Oxidation of Cholesterol in Foods and Its Importance for Human Health

References

• Ikonen , E. 2006 . Mechanisms of cellular cholesterol transport: Defects and human disease . Physiol. Rev. , 86 : 1237 – 1261 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hur , S.J. , Park , G.B. and Joo , S.T. 2007 . Formation of cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) in animal products . Food Control. , 18 : 939 – 947 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy , R.C. and Johnson , K.M. 2008 . Cholesterol, reactive oxygen species, and the formation of biologically active mediators . J. Biol. Chem. , 283 : 15521 – 15525 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels , T.F. , Killinger , K.M. , Michal , J.J. , Wright , R.W. and Jr.; Jiang , Z. 2009 . Lipoproteins, cholesterol homeostasis and cardiac health . Int. J. Sci. , 5 : 474 – 488 .
   Google Scholar
• Ikonen , E. 2008 . Cellular cholesterol trafficking and compartmentalization . Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. , 9 : 125 – 138 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yen , T.Y. , Inbaraj , B.S. , Chien , J.T. and Chen , B.H. 2010 . Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination of conjugated linoleic acids and cholesterol oxides and their stability in a model system . Anal. Biochem. , 400 : 130 – 138 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd-Jones , D. , Adams , R , Carnethon , M , Simone , G. , Ferguson , T.B. Flegal , K. 2009 . Heart disease and stroke statistics—2009 update: A report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee . Circulation , 119 : 480 – 486 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linseisen , J. and Wolfram , G. 1998 . Origin, metabolism and adverse health effects of cholesterol oxidation products . Fett. Lipid. , 100 : 211 – 218 .
   Google Scholar
• Ryan , E. , Chopra , J. , McCarthy , F. , Maguire , A.R. and O'Brian , N.M. 2005 . Qualitative and quantitative comparison on the cytotoxic and apoptotic potential of phytosterol oxidation products with their corresponding cholesterol oxidation products . Br. J. Nutr. , 94 : 443 – 451 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olkkonen , V.M. and Lehto , M. 2004 . Oxysterols and oxysterol binding proteins: Role in lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis . Ann. Med. , 36 : 562 – 572 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemmo , S. , Ollilainen , V. , Lampi , A.M. and Piironen , V. 2007 . Determination of stigmasterol and cholesterol oxides using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry . Food Chem. , 101 : 1438 – 1445 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savage , G.P. , Dutta , P.C. and Rodriguez-Estrada , M.T. 2002 . Cholesterol oxides: Their occurrence and methods to prevent their generation . Asia Pacific J. Clin. Nutr. , 11 : 72 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guardiola , F. , Tres , A. , Codony , R. , Addis , P.B. , Bergmann , S.D. and Zavoral , J.H. 2007 . Lack of effect of oral supplementation with antioxidants on cholesterol oxidation product concentration of human plasma, as reveled by an improved gas chromatography method. Anal. Bioanal . Chem. , 389 : 277 – 289 .
   Google Scholar
• Valenzuela , A. , Sanhueza , J. and Nieto , S. 2003 . Cholesterol oxidation: Health hazard and the role of antioxidants in prevention . Biol. Res. , 36 : 291 – 302 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroepfer , G.J. 2000 . Oxysterols: Modulators of cholesterol metabolism and other processes . Physiol. Rev. , 80 : 361 – 554 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutta , P.C. 2004 . Accurate and reproducible methods for analysis of sterol oxidation products in foods: An overview . J. AOAC Int. , 87 : 439 – 440 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raith , K. , Brenner , C. , Farwanah , H. , Muller , G. , Eder , K. and Neubert , R.H.H. 2005 . A new LC/APCI-MS method for the determination of cholesterol oxidation products in food . J. Chromatogr. A. , 1067 : 207 – 211 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vicente , S.J.V. and Torres , E.A.F.S. 2007 . Formation of four cholesterol oxidation products and loss of free lipids, cholesterol and water in beef hamburgers as a function of thermal processing . Food Control. , 18 : 63 – 68 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , L.L. 1996 . Review of progress in sterol oxidations: 1987–1995 . Lipids , 31 : 453 – 487 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chien , J.T. , Lu , Y.F. , Hu , P.C. and Chen , B.H. 2003 . Cholesterol photooxidation as affected by combination of riboflavin and fatty acid methyl esters . Food Chem. , 81 : 421 – 431 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariutti , L.R.B. , Nogueira , G.C. and Bragagnolo , N. 2008 . Optimization and validation of analytical conditions for cholesterol and cholesterol oxides extraction in chicken meat using response surface methodology . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 56 : 2913 – 2918 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , A.J. and Jessup , W. 2009 . Oxysterols: Sources, cellular storage and metabolism, and new insights into their roles in cholesterol homeostasis . Mol. Aspects Med. , 20 : 111 – 122 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choe , E. and Min , D.B. 2006 . Chemistry and reactions of reactive oxygen species in foods. Crit. Rev . Food Sci. Nutr. , 46 : 1 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter , K.L.H. 2002 . God COP, bad COP: An unsolved murder. Are dietary cholesterol oxidation products guilty of atherogenicity? Br . J. Nutr. , 88 : 335 – 338 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aizpurúa , I.C.M. and Tenuta-Filho , A. 2005 . Oxidation of cholesterol in mayonnaise during storage . Food Chem. , 89 : 611 – 615 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maerker , G. 1987 . Cholesterol autoxidation—Current status . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 64 : 388 – 392 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubow , S. 1992 . Routes of formation and toxic consequences of lipid oxidation products in food . J. Free Radic. Biol. Med. , 12 : 63 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , L.L. 1981 . “ Distribution of Autoxidation Products ” . In Cholesterol Autoxidation , 49 – 123 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gordon , M.H. 2000 . “ The mechanism of antioxidant action ” . In Food Antioxidants , 1 – 18 . London : Elsevier Applied Science .
   Google Scholar
• Hoac , T. , Daun , C. , Trafikowska , J. and Akesson , B. 2006 . Influence of heat treatment on lipid oxidation and glutathione peroxidase activity in chicken and duck meat. Innov . Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. , 7 : 88 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu , Z. , Zhang , T. , Prinyawiwatkul , W. and Godber , S. 2005 . Capabilities of different cooking oil in prevention of cholesterol oxidation during heating . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 82 : 243 – 248 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , S.K. and Nawar , W.W. 1993 . Parameters influencing cholesterol oxidation . Lipids , 28 : 917 – 922 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palozza , P. , Barone , E. , Mancuso , C. and Picci , N. 2008 . The protective role of carotenoids against 7-ketocholesterol formation in solution. Mol . Cell Biochem. , 309 : 61 – 68 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broncano , J.M. , Petrón , M.J. , Parra , V. and Timón , M.L. 2009 . Effect of different cooking methods on lipid oxidation and formation of free cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) in Latissimus dorsi of Iberian pigs . Meat Sci. , 83 : 431 – 437 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Saghir , S. , Thurner , K. , Wagner , K.H. , Frisch , G. , Luf , W. , Razzazi-Fazeli , E. and Elmadfa , I. 2004 . Effects of different cooking procedures on lipid quality and cholesterol oxidation of farmed salmon fish (Salmo salar) . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 52 : 5290 – 5296 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohshima , T. , Li , N. and Koizumi , C. 1993 . Oxidative decomposition of cholesterol in fish products . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 70 : 595 – 599 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampaio , G.R. , Bastos , D.H.M. , Soares , R.A.M. , Queiroz , Y.S. and Torres , E.A.F.S. 2006 . Fatty acids and cholesterol oxidation in salted and dried shrimp . Food Chem. , 95 : 344 – 351 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saldanha , T. and Bragagnolo , N. 2007 . Cholesterol oxidation is increased and PUFAs decreased by frozen storage and grilling of Atlantic hake fillets (Merluccius hubbsi) . Lipids , 42 : 671 – 678 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soto-Rodríguez , I. , Campillo-Velázquez , P.J. , Ortega-Martínez , J. , Rodríguez-Estrada , M.T. , Lercker , G. and Garcia , H.S. 2008 . Cholesterol oxidation in traditional Mexican dried and deep-fried food products. J. Food Compost . Anal. , 21 : 489 – 495 .
