Is ergosterol a new microbiological quality parameter in foods or not?

References

• Günaydın, Ş.; Karaca, H. Küf Gelişimi Ve Mikotoksin Oluşumunun Kontrolünde Doğal Bitki Ekstraktlarının Kullanımı [Use of Natural Plant Extracts in Control of Mold Contamination and Mycotoxin Production]. Akademik Gıda 2015, 13, 173–182. Turkish.
   Google Scholar
• Keser, O.; Kutay, H.C. Mikotoksinlerin Önlenmesinde Kullanılan Bazı Yöntemler II. Kimyasal Ve Biyolojik Yöntemler [Some Preventive Methods for Mycotoxins II. Chemical and Biological Methods]. İstanbul Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg. 2009, 35, 19–30. Turkish.
   Google Scholar
• Sudakin, D.L. Trichothecenes in the Environment: Relevance to Human Health. Toxicol. Lett. 2003, 143, 97–107. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-4274(03)00116-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakırcı, G.T. Tahıl Ve Tahıl Ürünlerinin Aflatoksin, Okratoksin A, Zearalenon, Fumonisin Ve Deoksinivalenol Mikotoksinleri Yönünden Incelenmesi [Determination of Aflatoxin, Ochratoxin A, Zearalenone, Fumonisin and Deoxynivalenol Myctoxins in Cereals and Cereal Based Products]. Akademik Gıda. 2014, 12, 46–56.
   Google Scholar
• Karaca, H.; Nas, S. Aflatoxins, Patulin and Ergosterol Contents of Dried Figs in Turkey. Food Addit. Contam. 2006, 23, 502–508. DOI: 10.1080/02652030600550739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanisz, E.; Zgoła-Grześkowiak, A.; Waśkiewicz, A.; Stępień, L.; Beszterda, M. Can Ergosterol Be an Indicator of Fusarium Mold and Mycotoxins in Cereal Products? J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 2015, 26, 705–712.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsitsigiannis, D.I.; Dimakopoulou, M.; Antoniou, P.P.; Tjamos, E.C. Biological Control Strategies of Mycotoxigenic Fungi and Associated Mycotoxins in Mediterranean Basin Crops. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 2012, 51, 158–174.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taniwaki, M.H.; Pitt, J.I.; Hocking, A.D.; Fleet, G.H. Comparison of Hyphal Length, Ergosterol, Mycelium Dry Weight, and Colony Diameter for Quantifying Growth of Fungi from Foods. In Advances in Food Mycology; Hocking, A.D., Pitt, J.I., Samson, R.A., Thrane, U., Eds.; Springer: Boston, MA, 2006; pp 49–67.
   Google Scholar
• Ekinci, R.; Otağ, M.; Kadakal, Ç. Patulin & Ergosterol: New Quality Parameters Together with Aflatoxins in Hazelnuts. Food Chem. 2014, 150, 17–21. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.10.120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadakal, Ç.; Artık, N. A New Quality Parameter in Tomato and Tomato Products: Ergosterol. Crit. Rev. Food. Sci. Nutr. 2004, 44, 349–351. DOI: 10.1080/10408690490489233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan, J.P.; Wang, J.H.; Liu, X.; Kuang, H.C.; Zhao, S.Y. Simultaneous Determination of Free Ergosterol and Ergosteryl Esters in Cordyceps Sinensis by HPLC. Food Chem. 2007, 105, 1755–1759. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.04.070.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, F.A.; Basic Food Chemistry; The AVI Publishing company: INC: Westport, Connecticut, USA, 1983
   Google Scholar
