ZnO Nanostructures in Active Antibacterial Food Packaging: Preparation Methods, Antimicrobial Mechanisms, Safety Issues, Future Prospects, and Challenges

References

• Sharma, C.; Dhiman, R.; Rokana, N.; Panwar, H. Nanotechnology: An Untapped Resource for Food Packaging. Front. Microbiol. 2017, 8, 1735. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bratovcic, A.; Odobaši, ´. C. A.; Cati´, C. S.; Šestan, I. Application of Polymer Nanocomposite Materials in Food Packaging. Croat. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2015, 7, 86–94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17508/CJFST.2015.7.2.06.
   Google Scholar
• Bumbudsanpharoke, N.; Ko, S. Nano-food Packaging: An Overview of Market, Migration Research, and Safety Regulations. J. Food Sci. 2015, 80, R910–R923. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.12861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trujillo, L. E.; Ávalos, R.; Granda, S.; Guerra, L. S.; País-Chanfrau, J. M. Nanotechnology Applications for Food and Bioprocessing Industries. Biol. Med. 2016, 8, 289. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4172/0974-8369.1000289.
   Google Scholar
• Mihindukulasuriya, S. D. F.; Lim, L. T. Nanotechnology Development in Food Packaging: A Review. Trends Food Sci. Tech. 2014, 40, 149–167. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2014.09.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nopwinyuwong, A.; Trevanich, S.; Suppakul, P. Development of a Novel Colorimetric Indicator Label for Monitoring Freshness of Intermediate-moisture Dessert Spoilage. Talanta. 2010, 81(3), 1126–1132. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2010.02.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson, G. L.;. Food Packaging: Principles and Practice, 3rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Suppakul, P.;. Intelligent Packaging. Part VII: Trends in Frozen Food Packing. In Handbook of Frozen Food Processing and Packaging, 2nd ed.; Sun, D.W., Ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, 2012; pp 837–860.
   Google Scholar
• Goodburn, C.; Wallace, C. A. The Microbiological Efficacy of Decontamination Methodologies for Fresh Produce: A Review. Food Control. 2013, 32(2), 418–427. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.12.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rukchon, C.; Nopwinyuwong, A.; Trevanich, S.; Jinkarn, T.; Suppakul, P. Development of a Food Spoilage Indicator for Monitoring Freshness of Skinless Chicken Breast. Talanta. 2014, 130, 547–554. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2014.07.048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galstyan, V.; Bhandari, M.; Sberveglieri, V.; Sberveglieri, G.; Comini, E. Metal Oxide Nanostructures in Food Applications: Quality Control and Packaging. Chemosensors. 2018, 6(2), 16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors6020016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoseinnejad, M.; Jafari, S. M.; Katouzian, I. Inorganic and Metal Nanoparticles and Their Antimicrobial Activity in Food Packaging Applications. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 2018, 44(2), 161–181. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1040841X.2017.1332001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cha, D. S.; Chinnan, M. S. Biopolymer-based Antimicrobial Packaging: A Review. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2004, 44(4), 223–237. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10408690490464276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sangsuwan, J.; Rattanapanone, N.; Rachtanapun, P. Effect of Chitosan/methyl Cellulose Films on Microbial and Quality Characteristics of Fresh-cut Cantaloupe and Pineapple. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 2008, 49(3), 403–410. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2008.02.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosseinnejad, M.; Jafari, S. M. Evaluation of Different Factors Affecting Antimicrobial Properties of Chitosan. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2016, 85, 467–475. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anbukkarasi, V.; Srinivasan, R.; Elangovan, N. Antimicrobial Activity of Green Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles from Emblica Officinalis. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 2015, 33(2), 110–115.
   Google Scholar
• Barthomeuf, M.; Raymond, P.; Castel, X.; LeGendre, L.; Denis, M.; Pissavin, C. Bactericidal Efficiency of UV-active TiO2 Thin Films on Adhesion and Viability of Food-borne Bacteria. Iowa State University Library. 2015, 26, 195–199. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31274/safepork-180809-300.
   Google Scholar
• Prabhu, Y. T.; Rao, K. V.; Kumari, B. S.; Pavani, T. Decoration of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles on O-MWCNTs and Its Antibacterial Studies. Rend Lincei. 2015, 26(3), 263–270. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12210-015-0417-2.