   Google Scholar
• Obara , A. , Obiedziński , M. and Kołczak , T. 2006 . The effect of water activity on cholesterol oxidation in spray-dried egg powders . Food Chem , 95 : 173 – 179 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maerker , G. and Bunick , F.J. 1986 . Cholesterol oxides II: measurement of the 5,6 epoxides during cholesterol oxidation in aqueous dispersions . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 63 : 771 – 777 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vore , V.R. 1988 . TBA values and 7-ketocholesterol in refrigerated raw and cooked ground beef . J. Food Sci. , 53 : 1058 – 1061 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conchillo , A. , Ansorena , D. and Astiasaran , I. 2005 . Intensity of lipid oxidation and formation of cholesterol oxidation products during frozen storage of raw and cooked chicken . J. Sci. Food Agric. , 84 : 141 – 146 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cachaldora , P. , Garcia-Rebollar , P. , Alvarez , C. , Méndez , J. and De Blas , J.C. 2008 . Double enrichment of chicken eggs with conjugated linoleic acid and n-3 fatty acids through dietary fat supplementation . Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. , 144 : 315 – 326 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazalli , M.R. and Bragagnolo , N. 2009 . Increase of cholesterol oxidation and decrease of PUFAs as a result of thermal processing and storage in eggs enriched with n-3 fatty acids . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 57 : 5028 – 5034 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazalli , M.R. and Bragagnolo , N. 2007 . Effect of storage on cholesterol oxide formation and fatty acid alterations in egg powder . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 55 : 2743 – 2748 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saldanha , T. , Benassi , M.T. and Bragagnolo , N. 2008 . Fatty acid contents evolution and cholesterol oxides formation in Brazilian sardines (Sardinella brasiliensis) as a result of frozen storage followed by grilling. LWT Food Sci . Technol. , 41 : 1301 – 1309 .
   Google Scholar
• Ferioli , F. , Caboni , M.F. and Dutta , P.C. 2008 . Evaluation of cholesterol and lipid oxidation in raw and cooked minced beef stored under oxygen-enriched atmosphere . Meat Sci. , 80 : 681 – 685 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boselli , E. , Caboni , M.A. , Rodriguez-Estrada , M.T. , Toschi , T.G. , Daniel , M. and Lercker , G. 2005 . Photoxidation of cholesterol and lipids of turkey meat during storage under commercial retail conditions . Food Chem. , 91 : 705 – 713 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahn , D.U. , Nam , K.C. , Du , M. and Jo , C. 2001 . Effect of irradiation and packing conditions after cooking on the formation of cholesterol and lipid oxidation products in meat during storage . Meat Sci. , 57 : 413 – 418 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanardi , E. , Battaglia , A. , Ghidini , S. , Conter , M. , Badiani , A. and Ianieri , A. 2009 . Lipid oxidation of irradiated pork products . LWT Food Sci. Technol. , 42 : 1301 – 1307 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verardo , V. , Pasini , F. , Iafelice , F. , Messia , M.C. , Marconi , E. and Caboni , M.F. 2010 . Influence of storage conditions on cholesterol oxidation in dried egg pasta . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 58 : 3586 – 3590 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , H.W. , Chien , J.T. and Chen , B.H. 2008 . Inhibition of cholesterol oxidation in marinated foods as affected by antioxidant during heating . Food Chem. , 108 : 234 – 244 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baggio , S.R. and Bragagnolo , N. 2006 . The effect of heat treatment on the cholesterol oxides, cholesterol, total lipid and fatty contents of processed meat products . Food Chem. , 95 : 611 – 619 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baggio , S.R. and Bragagnolo , N. 2006 . Cholesterol oxide, cholesterol, total lipid and fatty acid contents in processed meat products during storage . Lebens. Winss. Technol. , 39 : 513 – 520 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galvin , K. , Lynch , A.M. , Kerry , J.P. , Morrissey , P.A. and Buckley , D.J. 2000 . Effect of dietary vitamin E supplementation on cholesterol oxidation in vacuum packaged cooked beefsteaks . Meat Sci. , 55 : 7 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chien , J.T. , Hsu , D.J. and Chen , B.H. 2006 . Kinetic model for studying the effect of quercetin on cholesterol oxidation during heating . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 54 : 1486 – 1492 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guardiola , F. , Bou , R. , Boatella , J. and Codony , R. 2004 . Analysis of sterol oxidation products in foods . J. AOAC Int. , 87 : 441 – 466 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saldanha , T. , Sawaya , A.C.H.F. , Eberlin , M.N. and Bragagnolo , N. 2006 . HPLC separation and determination of 12 cholesterol oxidation products in fish: Comparative study of RI, UV, and APCI-MS detectors . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 54 : 4107 – 4113 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill , S. , Chow , R. and Brown , A.J. 2008 . Sterol regulators of cholesterol homeostasis and beyond: The oxysterol hypothesis revisited and revised . Prog. Lipid Res. , 47 : 391 – 404 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russel , D.W. 2000 . Oxysterol biosynthetic enzymes . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 1529 : 126 – 135 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staprans , I. , Rapp , J.H. , Pan , X.M. and Feingold , K.R. 2003 . Oxidized cholesterol in the diet is a source of oxidized lipoproteins in human serum . J. Lipid Res. , 44 : 705 – 715 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meynier , A. , Lherminier , J. , Demaison-Meloche , J. , Ginies , C. , Grandgirard , A. and Demaison , L. 2002 . Effects of dietary oxysterols on coronary arteries in hyperlipidaemic hamsters . Br. J. Nutr. , 87 : 447 – 458 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ando , M. , Tomoyori , H. and Imaizumi , K. 2002 . Dietary cholesterol-oxidation products accumulate in serum and in liver in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, but do not accelerated atherosclerosis . Br. J. Nutr. , 88 : 339 – 345 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osada , K. , Sasaki , E. and Sugano , M. 1994 . Lymphatic absorption of oxidized cholesterol in rats . Lipids , 29 : 555 – 559 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linseisen , J. and Wolfram , G. 1998 . Absorption of cholesterol oxidation products from ordinary foodstuffs in humans . Ann. Nutr. Metab. , 42 : 221 – 230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emanuel , H.A. , Hassel , C.A. , Addis , P.B. , Bergman , S.D. and Zavorel , J.H. 1991 . Plasma cholesterol oxidation products (oxysterols) in humans subject fed a meal rich in oxysterols . J. Food Sci. , 56 : 843 – 847 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonarduzzi , G. , Sottero , B. and Poli , G. 2002 . Oxidized products of cholesterol: Dietary and metabolic origin, and proatherosclerotic effects [review] . J. Nutr. Biochem. , 13 : 700 – 710 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bascoul , J. , Domergue , N. , Mourot , J. , Debry , G. and Paulet , A.C. 1986 . Intestinal absorption and fecal excretion of 5,6α-epoxy-5α-cholesta-3β-ol by the male Wistar rats . Lipids , 21 : 744 – 747 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuda , H. , Javitt , N.B. , Mitamura , K. , Ikegawa , S. and Stroff , C.A. 2007 . Oxysterols are substrates for cholesterol sulphotransferase . J. Lipid Res. , 48 : 1343 – 1352 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , J. , Megha , T. and London , E. 2004 . Relationship between sterol/steroid structure and participation in ordered lipid domains (lipid rafts): Implications for lipid raft structure and functions . Biochemistry , 43 : 1010 – 1018 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guardiola , F. , Codony , R. , Addis , P.B. , Rafecas , M. and Boatella , J. 1996 . Biological effects of oxysterols: Current status . Food Chem. Toxicol. , 34 : 193 – 211 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ong , W.Y. , Goh , E.W.S. , Lu , X.R. , Farooqui , A.A. , Patel , S.C. and Halliwell , B. 2003 . Increase in cholesterol and cholesterol oxidation products, and role of cholesterol oxidation products in kainate-induced neuronal injury . Brain Pathol. , 13 : 250 – 262 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , C.Y. and Morel , D.W. 1996 . Esterification of oxysterols in human serum: Effects on distribution and cellular uptake . J. Lipid Res. , 37 : 168 – 178 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olkkonen , V.M. and Hynynen , R. 2009 . Interactions of oxysterols with