• Olsson, P.A.; Larsson, L.; Bago, B.; Wallander, H.; Van Aarle, I.M. Ergosterol and Fatty Acids for Biomass Estimation of Mycorrhizal Fungi. New Phytologist 2003, 159, 7–10. DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00810.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thevissen, K.; Ferket, K.K.; François, I.E.; Cammue, B.P. Interactions of Antifungal Plant Defensins with Fungal Membrane Components. Peptides 2003, 24, 1705–1712. DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2003.09.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mille-Lindblom, C.; Von Wachenfeldt, E.; Tranvik, L.J. Ergosterol as a Measure of Living Fungal Biomass: Persistence in Environmental Samples after Fungal Death. J. Microbiol. Methods 2004, 59, 253–262. DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2004.07.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gökalp, H.Y.; Nas, S.; Certel, M. Biyokimya-1. Temel Yapılar Ve Kavramlar [Biochemistry-I]; Pamukkale University Press: Denizli, Turkey, 2002
   Google Scholar
• Kadakal, Ç.; Ergosterol Level in Tomato Products and Variation Kinetic during Process. PhD thesis. Ankara University, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Kadakal, Ç.; Nas, S.; Ekinci, R. Ergosterol as a New Quality Parameter Together with Patulin in Raw Apple Juice Produced from Decayed Apples. Food Chem. 2005, 90, 95–100. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.03.030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bocchi, M.; Ghiretti, G.P.; Sandei, L.; Spotti, E.; Leoni, C. Produzione Di Ergosterolo Da Parte Di Diversi Tipi Di Lieviti Capaci Di Colonizzare Il Pomodoro. Ind. Conserve. 1995, 70, 404–409.
   Google Scholar
• Ghiretti, G.P.; Spotti, E.; Strina, F.; Sandei, L.; Mori, G.; Attolini, G.; Leoni, C. Ergosterol Production by Different Types of Molds Able to Colonize Tomatoes. Ind. Conserve. 1995, 70, 3–12.
   Google Scholar
• Saldamlı, İ.; Gıda Kimyası [Food Chemistry]; Hacettepe University Press: Ankara, Turkey, 2001
   Google Scholar
• Seitz, L.M.; Mohr, H.E.; Burroughs, R.; Sauer, D.B. Ergosterol as an Indicator of Fungal Invasion in Grains. Cereal Chem. 1977, 54, 1207–1217.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seitz, L.M.; Sauer, D.B.; Burroughs, R.; Mohr, H.E.; Hubbard, J.D. Ergosterol as Measure of Fungal Growth. Phytopathology 1979, 69, 1202–1203. DOI: 10.1094/Phyto-69-1202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matcham, S.E.; Jordan, B.R.; Wood, D.A. Estimation of Fungal Biomass in a Solid Substrate by Three Independent Methods. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1985, 21, 108–112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjurman, J. Ergosterol as an Indicator of Mould Growth on Wood in Relation to Culture Age, Humidity Stress and Nutrient Level. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegradation. 1994, 33, 355–368. DOI: 10.1016/0964-8305(94)90013-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Sio, F.; Laratta, B.; Giovane, A.; Quagliuolo, L.; Castaldo, D. Analysis of Free and Esterified Ergosterol in Tomato Products. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 2000, 48, 780–784. DOI: 10.1021/jf990475d.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertoni, P.; Ghiretti, G.P.; Sandei, L.; Strina, F.; Leoni, C. Ergosterol Content of Commercial Tomato Products as an Index of Raw Material Fungal Contamination and Proposal of a Tolerance Value. Ind. Conserve. 1994, 69, 18–25.
   Google Scholar
• Teichmann, A.; Dutta, P.C.; Staffas, A.; Jägerstad, M. Sterol and Vitamin D 2 Concentrations in Cultivated and Wild Grown Mushrooms: Effects of UV Irradiation. LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 2007, 40, 815–822. DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2006.04.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öngen, B.; Kabaroğlu, C.; Parıldar, Z. Vitamini’nin Biyokimyasal Ve Laboratuvar Değerlendirmesi [Biochemical and Laboratory Evaluation of Vitamin D]. Türk Klinik Biyokimya Dergisi 2008, 6, 23–31. Turkish.
   Google Scholar
• Akkoyun, H.T.; Bayramoğlu, M.; Ekin, S.; Çelebi, F.D. Vitamini Ve Metabolizma Için Önemi [Vitamin D and Its Importance for the Metabolism]. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi 2014, 9, 213–219. DOI: 10.17094/avbd.05043.
   Google Scholar
• Cemeroğlu, B.; Meyve Ve Sebze Işleme Teknolojisi 1. Cilt [Fruit and Vegetables Processing Technology-1]; Bizim Grup Press: Ankara, Turkey, 2013
   Google Scholar
• Holick, M.F. Vitamin D Deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007, 357, 266–281. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra070553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jasinghe, V.J.; Perera, C.O. Ultraviolet Irradiation: The Generator of Vitamin D2 in Edible Mushrooms. Food Chem. 2006, 95, 638–643. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.01.046.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Özkan, B.; Döneray, H. D Vitamininin Iskelet Sistemi Dışı Etkileri [D Vitamininin Iskelet Sistemi Dışı Etkileri]. Cocuk Sağlığı Ve Hastalıkları Dergisi. Cocuk Sağlığı Ve Hastalıkları Dergisi 2011, 54, 99–119.
   Google Scholar
• Holick, M.F.; Chen, T.C. Vitamin D Deficiency: A Worldwide Problem with Health Consequences. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 87, 1080–1086. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/87.4.1080S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battilani, P.; Chiusa, G.; Cervi, C.; Trevisan, M.; Ghebbioni, C. Fungal Growth and Ergosterol Content in Tomato Fruits Infected by Mold. J. Food Sci. 1996, 8, 283–289.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxena, J.; Munimbazi, C.; Bullerman, L.B. Relationship of Mold Count, Ergosterol and Ochratoxin A Production. Int J. Food Microbiol. 2001, 71, 29–34. DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1605(01)00584-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taniwaki, M.H.; Hocking, A.D.; Pitt, J.I.; Fleet, G.H. Growth of Mold and Mycotoxin Production on Cheese under Modified Atmospheres. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2001, 68, 125–133. DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1605(01)00487-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marín, S.; Cuevas, D.; Ramos, A.J.; Sanchis, V. Fitting of Colony Diameter and Ergosterol as Indicators of Food Borne Mould Growth to Known Growth Models in Solid Medium. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2008, 121, 139–149. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.08.030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abramson, D.; Hulasare, R.; York, R.K.; White, N.D.G.; Jayas, D.S. Mycotoxins, Ergosterol, and Odor Volatiles in Durum Wheat during Granary Storage at 16% and 20% Moisture Content. J. Stored Prod. Res. 2005, 41, 67–76. DOI: 10.1016/j.jspr.2003.11.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitt, J.I.; Basilico, J.C.; Abarca, M.L.; Lopez, C. Mycotoxins and Toxigenic Mold. Med. Mycol. 2000, 38, 41–46. DOI: 10.1080/mmy.38.s1.41.46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarvis, B. Factors Affecting the Production of Mycotoxins. J. Appl. Microbiol. 1971, 4, 199–213.
   Google Scholar
• Magan, N.; Cayley, G.R.; Lacey, J. Effect of Water Activity and Temperature on Mycotoxin Production by Alternaria Alternata in Culture and on Wheat Grain. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1984, 47, 1113–1117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitt, J.I.; Hocking, A.D. Fungi and Food Spoilage; Blackie Academic & Professional: London, New York, 1997
   Google Scholar
• Sweeney, M.J.; Dobson, A.D. Mycotoxin Production by Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium Species. Int. J. Food. Microbiol. 1998, 43, 141–158. DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1605(98)00112-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reverberi, M.; Ricelli, A.; Zjalic, S.; Fabbri, A.A.; Fanelli, C. Natural Functions of Mycotoxins and Control of Their Biosynthesis in Mold. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2010, 87, 899–911. DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2657-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ICMSF. International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods (ICMSF). Toxigenic Mold: Aspergillus. In Microorganisms in Foods. 5. Characteristics of Food Pathogens; Blackie Academic and Professional: London, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Frank, H.K.; Orth, R.; Figge, A. Patulin in Foods of Plant Origin. 1. Pomaceous Fruit and Products Made Out It. Z. Lebensm. Unters-Forsch 1977, 163, 111–114. DOI: 10.1007/BF01126030.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gqaleni, N.; Smith, J.E.; Lacey, J.; Gettinby, G. Effects of Temperature, Water Activity, and Incubation Time on Production of Aflatoxins and Cyclopiazonic Acid by an Isolate of Aspergillus Flavus in Surface Agar Culture. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1997, 63, 1048–1053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pose, G.; Patriarca, A.; Kyanko, V.; Pardo, A.; Pinto, V.F. Water Activity and Temperature Effects on Mycotoxin Production by Alternaria Alternata on a Synthetic Tomato Medium. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2010, 142, 348–353. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.07.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchis, V.; Magan, N. Environmental Conditions Affecting Mycotoxins; Boca Raton, FL: CRC press LLC., 2004; pp 174–186.
   Google Scholar
• Kokkonen, M.; Ojala, L.; Parikka, P.; Jestoi, M. Mycotoxin Production of Selected Fusarium Species at Different Culture Conditions. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2010, 143, 17–25. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.07.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cairns-Fuller, V.; Aldred, D.; Magan, N. Water, Temperature and Gas Composition Interactions Affect Growth and Ochratoxin A Production by Isolates of Penicillium Verrucosum on Wheat Grain. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2005, 99, 1215–1221. DOI: 10.1111/jam.2005.99.issue-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taniwaki, M.H.; Hocking, A.D.; Pitt, J.I.; Fleet, G.H. Growth and Mycotoxin Production by Food Spoilage Mold under High Carbon Dioxide and Low Oxygen Atmospheres. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2009, 132, 100–108. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.04.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giorni, P.; Battilani, P.; Pietri, A.; Magan, N. Effect of aw and CO2 Level on Aspergillus Flavus Growth and Aflatoxin Production in High Moisture Maize Post-Harvest. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2008, 122, 109–113. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.11.051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadakal, Ç.; Nas, S. Elma Ve Elma Ürünlerinde Patulin Miktarını Etkileyen Faktörler [Factors Effecting to the Amount of Patulin in Apple and Apple Products]. Pamukkale Univ. Muh. Bilim Derg. 2000, 6, 87–96. Turkish.
   Google Scholar
• Yassıhüyük, N.; Kadakal, Ç.; Otağ, M. Ergosterol and Patulin Contents of Conventional and Homemade Red Peppers and Hot Red Peppers Pastes. J. Food Process. Technol. 2014, 5, 379–384. DOI: 10.4172/2157-7110.1000379.
   Google Scholar
• Graselli, C.; Leoni, C.; Sandei, L.; Mori, G. Contenute Di Ergosterolo Nei Derivati Industriali Del Pomodoro Come Indice Di Contaminazione Microbica Della Materia Prima Utilizzata E Ricerca Di Una Eventuale Correlazione Con Il Valore Howard. Ind. Conserve. 1993, 68, 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Kadakal, Ç.; Artık, N.; Şimşek, A.; Poyrazoğlu, E.S.; Köksal, G. Domates Ve Domates Ürünlerinde Yeni Bir Kalite Parametresi: Ergosterol (A New Quality Parameter in Tomato and Derivates: Ergosterol]. Standard 2002, 41, 55–58. Turkish.
   Google Scholar
• Kadakal, Ç.; Artık, N. Degradation Kinetics of Ergosterol in Tomato Paste Serum. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2008, 227, 683–688. DOI: 10.1007/s00217-007-0772-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Köksal, G.; Resarch on the Ergosterol Level of Turkish Tomato Products. Msc thesis. Ankara University, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Kadakal, Ç.; Tağı, Ş.; Artık, N. Effect of Tomato Decay Proportion on Ergosterol Level and Some Tomato Pulp Properties. J. Food Qual. 2003, 27, 255–263. DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4557.2004.00631.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tremarin, A.; Longhi, D.A.; Salomão, B.D.C.M.; Aragão, G.M.F. Modeling the Growth of Byssochlamys Fulva and Neosartorya Fischeri on Solidified Apple Juice by Measuring Colony Diameter and Ergosterol Content. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2015, 193, 23–28. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.10.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnürer, J.; Jonsson, A. Ergosterol Levels and Mold Colony Forming Units in Swedish Grains of Food and Feed Grade. Acta. Agric. Scand. Sect. B. 1992, 42, 240–245.
   Google Scholar
• Mpofu, L.T.; McLaren, N.W. Ergosterol Concentration and Variability in Genotype-By-Pathogen Interaction for Grain Mold Resistance in Sorghum. Planta 2014, 240, 239–250. DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2081-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neawbanij, M.; Seib, P.A.; Burroughs, R.; Seitz, L.M.; Chung, D.S. Determination of Ergosterol Using Thin Layer Chromatography and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy. Cereal Chem. 1984, 61, 385–388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gourama, H.; Bullerman, L.B. Relationship between Growth as Measured Aflatoxin Production and Mold by Ergosterol and Plate Count. Lebensm-Wiss. Technol. 1995, 25, 185–189. DOI: 10.1016/S0023-6438(95)91372-6.
   Google Scholar
• Perkowski, J.; Busko, M.; Stuper, K.; Kostecki, M.; Matysiak, A.; Szwajkowska-Michailek, L. Concentration of Ergosterol in Small-Grained Naturally Contaminated and Inoculated Cereals. Biologia (Bratisl) 2008, 15, 63, 542–547. DOI: 10.2478/s11756-008-0083-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrüner, J. Distribution of Fungal Biomass among Fine Bran, Coarse Bran and Flour from Wheat Stored at Four Different Moisture Levels. Cereal Chem. 1991, 68, 434–437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro, M.F.P.M.; Bragagnolo, N.; Valentini, S.R.D. The Relationship between Mold Growth and Aflatoxin Production with Ergosterol Content of Corn Grains. Braz. J. Microbiol. 2002, 33, 22–26. DOI: 10.1590/S1517-83822002000100004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jedlickova, L.; Gadas, D.; Havlová, P.; Havel, J. Determination of Ergosterol Levels in Barley and Malt Varieties in the Czech Republic via HPLC. J. Agric. Food Chem.. 2008, 56, 4092–4095. DOI: 10.1021/jf703675q.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuper, K.; Perkowski, J. Content of Ergosterol in Food Products of Cereals. Zywnosc-Nauka Technologia Jakosc 2008, 15, 71–77.
   Google Scholar
• Jambunathan, R.; Kherdekar, M.S.; Vaidya, P. Ergosterol Concentration in Mold-Susceptible and Mold-Resistant Sorghum at Different Stages of Grain Development and Its Relationship to Flavan-4-Ols. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1991, 39, 1866–1870. DOI: 10.1021/jf00010a037.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dokuzlu, C. Kırmızı Toz Biberlerde Aflatoksin [Aflatoxin in Red Pepper]. J. Fac. Vet. Med. 2001, 20, 19–23. Turkish.
   Google Scholar
• Şen, L.; Nas, S. Fındık Ve Antep Fıstığının Mikotoksin Problemi [Mycotoxins Problem in Hazelnuts and Pistachios]. Gıda Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi. 2010, 5, 49–56. Turkish.
   Google Scholar
• Yassıhüyük, N.; Ergosterol and Patulin Levels of Dried Tomatoes, Dried Peppers and Paprika Paste. Msc thesis. University of Pamukkale, 2012.
   Google Scholar