   Google Scholar
• Hameed, A. S. H.; Karthikeyan, C.; Ahamed, A. P.; Thajuddin, N.; Alharbi, N. S.; Alharbi, S. A.; Ravi, G. In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of ZnO and Nd Doped ZnO Nanoparticles against ESBL Producing Escherichia Coli and Klebsiella Pneumoniae. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 24312. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espitia, P. J. P.; Soares, N. D. F. F.; Dos Reis Coimbra, J. S.; De Andrade, N. J.; Cruz, R. S.; Medeiros, E. A. A. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Antimicrobial Activity and Food Packaging Applications. Food Bioproc. Tech. 2012, 5(5), 1447–1464. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-012-0797-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swihart, M. T.;. Vapor-phase Synthesis of Nanoparticles. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 2003, 8(1), 127–133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-0294(03)00007-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, G. J.; Choi, E. H.; Nam, S. H.; Lee, J. S.; Boo, J. H.; Oh, S. D.; Choi, S. H.; Cho, J. H.; Yoon, M. Y. Optical Sensing Properties of ZnO Nanoparticles Prepared by Spray Pyrolysis. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2019, 19(2), 1048–1051. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2019.15918.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Casey, P.; Hannick, R.; Hill, A. Nanoparticle Technologies and Applications. Nanostruct Control Mater. 2006, 1–31, Woodhead Publising. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1533/9781845691189.1.
   Google Scholar
• Hessien, M.; Da’na, E.; Kawther, A. L.; Khalaf, M. M. Nano ZnO (Hexagonal Wurtzite) of Different Shapes under Various Conditions: Fabrication and Characterization. Mater. Res. Express. 2019, 6(8), 085057. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab1c21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soni, A.; Mavani, K. R. Controlling Porosity and Ultraviolet Photoresponse of Crystallographically Oriented ZnO Nanostructures Grown by Pulsed Laser Deposition. Scr. Mater. 2019, 162, 24–27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.10.026.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, X.; Shen, Y.; Zhou, P.; Zhao, S.; Zhong, X.; Li, T.; Han, C.; Wei, D.; Meng, D. NO2 Sensing Properties of One-pot-synthesized ZnO Nanowires with Pd Functionalization. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2019, 280, 151–161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.10.063.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin, G.; Sun, X.; Xiao, Y.; Liu, F. Rational Fabrication of Plasmonic Responsive N-Ag-TiO2-ZnO Nanocages for Photocatalysis under Visible Light. J. Alloys Compd. 2019, 772, 885–899. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.09.190.
   Google Scholar
• Dash, P.; Manna, A.; Mishra, N. C.; Varma, S. Synthesis and Characterization of Aligned ZnO Nanorods for Visible Light Photocatalysis. Physica E Low Dimens Syst Nanostruct. 2019, 107, 38–46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2018.11.007.
   Google Scholar
• Goel, S.; Sinha, N.; Kumar, B. 3D Hierarchical Ho-doped ZnO Micro-flowers Assembled with Nanosheets: A High Temperature Ferroelectric Material. Phys E: Low-dimensional Syst Nanostruct. 2019, 105, 29–40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2018.09.002.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, R.; Wan, Y.; Wu, W.; Yang, C.; He, J. H.; Cheng, J.; Jetter, R.; Ko, K. F.; Chen, Y. A Lotus Effect-inspired Flexible and Breathable Membrane with Hierarchical Electrospinning Micro/nanofibers and ZnO Nanowires. Mater. Des. 2019, 162, 246–248. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.11.041.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anbuvannan, M.; Ramesh, M.; Manikandan, E.; Srinivasan, R. Vitex Negundo Leaf Extract Mediated Synthesis of ZnO Nanoplates and Its Antibacterial and Photocatalytic Activities. Asian J. Nanosci. Mater. 2019, 2, 99–110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26655/AJNANOMAT.2019.1.7.
   Google Scholar
• Mao, Y.; Li, Y.; Zou, Y.; Shen, X.; Zhu, L.; Liao, G. Solvothermal Synthesis and Photocatalytic Properties of ZnO Micro/nanostructures. Ceram. Int. 2019, 45(2), 1724–1729. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.10.054.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y.; Liu, M.; Ren, W.; Ye, Z. G. Well-ordered ZnO Nanotube Arrays and Networks Grown by Atomic Layer Deposition. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2015, 340, 120–125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.02.176.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, M.; Wang, Z.; Han, D.; Gu, F.; Guo, G. High-sensitivity NO2 Gas Sensors Based on Flower-like and Tube-like ZnO Nanomaterials. Sens. Actuators. B Chem. 2011, 157(2), 565–574. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2011.05.023.
   Google Scholar
• Galstyan, V.; Comini, E.; Baratto, C.; Ponzoni, A.; Bontempi, E.; Brisotto, M.; Bontempi, E.; Brisotto, M.; Fagliaa, G.; Sberveglieri, G. Synthesis of Self-assembled Chain-like ZnO Nanostructures on Stiff and Flexible Substrates. Cryst. Eng. Comm. 2013, 15(15), 2881–2887. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C3CE27011D.
   Google Scholar
• Galstyan, V.; Comini, E.; Kholmanov, I.; Ponzoni, A.; Sberveglieri, V.; Poli, N.; Faglia, G.; Sberveglieri, G. A Composite Structure Based on Reduced Graphene Oxide and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials for Chemical Sensors. Beilstein. J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1421. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.7.133.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anbuvannan, M.; Ramesh, M.; Viruthagiri, G.; Shanmugam, N.; Kannadasan, N. Anisochilus Carnosus Leaf Extract Mediated Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Antibacterial and Photocatalytic Activities. Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 2015, 39, 621–628. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2015.06.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu, L.; Fu, Z. Plectranthus Amboinicus Leaf Extract–assisted Biosynthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles and Their Photocatalytic Activity. Ceram. Int. 2015, 41(2), 2492–2496. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.10.069.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambika, S.; Sundrarajan, M. Green Biosynthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Vitex Negundo L. Extract: Spectroscopic Investigation of Interaction between ZnO Nanoparticles and Human Serum Albumin. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B. 2015, 149, 143–148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.05.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambika, S.; Sundrarajan, M. Antibacterial Behaviour of Vitex Negundo Extract Assisted ZnO Nanoparticles against Pathogenic Bacteria. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B. 2013, 146, 52–57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.02.020.
   Google Scholar
• Otari, S. V.; Patil, R. M.; Nadaf, N. H.; Ghosh, S. J.; Pawar, S. H. Green Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from an Actinobacteria Rhodococcu Ssp. Mater. Lett. 2012, 72, 92–94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2011.12.109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azizi, S.; Ahmad, M. B.; Namvar, F.; Mohamad, R. Green Biosynthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Brown Marine Macroalga Sargassum Muticum Aqueous Extract. Mater. Lett. 2014, 116, 275–277. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2013.11.038.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagarajan, S.; Kuppusamy, K. A. Extracellular Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Using Seaweeds of Gulf of Mannar, India. J. Nanobiotechnology. 2013, 11(1), 39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-3155-11-39.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rao, M. D.; Gautam, P. Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO Nanoflowers Using Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii: A Green Approach. Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy. 2016, 35(4), 1020–1026. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.12315.
   Google Scholar
• Pavani, K. V.; Kumar, N. S.; Sangameswaran, B. B. Synthesis of Lead Nanoparticles by Aspergillus Species. Pol. J. Microbiol. 2012, 61(1), 61–63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2019.15918.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal, H.; Kumar, S. V.; Rajeshkumar, S. A Review on Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide nanoparticles–An Eco-friendly Approach. Resour Efficie Technol. 2017, 3(4), 406–413. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reffit.2017.03.002.
   Google Scholar
• Emami-Karvani, Z.; Chehrazi, P. Antibacterial Activity of ZnO Nanoparticle on Gram-positive and Gram-negative Bacteria. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 2011, 5(12), 1368–1373. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/ajmr10.159.
   Google Scholar
• Babitha, N.; Priya, L. S.; Christy, S. R.; Manikandan, A.; Dinesh, A.; Durka, M.; Arunadevi, S. Enhanced Antibacterial Activity and Photo-Catalytic Properties of ZnO Nanoparticles: Pedalium Murex Plant Extract-Assisted Synthesis. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2019, 19(5), 2888–2894. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2019.16023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, W.; Kim, H. K.; Wamer, W. G.; Melka, D.; Callahan, J. H.; Yin, J. J. Photogenerated Charge Carriers and Reactive Oxygen Species in ZnO/Au Hybrid Nanostructures with Enhanced Photocatalytic and Antibacterial Activity. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 136(2), 750–757. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ja410800y.
   Google Scholar
• Sirelkhatim, A.; Mahmud, S.; Seeni, A.; Kaus, N. H. M.; Ann, L. C.; Bakhori, S. K. M.; Bakhori, M.; Hasan, H.; Mohamad, D. Review on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Antibacterial Activity and Toxicity Mechanism. Nanomicro Lett. 2015, 7(3), 219–242. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-015-0040-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chauhan, D. S.; Gopal, C. S. A.; Kumar, D.; Mahato, N.; Quraishi, M. A.; Cho, M. H. Microwave Induced Facile Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles as Efficient Antibacterial Agents. Mater. Disc. 2018, 11, 19–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.md.2018.05.001.
   Google Scholar
• Gao, P. X.; Ding, Y.; Wang, Z. L. Crystallographic Orientation-aligned ZnO Nanorods Grown by a Tin Catalyst. Nano Lett. 2003, 3(9), 1315–1320. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/nl034548q.
   Google Scholar
• Wojnarowicz, J.; Opalinska, A.; Chudoba, T.; Gierlotka, S.; Mukhovskyi, R.; Pietrzykowska, E.; Sobczak, K.; Lojkowski, W. Effect of Water Content in Ethylene Glycol Solvent on the Size of ZnO Nanoparticles Prepared Using Microwave Solvothermal Synthesis. J. Nanomater. 2016, 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2789871.
   Google Scholar
• Kołodziejczak-Radzimska, A.; Jesionowski, T. Zinc Oxide—from Synthesis to Application: A Review. Materials. 2014, 7(4), 2833–2881. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7042833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Nahhal, I. M.; Elmanama, A. A.; El Ashgar, N. M.; Amara, N.; Selmane, M.; Chehimi, M. M. Stabilization of Nano-structured ZnO Particles onto the Surface of Cotton Fibers Using Different Surfactants and Their Antimicrobial Activity. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2017, 38, 478–487. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.03.050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valerini, D.; Tammaro, L.; Di Benedetto, F.; Vigliotta, G.; Capodieci, L.; Terzi, R.; Rizzo, A. Aluminum-doped Zinc Oxide Coatings on Polylactic Acid Films for Antimicrobial Food Packaging. Thin Solid Films. 2018, 645, 187–192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2017.10.038.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verrier, C.; Appert, E.; Chaix-Pluchery, O.; Rapenne, L.; Rafhay, Q.; Kaminski-Cachopo, A.; Consonni, V. Effects of the pH on the Formation and Doping Mechanisms of ZnO Nanowires Using Aluminum Nitrate and Ammonia. Inorg. Chem. 2017, 56(21), 13111–13122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01916.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yamamoto, O.;. Influence of Particle Size on the Antibacterial Activity of Zinc Oxide. Int. J. Inorg. Mater. 2001, 3(7), 643–646. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s1466-6049(01)00197-0.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, N.; Ray, B.; Ranjit, K. T.; Manna, A. C. Antibacterial Activity of ZnO Nanoparticle Suspensions on a Broad Spectrum of Microorganisms. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2008, 279(1), 71–76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.01012.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y.; He, L.; Mustapha, A.; Li, H.; Hu, Z. Q.; Lin, M. Antibacterial Activities of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles against Escherichia coli O157: H7. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2009, 107(4), 1193–1201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04303.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawai, J.; Shoji, S.; Igarashi, H.; Hashimoto, A.; Kokugan, T.; Shimizu, M.; Kojima, H. Hydrogen Peroxide as an Antibacterial Factor in Zinc Oxide Powder Slurry. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 1998, 86(5), 521–522. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0922-338x(98)80165-7.
   Google Scholar
• Jin, T.; Sun, D.; Su, J. Y.; Zhang, H.; Sue, H. J. Antimicrobial Efficacy of Zinc Oxide Quantum Dots against Listeria Monocytogenes, Salmonella Enteritidis, and Escherichia coli O157: H7. J. Food Sci. 2009, 74(1), M46–M52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2008.02.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, M.; Zhu, L.; Lin, D. Toxicity of ZnO Nanoparticles to Escherichia coli: Mechanism and the Influence of Medium Components. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45(5), 1977–1983. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/es102624t.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petchwattana, N.; Covavisaruch, S.; Wibooranawong, S.; Naknaen, P. Antimicrobial Food Packaging Prepared from Poly (Butylene Succinate) and Zinc Oxide. Measurement. 2016, 93, 442–448. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2016.07.048.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suresh, D.; Nethravathi, P. C.; Lingaraju, K.; Rajanaika, H.; Sharma, S. C.; Nagabhushana, H. EGCG Assisted Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanopowders: Photodegradative, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2015, 136, 1467–1474. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.10.038.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wiburanawong, S.; Petchwattana, N.; Covavisaruch, S. Carvacrol as an Antimicrobial Agent for Poly (Butylene Succinate): Tensile Properties and Antimicrobial Activity Observations. Adv. Mater. Res. 2014, 931–932, 111–115. www.scientific.net/amr.931-932.111.
   Google Scholar
• Li, X.; Li, W.; Jiang, Y.; Ding, Y.; Yun, J.; Tang, Y.; Zhang, P. Effect of Nano ZnO Coated Active Packaging on Quality of Fresh-cut ‘Fuji’ Apple. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2011, 46(9), 1947–1955. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2011.02706.x.
   Google Scholar
• Murariu, M.; Doumbia, A.; Bonnaud, L.; Dechief, A. L.; Paint, Y.; Ferreira, M.; Campagne, C.; Devaux, E.; Dubois, P. High-performance polylactide/ZnO Nanocomposites Designed for Films and Fibers with Special End-use Properties. Biomacromolecules. 2011, 12(5), 1762–1771. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/bm2001445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaman, H. U.; Hun, P. D.; Khan, R. A.; Yoon, K. B. Morphology, Mechanical, and Crystallization Behaviors of Micro-and nano-ZnO Filled Polypropylene Composites. J. Reinf. Plast. Comp. 2012, 31(5), 323–329. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684411436126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghasemi, F.; Jalal, R. Antimicrobial Action of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Combination with Ciprofloxacin and Ceftazidime against Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii. J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist. 2016, 6, 118–122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2016.04.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarwar, S.; Chakraborti, S.; Bera, S.; Sheikh, I. A.; Hoque, K. M.; Chakrabarti, P. The Antimicrobial Activity of ZnO Nanoparticles against Vibrio Cholerae: Variation in Response Depends on Biotype. Nanomed. 2016, 12(6), 1499–1509. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2016.02.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonohara, R.; Muramatsu, N.; Ohshima, H.; Kondo, T. Difference in Surface Properties between Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus as Revealed by Electrophoretic Mobility Measurements. Biophys. Chem. 1995, 55(3), 273–277. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-4622(95)00004-h.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gordon, T.; Perlstein, B.; Houbara, O.; Felner, I.; Banin, E.; Margel, S. Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc/iron Oxide Composite Nanoparticles and Their Antibacterial Properties. Colloids Surf. A. 2011, 374(1–3), 1–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.10.015.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, L.; Jiang, Y.; Ding, Y.; Povey, M.; York, D. Investigation into the Antibacterial Behaviour of Suspensions of ZnO Nanoparticles (Zno Nanofluids). J. Nanopart. Res. 2007, 9(3), 479–489. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-006-9150-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohira, T.; Yamamoto, O.; Iida, Y.; Nakagawa, Z. E. Antibacterial Activity of ZnO Powder with Crystallographic Orientation. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2008, 19(3), 1407–1412. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-007-3246-8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adams, L. K.; Lyon, D. Y.; Alvarez, P. J. Comparative Eco-toxicity of Nanoscale TiO2, SiO2, and ZnO Water Suspensions. Water Res. 2006, 40(19), 3527–3532. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.08.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, J. H.;. Antimicrobial Packaging Systems. In Innovations Antimicrobial in Food Packaging, 2nd ed.; Han, J. H., Ed.; Academic Press, Elsevier: New York, 2005; pp 80–107.
   Google Scholar
• Appendini, P.; Hotchkiss, J. H. Review of Antimicrobial Food Packaging. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 2002, 3(2), 113–126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1466-8564(02)00012-7.
   Google Scholar
• Siemann, U. Solvent Cast Technology–a Versatile Tool for Thin Film Production. In Scattering Methods and the Properties of Polymer Materials.; Norbert, S., Bernd. S., Eds.; Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg, 2005; pp 1–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/b107336.
   Google Scholar
• Li, X.; Xing, Y.; Jiang, Y.; Ding, Y.; Li, W. Antimicrobial Activities of ZnO Powder‐coated PVC Film to Inactivate Food Pathogens. Inter. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2009, 44(11), 2161–2168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2009.02055.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Naamani, L.; Dobretsov, S.; Dutta, J. Chitosan-zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Composite Coating for Active Food Packaging Applications. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 2016, 38, 231–237. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2016.10.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saekow, M.; Naradisorn, M.; Tongdeesoontorn, W.; Hamauzu, Y. Effect of Carboxymethyl Cellulose Coating Containing ZnO-nanoparticles for Prolonging Shelf Life of Persimmon and Tomato Fruit. J. Food Sci. Agri. Technol. 2019, 5, 41–48.
   Google Scholar
• Emamifar, A.; Mohammadizadeh, M. Preparation and Application of LDPE/ZnO Nanocomposites for Extending Shelf Life of Fresh Strawberries. Food Technol. Biotechnol. 2015, 53(4), 488–495. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17113/ftb.53.04.15.3817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polat, S.; Fenercioglu, H.; UnalTurhan, E.; Guclu, M. Effects of Nanoparticle Ratio on Structural, Migration Properties of Polypropylene Films and Preservation Quality of Lemon Juice. J. Food Process. Preserv. 2018, 42(4), 13541. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.13541.
   Google Scholar
• Simões, D. N.; Pittol, M.; Tomacheski, D.; Ribeiro, V. F.; Santana, R. M. C. Thermoplastic Elastomers Containing Zinc Oxide as Antimicrobial Additive under Thermal Accelerated Ageing. Mater. Res. 2017, 20, 325–330. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-mr-2016-0790.
   Google Scholar
• Altan, M.; Yildirim, H. Effects of Compatibilizers on Mechanical and Antibacterial Properties of Injection Molded nano-ZnO Filled Polypropylene. J. Compos. Mater. 2012, 46(25), 3189–3199. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998312436999.
   Google Scholar
• Altan, M.; Yildirim, H. Comparison of Antibacterial Properties of Nano TiO2 and ZnO Particle Filled Polymers. Acta Phys. Pol. A. 2014, 125, 645–647. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12693/APhysPolA.125.645.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amjadi, S.; Emaminia, S.; Nazari, M.; Davudian, S. H.; Roufegarinejad, L.; Hamishehkar, H. Application of Reinforced ZnO Nanoparticle-Incorporated Gelatin Bionanocomposite Film with Chitosan Nanofiber for Packaging of Chicken Fillet and Cheese as Food Models. Food Bioprocess. Technol. 2019, 1–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-019-02286-y.
   Google Scholar
• Ejaz, M.; Arfat, Y. A.; Mulla, M.; Ahmed, J. Zinc Oxide Nanorods/clove Essential Oil Incorporated Type B Gelatin Composite Films and Its Applicability for Shrimp Packaging. Food Packag. Shelf Life. 2018, 15, 113–121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2017.12.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammadi, H.; Kamkar, A.; Misaghi, A.; Zunabovic-Pichler, M.; Fatehi, S. Nanocomposite Films with CMC, Okra Mucilage, and ZnO Nanoparticles: Extending the Shelf-life of Chicken Breast Meat. Food Packag. Shelf Life. 2019, 21, 100330. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100330.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youssef, A. M.; El-Sayed, S. M.; El-Sayed, H. S.; Salama, H. H.; Dufresne, A. Enhancement of Egyptian Soft White Cheese Shelf Life Using a Novel Chitosan/carboxymethyl Cellulose/zinc Oxide Bionanocomposite Film. Carbohydr. Polym. 2016, 151, 9–19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.05.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noshirvani, N.; Ghanbarzadeh, B.; Mokarram, R. R.; Hashemi, M. Novel Active Packaging Based on Carboxymethyl cellulose-chitosan-ZnO NPs Nanocomposite for Increasing the Shelf Life of Bread. Food Packag. Shelf Life. 2017, 11, 106–114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2017.01.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Indumathi, M. P.; Sarojini, K. S.; Rajarajeswari, G. R. Antimicrobial and Biodegradable Chitosan/cellulose Acetate phthalate/ZnO Nano Composite Films with Optimal Oxygen Permeability and Hydrophobicity for Extending the Shelf Life of Black Grape Fruits. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2019, 132, 1112–1120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heydari-Majd, M.; Ghanbarzadeh, B.; Shahidi-Noghabi, M.; Najafi, M. A.; Hosseini, M. A New Active Nanocomposite Film Based on PLA/ZnO Nanoparticle/essential Oils for the Preservation of Refrigerated Otolithesruber Fillets. Food Packag. Shelf Life. 2019, 19, 94–103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2018.12.002.
   Google Scholar
• Baek, S. K.; Song, K. B. Development of Gracilariavermiculophylla Extract Films Containing Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Application in Smoked Salmon Packaging. LWT. 2018, 89, 269–275. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2017.10.064.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, S.; Boro, J. C.; Ray, D.; Mukherjee, A.; Dutta, J. Bionanocomposite Films of Agar Incorporated with ZnO Nanoparticles as an Active Packaging Material for Shelf Life Extension of Green Grape. Heliyon. 2019, 5(6), 01867. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jafarzadeh, S.; Rhim, J. W.; Alias, A. K.; Ariffin, F.; Mahmud, S. Application of Antimicrobial Active Packaging Film Made of Semolina Flour, Nano Zinc Oxide and Nano‐kaolin to Maintain the Quality of Low‐moisture Mozzarella Cheese during Low‐temperature Storage. J. Sci. Food Agri. 2019, 99(6), 2716–2725. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Indumathi, M. P.; Rajarajeswari, G. R. Mahua Oil-based Polyurethane/chitosan/nano ZnO Composite Films for Biodegradable Food Packaging Applications. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2019, 124, 163–174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meraldo, A.;. Introduction to Bio-based Polymers. In Multilayer Flexible Packaging; 2nd ed.: Wagner, J. R., Ed.; Academic Press, Elsevier: New York, 2016; pp 47–52. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-37100-1.00004-1.
   Google Scholar
• Billham, M.; Clarke, A. H.; Garrett, G.; Mcnally, G. M.; Murphy, W. R. The Effect of Extrusion Processing Conditions on the Properties of Blown and Cast Polyolefin Packaging Films. Dev. Chem. Eng. Mineral Process. 2003, 11(1‐2), 137–146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/apj.5500110214.
   Google Scholar
• Rhim, J. W.; Kim, Y. T. Biopolymer-based Composite Packaging Materials with Nanoparticles. In Innovations in Food Packaging; 2nd ed.; Han, J. H., Ed.; Academic Press, Elsevier: New York, 2014; pp 413–442. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394601-0.00017-5.
   Google Scholar
• https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional/
   Google Scholar
• Aristizabal-Gil, M. V.; Santiago-Toro, S.; Sanchez, L. T.; Pinzon, M. I.; Gutierrez, J. A.; Villa, C. C. ZnO and ZnO/CaO Nanoparticles in Alginate Films. Synthesis, Mechanical Characterization, Barrier Properties and Release Kinetics. LWT. 2019, 102(7), 108217. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2019.05.115.