membranes and proteins . Mol. Aspects Med. , 30 : 123 – 133 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim , H.K. , Kang , H.K. , Yoo , E.S. , Kim , B.J. , Kim , Y.W. , Cho , M. , Lee , J.H. , Lee , Y.S. , Chung , M.H. and Hyun , J.W. 2003 . Oxysterol induce apoptosis and accumulation of cell cycle at G2/M phase in the human monocytic THP-1 cell line . Life Sci. , 72 : 1389 – 1399 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan , L. , O'Callaghan , Y.C. and O'Brien , N. 2005 . The role of the mitochondria in apoptosis induced by 7β-hydroxycholesterol and cholesterol-5β-6β-epoxyde . Br. J. Nutr. , 94 : 519 – 525 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , A.C. and Glass , C.K. 2004 . PPAR- and LXR-dependent pathways controlling lipid metabolism and the development of atherosclerosis . J. Lipid Res. , 45 : 2161 – 2173 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wielkoszyński , T. , Gawron , K. , Strzelczyk , J. , Bodzek , P. , Zalewska-Ziob , M. , Trapp , G. , Srebniak , M. and Wiczkowski , A. 2006 . Cellular toxicity of oxysterols . Bioessays. , 28 : 387 – 398 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osada , K. , Minehira , K. , Inoue , S. , Nakamura , S. , Yamada , K. and Sugano , M. 2000 . Effect of oxidized cholesterol on age-associated changes to immune parameters in spleen lymphocytes and peritoneal exudate cells derived from rats . Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. , 64 : 1047 – 1051 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umetani , M. , Domoto , H. , Gormley , A.K. , Yuhanna , I.S. , Cummins , C.L. , Javitt , N.B. , Korach , K.S. , Shaul , P.W. and Mangelsdorf , D.J. 2007 . 27-Hydroxycholesterol is an endogenous SERM that inhibits the cardiovascular effects of estrogen . Nat. Med. , 13 : 1185 – 1192 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayden , J.M. , Brachova , L. , Higgins , K. , Obermiller , L. , Sevanian , A. , Khandrika , S. and Reaven , P.D. 2002 . Induction of monocyte differentiation and foam cell formation in vitro by 7-ketocholesterol . J. Lipid Res. , 43 : 26 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staprans , I. , Pan , X.M. , Rapp , J.H. , Grunfeld , C. and Feingold , K.R. 2000 . Oxidized cholesterol in the diet accelerate development of atherosclerosis in LDL-receptor and apolipoprotein E-deficient mice . Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. , 20 : 708 – 714 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons , M.A. and Brown , A.J. 1999 . 7-Ketocholesterol. Int. J. Biochem . Cell Biol. , 31 : 369 – 375 .
   Google Scholar
• Ferrari , C.K.B. 2000 . Free radicals, lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in apoptosis: Implications in cancer, cardiovascular and neurological diseases . Biologia , 55 : 579 – 590 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black , H.S. and Douglas , D.R. 1972 . A model system for the evaluation of the role of α-oxide in ultraviolet carcinogenesis . Cancer Res. , 32 : 2630 – 2632 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendal , C.W. , Koo , M. , Sokoloff , E. and Rao , V. 992 . Effect of dietary oxidized cholesterol on azoxymethane-induced colonic preneoplasia in mice . Cancer Lett. 1 , 66 : 241 – 248 .
   Google Scholar
• Sevanian , A. and Peterson , A.R. 1986 . The cytotoxic and mutagenic properties of cholesterol oxidation products . Food Chem. Toxicol. , 24 : 1103 – 1110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sporer , A. , Brill , D.R. and Schaffner , C.P. 1982 . Epoxycholesterols in secretions and tissue of normal, benign, and cancerous human prostate glands . Urology , 20 : 244 – 250 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng , Y.W. , Kang , J.J. , Shih , Y.L. , Lo , Y.L. and Wang , C.F. 2005 . Cholesterol-3-beta, 5-alpha, 6-beta-triol induced genotoxicity through reactive oxygen species formation . Food Chem. Toxicol. , 43 : 617 – 622 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon , J.H. , Canbay , A.E. , Werneburg , N.W. , Lee , S.P. and Gores , G.J. 2004 . Oxysterols induce cyclooxygenase-2 expression in cholangiocytes: Implications for biliary tract carcinogenesis . Hepatology , 39 : 732 – 738 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biasi , F. , Mascia , C. and Poli , G. 2008 . The contribution of animal fat oxidation products to colon carcinogenesis, through modulation of TGF-β1 signaling . Carcinogenesis , 29 : 890 – 894 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar