultrasound on the extraction of date syrup and its micro-organisms . J. Ultrason. Sonochemistry. , 11 : 379 – 384 .
  • Al-Farsi , M.A. 2003 . Clarification of date juice . Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. , 38 : 241 – 245 .
  • Mohamadi-nafchi . 2001 . “ A. Production of Beverage from Date; MSc Thesis of Food Engineering ” . In Faculty of Chemical Engineering , 127 Tehran, Iran : Sharif University .
  • Gohari-ardebili , A. 2004 . “ A survey on Effects of Replacement of Sugar with Date Syrup on Physico-Chemical Ccharacteristics of Soft Ice Cream; MSc Thesis of Food Engineering ” . In Faculty of Agriculture , 119 Mashhad, Iran : Ferdosi University .
  • Sidhu , J.S. , Al-saqer , J.M. , Al-hooti , S.N. and Al-othman , A. 2003 . Quality of pan bread made by replacing sucrose with date syrup produced by using pectinase/cellulase enzymes . Plant Food Hum. Nutr. , 58 : 1 – 8 .
  • Seyed , M. 1993 . “ Improving Date Syrup Quality and Its Application in Cake and Biscuit Industry; MSc Thesis of Food Engineering ” . In Faculty of Agriculture , 106 Tehran, Iran : Tarbiat Modares University .
  • Chehrei , M. 1999 . “ Formulation and Production of Candy and Toffee Using Date Syrup; MSc Thesis of Food Engineering ” . In Faculty of Science and Research , 149 Tehran, Iran : Azad University .
  • Roofegarinejad , L.A . 2002 . “ Survey on Source of Color Pigments in Syrup Prepared from Date Wastes and Methods of Removing Them. MSc Thesis of Food Engineering ” . In Faculty of Agriculture , 79 Tabriz, Iran : Tabriz University .
  • Sheikh-zeineddin , M. 1995 . “ Fermentative Production of Ethylic Alcohol from Date (Reducing Wastes); MSc Thesis of Food Engineering ” . In Faculty of Agriculture , 68 Tehran, Iran : Tarbiat Modares University .
  • Mehaia , A. 1991 . Fermentation of date extracts to ethanol and vinegar in batch and continuous membrane reactors . Enzyme Microb. Technol. , 13 : 257 – 261 .
  • Nik-khah , M.A . 2000 . “ Survey on Possibilities of Citric Acid Production from Date Wastes Using Aspergillus niger; MSc Thesis of Food Engineering ” . In Faculty of Agriculture , 115 Tabriz, Iran : Tabriz University .
  • Roukas , T. and Kotzekidou , P. 1997 . Pretreatment of date syrup to increase citric acid production. Enzyme Microb . Technol. , 21 : 273 – 276 .
  • Abou-Zeid , A.A. , Baghlaf , A.O. , Khan , J.A. and Makhashin , S.S. 1983 . Utilization of date seeds and cheese whey in production of citric acid by Candida lipolytica . Agr. Wastes. , 8 : 131 – 142 .
  • Nancib , N. , Nancib , A. , Boudjelal , A. , Benslimane , C. , Blanchard , F. and Boudrant , J. 2001 . The effect of supplementation by different nitrogen sources on the production of lactic acid from date juice by Lactobacillus casei subsp. Rhamnosus . Bioresource Technol. , 78 : 149 – 153 .
  • Nancib , A. , Nancib , N. , Meziane-Cherif , D. , Boubendir , A. , Fick , M. and Boudrant , J. 2005 . Joint effect of nitrogen sources and B vitamin supplementation of date juice on lactic acid production by Lactobacillus casei subsp. Rhamnosus . Bioresource Technol. , 96 : 63 – 67 .
  • Chauhan , K. , Trivedi , U. and Patel , K.C. 2007 . Statistical screening of medium components by Plackett–Burman design for lactic acid production by Lactobacillus sp. KCP01 using date juice . Bioresource Technol. , 98 : 98 – 103 .
  • Davati , N. 2005 . “ Production of Glutamic Acid Using Coryneacterium glutamicum; MSc Thesis of Food Engineering ” . In Faculty of Agriculture , 95 Tehran, Iran : Tarbiat Modares University .
  • Tavakoli , M. 2007 . “ Optimization of Glutamic Acid Production from Date Wastes by Corynebacterium glutamicum; MSc Thesis of Food Engineering ” . In Faculty of Agriculture , 84 Tehran, Iran : Tarbiat Modares University .
  • Khan , J.A. , Abulnaja , K.O. , Kumosani , T.A. and Abou-Zaid , A.A. 1995 . Utilization of Saudi date sugars in production of baker's yeast . Bioresource Technol , 53 : 63 – 66 .
  • Abou-Zeid , A.A. and Baeshin , N.A. 1992 . Utilization of date-seed lipid and hydrolysate in the fermentative formation of oxytetracycline by Streptomyces rimosus . Bioresource Technol. , 41 : 41 – 43 .
  • Niazmand , R. 2002 . “ Clarification and Decolorization of Date Juice or Production of Liquid Sugar (Date Honey); MSc Thesis of Food Engineering ” . In Faculty of Agriculture , 160 Mashhad, Iran : Ferdosi University .
  • Ben Thabet , I. , Besbes , S. , Attia , H. , Deroanne , C. , Francis , F. , Drira , N. and Blecker , C. 2009 . Physicochemical characteristics of date sap “Lagmi” from Deglet Nour palm (Phoenix Dactylifera L.) . Int. J. Food Prop. , 12 : 659 – 670 .
  • Ben Thabet , I. , Attia , H. , Besbes , S. , Deroanne , C. , Francis , F. , Drira , N. and Blecker , C. 2007 . Physicochemical and functional properties of typical Tunisian drink: date palm sap (Phoenix dactylifera L.) . Food Biophys. , 2 : 76 – 82 .
  • Jassim , S.A.A. and Naji , M.A. 2010 . In vitro Evaluation of the Antiviral Activity of an Extract of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Pits on a Pseudomonas Phage . eCAM. , 7 : 57 – 62 .
  • Ishrud , O. , Zahid , M. , Ahmad , V. and Pan , Y. 2001 . Isolation and structure analysis of a glucomannan from the seeds of Libyan dates . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 49 : 3772 – 3774 .
  • Ishrud , O. , Zahid , M. , Zhou , H. and Pan , Y. 2001 . A water-soluble galactomannan from the seeds of Phoenix dactylifera L . Carbohyd. Res. , 335 : 297 – 301 .
  • Bouaziz , M.A. , Besbes , S. , Blecker , C. , Wathelet , B. , Deroanne , C. and Attia , H. 2008 . Protein and amino acid profiles of Tunisian Deglet Nour and Allig date palm fruit seeds . Fruits. , 63 : 37 – 43 .
  • Rahman , M.S. , Kasapis , S. , Al-Kharusi , N.S.Z. , Al-Marhubi , I.M. and Khan , A.J. 2007 . Composition characterisation and thermal transition of date pits powders . J. Food Eng. , 80 : 1 – 10 .
  • Al-Hooti , S. , Sidhu , J.S. and Qabazard , H. 1998 . Chemical composition of seeds of date fruit cultivars of United Arab Emirates . J. food Sci. Technol. , 35 : 44 – 46 .
  • Besbes , S. , Blecker , C. , Deroanne , C. , Lognay , G. , Drira , N. and Attia , H. 2005 . Heating effects on some quality characteristics of date seed oil . Food Chem. , 91 : 469 – 476 .
  • Al-Farsi , M.A. and Lee , C.Y. 2008 . Optimization of phenolics and dietary fiber extraction from date seeds . Food Chem. , 108 : 977 – 985 .
  • Hamada , J.S. , Hashim , I.B. and Sharif , F.A. 2002 . Preliminary analysis and potential uses of date pits in foods . Food Chem. , 76 : 135 – 137 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.