   Google Scholar
• Premanathan, M.; Karthikeyan, K.; Jeyasubramanian, K.; Manivannan, G. Selective Toxicity of ZnO Nanoparticles toward Gram-positive Bacteria and Cancer Cells by Apoptosis through Lipid Peroxidation. Nanomedicine. 2011, 7(2), 184–192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2010.10.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng, X.; Luan, Q.; Chen, W.; Wang, Y.; Wu, M.; Zhang, H.; Jiao, Z. Nanosized Zinc Oxide Particles Induce Neural Stem Cell Apoptosis. Nanotechnology. 2009, 20(11), 115101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/20/11/115101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heng, B. C.; Zhao, X.; Tan, E. C.; Khamis, N.; Assodani, A.; Xiong, S.; Rued, C.; Ng, K. W.; Loo, J. S. C. Evaluation of the Cytotoxic and Inflammatory Potential of Differentially Shaped Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles. Arch. Toxicol. 2011, 85(12), 1517–1528. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-011-0722-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanley, C.; Thurber, A.; Hanna, C.; Punnoose, A.; Zhang, J.; Wingett, D. G. The Influences of Cell Type and ZnO Nanoparticle Size on Immune Cell Cytotoxicity and Cytokine Induction. Nanoscale. Res. Lett. 2009, 4(12), 1409. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11671-009-9413-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia, T.; Zhao, Y.; Sager, T.; George, S.; Pokhrel, S.; Li, N.; Schoenfeld, D.; Meng, H.; Lin, S.; Wang, X.; et al. Decreased Dissolution of ZnO by Iron Doping Yields Nanoparticles with Reduced Toxicity in the Rodent Lung and Zebrafish Embryos. ACS Nano. 2011, 5(2), 1223–1235. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/nn1028482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, Y.; Mei, L.; Chen, X.; Wang, Q. Recent Developments in Food Packaging Based on Nanomaterials. Nanomaterials. 2018, 8(10), 830. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8100830.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silvestre, C.; Duraccio, D.; Cimmino, S. Food Packaging Based on Polymer Nanomaterials. Prog Polym. Sci. 2011, 36(12), 1766–1782. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2010.08.073.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhry, Q.; Scotter, M.; Blackburn, J.; Ross, B.; Boxall, A.; Castle, L.; Aitken, R.; Watkins, R. Applications and Implications of Nanotechnologies for the Food Sector. Food Addit. Contam. 2008, 25(3), 241–258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030701744538.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, E. L.; Castle, L.; Chaudhry, Q. Applications of Nanomaterials in Food Packaging with a Consideration of Opportunities for Developing Countries. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2011, 22(11), 604–610. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2011.01.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pujalté, I.; Passagne, I.; Brouillaud, B.; Tréguer, M.; Durand, E.; Ohayon-Courtès, C.; L’Azou, B. Cytotoxicity and Oxidative Stress Induced by Different Metallic Nanoparticles on Human Kidney Cells. Part. Fibre. Toxicol. 2011, 8(1), 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-8977-8-10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heng, B. C.; Zhao, X.; Xiong, S.; Ng, K. W.; Boey, F. Y. C.; Loo, J. S. C. Toxicity of Zinc Oxide (Zno) Nanoparticles on Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells (BEAS-2B) Is Accentuated by Oxidative Stress. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2010, 48(6), 1762–1766. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.04.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nohynek, G. J.; Antignac, E.; Re, T.; Toutain, H. Safety Assessment of Personal Care Products/cosmetics and Their Ingredients. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2010, 243(2), 239–259. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2009.12.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trumbo, P.; Yates, A. A.; Schlicker, S.; Poos, M. Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 2001, 101(3), 294. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(01)00078-5.
   Google Scholar
• Suo, B.; Li, H.; Wang, Y.; Li, Z.; Pan, Z.; Ai, Z. Effects of ZnO Nanoparticle‐coated Packaging Film on Pork Meat Quality during Cold Storage. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2017, 97(7), 2023–2029. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8003.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Youssef, A. M.;. Polymer Nanocomposites as a New Trend for Packaging Applications. Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng. 2013, 52(7), 635–660. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2012.762673.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shankar, S.; Rhim, J. W. Bionanocomposite Films for Food Packaging Applications. Ref. Mod. Food Sci. 2018, 1–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100596-5.21875-1.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y. R.; Nayak, T.; Hong, H.; Cai, W. Biomedical Applications of Zinc Oxide Nanomaterials. Curr. Mol. Med. 2013, 13(10), 1633–1645. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1566524013666131111130058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jokar, M.; Pedersen, G. A.; Loeschner, K. Six Open Questions about the Migration of Engineered Nano-objects from Polymer-based Food-contact Materials: A Review. Food Addit. Contam. Part A. 2017, 34(3), 434–450. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2016.1271462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honarvar, Z.; Hadian, Z.; Mashayekh, M. Nanocomposites in Food Packaging Applications and Their Risk Assessment for Health. Electron. Physician. 2016, 8(6), 2531. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19082/2531.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wahab, R.; Mishra, A.; Yun, S. I.; Kim, Y. S.; Shin, H. S. Antibacterial Activity of ZnO Nanoparticles Prepared via Non-hydrolytic Solution Route. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2010, 87(5), 1917–1925. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-010-2692-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zare, Y.;. Study of Nanoparticles Aggregation/agglomeration in Polymer Particulate Nanocomposites by Mechanical Properties. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2016, 84, 158–164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.01.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar