Growth Promoters in Cattle and Pigs: A Review of Legislation and Implications for Human Health

References

• USDA. Livestock and Poultry: World Markets and Trade. https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/livestock_poultry.pdf (accessed Jan 10, 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, G.; Roese, G.; Kruger, I. PrimeFact 105: Understanding the Pork Industry https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/62916/Understanding_the_pork_industry-Primefact_105-final.pdf (accessed Feb 5, 2019).
   Google Scholar
• McGlone, J. J. The Future of Pork Production in the World: Towards Sustainable, Welfare-Positive Systems. Animals. 2013, 3(2), 401–415. DOI: 10.3390/ani3020401.
   Google Scholar
• FAO. Sources of Meat http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/themes/en/meat/backgr_sources.html (accessed Jan 31, 2019).
   Google Scholar
• Makkar, H. P. S. Animal Nutrition in a 360-Degree View and a Framework for Future R&D Work: Towards Sustainable Livestock Production. Anim. Prod. Sci. 2016, 56(10), 1561–1568. DOI: 10.1071/AN15265.
   Google Scholar
• Gonzalez Ronquillo, M.; Angeles Hernandez, J. C. Antibiotic and Synthetic Growth Promoters in Animal Diets: Review of Impact and Analytical Methods. Food Control. 2017, 72, 255–267. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.03.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patience, J. F.; Rossoni-Serão, M. C.; Gutiérrez, N. A. A Review of Feed Efficiency in Swine: Biology and Application. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 2015, 6(1), 33–41. DOI: 10.1186/s40104-015-0031-2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jeong, S.-H.; Kang, D.-J.; Lim, M.-W.; Kang, C.-S.; Sung, H.-J. Risk Assessment of Growth Hormones and Antimicrobial Residues in Meat. Toxicol. Res. 2010, 26(4), 301–313. DOI: 10.5487/TR.2010.26.4.301.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Galbraith, H. Hormones in International Meat Production: Biological, Sociological and Consumer Issues. Nutr. Res. Rev. 2002, 15(2), 293. DOI: 10.1079/NRR200246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fields, K. H.; Therrien, D. A.; Halstrom, D.; Haggard, J.; Clayton, P. International Beef Trade: A Value Proposition. Anim. Front. 2018, 8(3), 16–22. DOI: 10.1093/af/vfy013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drouillard, J. S. Current Situation and Future Trends for Beef Production in the United States of America — A Review. Asian-Aus J. Anim. Sci. 2018, 317, 1007–1016. DOI:10.5713/ajas.18.0428.
   Google Scholar
• Freire, E. F.; Borges, K. B.; Tanimoto, H.; Nogueira, R. T.; Bertolini, L. C. T.; Gaitani, C. M. Monitoring of Ractopamine Concentration in the Mixture of This Feed Additive with Vitamin Mineral Complex and with Swine Feed by HPLC. Food Addit. Contam. Part A. 2013, 30(5), 796–803. DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.780213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EC. Council Directive 81/602/EC of 31 July 1981 Concerning the Prohibition of Certain Substances Having a Hormonal Action and of Any Substances Having a Thyrostatic Action. Off. J. Eur. Communities, 1981, L Series (222), 32–33.
   Google Scholar
• EC. Council Directive 96/22/EC of 29 April 1996 Concerning the Prohibition on the Use in Stockfarming of Certain Substances Having a Hormonal or Thyrostatic Action and of Beta-Agonists, and Repealing Directives 81/602/EEC, 88/146/EEC and 88/299/EEC. Off. J. Eur. Union, 1996, L0022, 1–14.  https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:01996L0022-20081218&from=FI
   Google Scholar
• EC. Directive 2008/97/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 Amending Council Directive 96/22/EC Concerning the Prohibition on the Use in Stockfarming of Certain Substances Having a Hormonal or Thyrostatic Action and of Beta-Agon. Off. J. Eur. Union, 2008, L318, 9–11.
   Google Scholar
• EC. Directive 2003/74/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 22 September 2003 Amending Council Directive 96/22/EC Concerning the Prohibition on the Use in Stockfarming of Certain Substances Having a Hormonal or Thyrostatic Action and of Beta-Agonis. Off. J. Eur. Union, 2003, No. L262, 17–21. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32003L0074&from=GA
   Google Scholar
• Passantino, A. Steroid Hormones in Food Producing Animals. In A Bird’s-eye View of Veterinary Medicine; Perez-Marin, C.C., Ed.; InTech: Rijeka, Croatia, 2012; pp 33–50.
   Google Scholar
• BRASIL. Sampling Plan for the Meat Chains. Brazilian National Plan for the Control of Residues and Contaminants (PNCRC). Normative Instruction No 5 of April 23, 2019 (Published in the Official Gazette of the Federal Government (DOU) on 25/04/2019). https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/inspecao/produtos-animal/plano-de-nacional-de-controle-de-residuos-e-contaminantes/PNCRC2019SamplingPlan.pdf (accessed Aug 31, 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Code of Federal Regulation. Title 21 - Food and Drugs. Chapter I - Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services. Subchapter E - Animal Drugs, Feeds, and Related Products Part 556 - Tolerances for Residues of New Animal Drugs in Food https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2020-title21-vol6/pdf/CFR-2020-title21-vol6-chapI-subchapE.pdf (accessed Dec 3, 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Preston, R. L.;. Rationale for the Safety of Implants. In Symposium: Impact of Implants on Performance and Carcass Value of Beef Cattle. Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station P-957; Stillwater, OK, 1997; pp 199–203.
   Google Scholar
• APVMA. Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority. A Review to Update Australia’s Position on the Human Safety of Residues of Hormone Growth Promotants (Hgps) Used in Cattle. https://apvma.gov.au/ (accessed Mar 4, 2019).
   Google Scholar
• APVMA. Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority. Substances Not Permitted for Use on Food-producing Animals in Australia. https://apvma.gov.au/node/11626 (accessed Jan 11, 2019).
   Google Scholar
• FSANZ. Hormonal Growth Promotants in Beef http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/consumer/generalissues/hormonalgrowth/Pages/default.aspx (accessed Mar 25, 2019).
   Google Scholar
• Lemerle, C.; Barrett, L.; Murray, R. M. Seasonal Changes in Pasture Quality in the Dry Tropics. In Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production; Australian Society of Animal Production, 1980;13:464.
   Google Scholar
• Hunter, R. A. Hormonal Growth Promotant Use in the Australian Beef Industry. Anim. Prod. Sci. 2010, 50(7), 637–659. DOI: 10.1071/AN09120.
   Google Scholar
• Bortolussi, G.; McIvor, J. G.; Hodgkinson, J. J.; Coffey, S. G.; Holmes, C. R. The Northern Australian Beef Industry, a Snapshot. 3. Annual Liveweight Gains from Pasture Based Systems. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 2005, 45(9), 1093–1108. DOI: 10.1071/EA03098.
   Google Scholar
• Samuelson, K. L.; Hubbert, M. E.; Galyean, M. L.; Löest, C. A. Nutritional Recommendations of Feedlot Consulting Nutritionists: The 2015 New Mexico State and Texas Tech University Survey. J. Anim. Sci. 2016, 94(6), 2648–2663. DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelver, W. L.; McGarvey, A. M. Assessment of Veterinary Drugs Present in Pork Kidney from a Midwest US Retail Market. Food Addit. Contam. Part A. 2019, 36(4), 571–581. DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1586455.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delmore, R. J.; Hodgen, J. M.; Johnson, B. J. Perspectives on the Application of Zilpaterol Hydrochloride in the United States Beef Industry. J. Anim. Sci. 2010, 88(8), 2825–2828. DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Donkersgoed, J.; Berg, J.; Royan, G.; Hutcheson, J.; Brown, M. Comparative Effects of Zilpaterol Hydrochloride and Ractopamine Hydrochloride on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Longissimus Tenderness of Feedlot Steers Fed Barley-Based Diets. Prof. Anim. Sci. 2014, 30(1), 56–61. DOI: 10.15232/S1080-7446(15)30083-8.
   Google Scholar
• Kuiper, H. A.; Noordam, M. Y.; Van Dooren-Flipsen, M. M. H.; Schilt, R.; Roos, A. H. Illegal Use of β-Adrenergic Agonists: European Community. J. Anim. Sci. 1998, 76(1), 195–207. DOI: 10.2527/1998.761195x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USDA. Feedlot 2011. Part IV: Health and Health Management on U.S. Feedlots with a Capacity of 1,000 or More Head; Fort Collins, CO: USDA. 2013. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/nahms/feedlot/downloads/feedlot2011/Feed11_dr_PartIV
   Google Scholar
• Duckett, S. K.; Pratt, S. L. MEAT SCIENCE AND MUSCLE BIOLOGY SYMPOSIUM—Anabolic Implants AND MEAT Quality. J. Anim. Sci. 2014, 92(1), 3–9. DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herago, T.; Agonafir, A. Growth Promoters in Cattle. Adv. Biol. Res. (Rennes). 2017, 111, 24–34. DOI:10.5829/idosi.abr.2017.24.34.
   Google Scholar
• Courtheyn, D.; Le Bizec, B.; Brambilla, G.; De Brabander, H.; Cobbaert, E.; Van de Wiele, M.; Vercammen, J.; De Wasch, K. Recent Developments in the Use and Abuse of Growth Promoters. Anal. Chim. Acta. 2002, 473(1–2), 71–82. DOI: 10.1016/S0003-2670(02)00753-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrett, T.; Wildman, B. K.; Jim, G. K.; Vogstad, A. R.; Fenton, R. K.; Hannon, S. J.; Schunicht, O. C.; Abutarbush, S. M.; Booker, C. W. Evaluation of the Efficacy and Cost-Effectiveness of Melengestrol Acetate in Feedlot Heifer Calves in Western Canada. Veterinary therapeutics: research in applied veterinary medicine 2008, 9(3), 223–240.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, P.; Hess, T.; Hubbell, D.; Hufstedler, G. D.; Fieser, B.; Caldwell, J. Additive Effects of Growth Promoting Technologies on Performance of Grazing Steers and Economics of the Wheat Pasture Enterprise1. J. Anim. Sci. 2014, 92(3), 1219–1227. DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanderwert, W.; Berger, L. L.; McKeith, F. K.; Shanks, R. D.; Bechtel, P. J. Influence of Zeranol Implants on Growth, Carcass and Palatability Traits in Bulls and Late Castrates. J. Anim. Sci. 1985, 61(3), 537–545. DOI: 10.2527/jas1985.613537x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faulkner, D. B.; McKeith, F. K.; Berger, L. L.; Kesler, D. J.; Parrett, D. F. Effect of Testosterone Propionate on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Heifers and Cows. J. Anim. Sci. 1989, 67(8), 1907–1915. DOI: 10.2527/jas1989.6781907x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEvers, T. J.; May, N. D.; Reed, J. A.; Walter, L.-A. J.; Hutcheson, J. P.; Lawrence, T. E. The Effect of Zilpaterol Hydrochloride on Beef Producer and Processor Revenue of Calf-Fed Holstein Steers. Transl. Anim. Sci. 2018, 23, 290–297. DOI:10.1093/tas/txy062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Main, R. G.; Tokach, M. D.; Goodband, R. D.; Nelssen, J. L.; Dritz, S. S. Effects of Feeding Graded Levels of Ractopamine (Paylean TM) on Pig Performance in a Commercial Finishing Facility. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports. 2001, 10, 74–76. DOI: 10.4148/2378-5977.6692.
   Google Scholar
• Reese, D.; Bitney, L. L. Economic Value of Ractopamine (Payleantm) for Finishing Pigs. Nebraska Swine Rep. 2001, January, 19–22.
   Google Scholar
• Woods, A. L.; Armstrong, T. A.; Anderson, D. B.; Elam, T. E.; Sutton, A. L. CASE STUDY: Environmental Benefits of Ractopamine Use in United States Finisher Swine. Prof. Anim. Sci. 2011, 27(5), 492–499. DOI: 10.15232/S1080-7446(15)30524-6.
   Google Scholar
• Dunshea, F. R.; D’Souza, D. N.; Channon, H. A. Metabolic Modifiers as Performance-Enhancing Technologies for Livestock Production. Anim. Front. 2016, 6(4), 6–14. DOI: 10.2527/af.2016-0038.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baynes, R. E.; Dedonder, K.; Kissell, L.; Mzyk, D.; Marmulak, T.; Smith, G.; Tell, L.; Gehring, R.; Davis, J.; Riviere, J. E. Health Concerns and Management of Select Veterinary Drug Residues. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2016, 88, 112–122. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.12.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAO. The Use of Hormones in Animal Production http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/X6533E/X6533E01.htm (accessed Jan 31, 2019).
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, A. K.; Gesing, L. M.; Ellis, M.; McGlone, J. J.; Berg, E.; Lonergan, S. M.; Fitzgerald, R.; Karriker, L. A.; Ramirez, A.; Stalder, K. J.;, et al. 2011 and 2012 Early Careers Achievement Awards: Farm and Pig Factors Affecting Welfare during the Marketing Process. J. Anim. Sci. 2013, 91(6), 2481–2491. DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-6114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAO. Zeranol http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/vetdrug/docs/41-1-zeranol.pdf (accessed Mar 25, 2019).
   Google Scholar
• Craigmill, A. L.; Sundlof, S. F.; Riviere, J. E. Handbook of Comparative Pharmacokinetics and Residues of Veterinary Therapeutic Drugs; CRC Press: Boca Raton, Florida, 2018. DOI: 10.1201/9781351072472.
   Google Scholar
• Reinhardt, C.;. Growth-Promotant Implants: Managing the Tools. Veterinary Clinics of North America - Food Animal Practice,Elsevier: Saunders, 2007; Vol. 23, pp. 309–319. doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2007.03.004.
   Google Scholar
• Rumsey, T. S.; Hammond, A. C.; Elsasser, T. H. Responses to an Estrogenic Growth Promoter in Beef Steers Fed Varying Nutritional Regimens. J. Anim. Sci. 1999, 77(11), 2865. DOI: 10.2527/1999.77112865x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dikeman, M. E. Reducing the Fat by Production Practises. In Pearson A.M., Dutson T.R. (eds). Production and Processing of Healthy Meat, Poultry and Fish Products; Chapman & Hall: London, UK, 1997; pp. 150–190.
   Google Scholar
• Solomon, M. B. Effect of Animal Production on Meat Quality. In Quality of Fresh and Processed Foods; Shahidi, F., Spanier, A.M., Ct., H., Eds.; Springer: Boston, MA, 2004; Vol. 542. 1–23. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4419-9090-7_1.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, P. T.; Johnson, B. T.; Dikeman, M. Metabolic Modifiers. In Encyclopedia of Meat Sciences; Dikeman, M., Devine, C., Eds.; Elsevier: ‎Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2014; pp 62–69.
   Google Scholar
• Dalidowicz, J. E.; Babbitt, M. S. Characterization of 14C-Residues in Tissues and Excreta from Swine Fed 14C-Ractopamine HCl. Unpublished Report on Study No. ABC-0355 158 RACTOPAMINE Agricultural Biochemistry, Lilly Research Laboratories, Division of Eli Lilly and Company. Greenfield, IN, USA 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Dalidowicz, J. E.; Lewis, J. J.; Thomson, T. D. 14C-Ractopamine HCl Balance-Excretion Study in Swine. Agricultural Biochemistry, Lilly Research Laboratories, Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Report Number ABC-0330, Sponsor Submitted 1989.
   Google Scholar
• FAO/WHO. 81st Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) Meeting. FAO/JECFA Monographs,81st Meeting 2015: Rome, Italy: FAO/WHO @2016. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5590e.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Mills, S. E.; Spurlock, M. E.; Smith, D. J. β-Adrenergic Receptor Subtypes that Mediate Ractopamine Stimulation of Lipolysis. J. Anim. Sci. 2003, 81(3), 662–668. DOI: 10.2527/2003.813662x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parr, T.; Mareko, M. H. D.; Ryan, K. J. P.; Hemmings, K. M.; Brown, D. M.; Brameld, J. M. The Impact of Growth Promoters on Muscle Growth and the Potential Consequences for Meat Quality. Meat Sci. 2016, 120, 93–99. DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.04.022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang, W.; Mills, S. E. Quantitative Analysis of Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Subtypes in Pig Tissues. J. Anim. Sci. 2002, 80(4), 963–970. DOI: 10.2527/2002.804963x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vedovatto, M.; Ítavo, C. C. B.; Beltrame, J. A. M.; Brumatti, R. C.; Franco, G. L. Agonistas Beta-Adrenérgicos Como Aditivo Para Bovinos De Corte. Bol. Indústria Anim. 2014, 71(4), 396–406. DOI: 10.17523/bia.v71n4p396.
   Google Scholar
• EEC. Council Regulation (EEC) No 2377/90 of 26 June 1990 Laying down a Community Procedure for the Establishment of Maximum Residue Limits of Veterinary Medicinal Products in Foodstuffs of Animal Origin. Off. J. Eur. Union, 1990, L 224, 1–8. https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/files/eudralex/vol-5/reg_1990_2377_cons_2008/reg_1990_2377_consol_en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Waltner-Toews, D.; McEwen, S. A. Residues of Hormonal Substances in Foods of Animal Origin: A Risk Assessment. Prev. Vet. Med. 1994, 20(3), 235–247. DOI: 10.1016/0167-5877(94)90085-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakai, T.; Hitomi, T.; Sugaya, K.; Kai, S.; Murayama, M.; Maitani, T. Determination Method for Ractopamine in Swine and Cattle Tissues Using LC/MS. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi. 2007, 485, 144–147. DOI:10.3358/shokueishi.48.144.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Preston, R. L. Hormone Containing Growth Promoting Implants in Farmed Livestock. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 1999, 38(2), 123–138. DOI: 10.1016/S0169-409X(99)00012-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EFSA. Safety Evaluation of Ractopamine. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances Used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) on a Request from the European Commission on the Safety Evaluation of Ractopamine. EFSA J. 2009, 1041, 1–52. DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1041.
   Google Scholar
• SAFEMEAT. Cattle and HGPs. Hormone Growth Promotants: Is It Safe to Eat Meat from HGP-treated Cattle? How Do They Work? Why They are Used? http://safemeat.com.au/_literature_67162/Read_the_Brochure_-_Cattle_and_Hormone_Growth_Promotants (accessed Feb 15, 2019).
   Google Scholar
• Wu, M.-L.; Deng, J.-F.; Chen, Y.; Chu, W.-L.; Hung, D.-Z.; Yang, -C.-C. Late Diagnosis of an Outbreak of Leanness-Enhancing Agent–Related Food Poisoning. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 2013, 31(10), 1501–1503. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2013.07.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centner, T. J.; Alvey, J. C.; Stelzleni, A. M. Beta Agonists in Livestock Feed: Status, Health Concerns, and International Trade. J. Anim. Sci. 2014, 92(9), 4234–4240. DOI: 10.2527/jas2014-7932.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robert, C.; Gillard, N.; Brasseur, P.-Y.; Pierret, G.; Ralet, N.; Dubois, M.; Delahaut, P. Rapid Multi-Residue and Multi-Class Qualitative Screening for Veterinary Drugs in Foods of Animal Origin by UHPLC-MS/MS. Food Addit. Contam. Part A. 2013, 30(3), 443–457. DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.751632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delatour, T.; Racault, L.; Bessaire, T.; Desmarchelier, A. Screening of Veterinary Drug Residues in Food by LC-MS/MS. Background and Challenges. Food Addit. Contam. Part A. 2018, 35(4), 632–645. DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1426890.
   Google Scholar
• Kang, J.; Fan, C.-L.; Chang, Q.-Y.; Bu, M.-N.; Zhao, Z.-Y.; Wang, W.; Pang, G.-F. Simultaneous Determination of Multi-Class Veterinary Drug Residues in Different Muscle Tissues by Modified QuEChERS Combined with HPLC-MS/MS. Anal. Methods. 2014, 6(16), 6285–6293. DOI: 10.1039/C4AY00589A.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Toxicological Evaluation of Certain Veterinary Drug Residues in Food: Estradiol-17β, Progesterone, and Testosterone, 2000. Geneva, Switzerland: FAO/WHO. http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v43jec05.htm
   Google Scholar
• IARC. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man: Sex Hormones; Lyon: France, 1974; Vol. 6.
   Google Scholar
• Gardner, W. U. The Incidence of Mammary Tumors and the Structure of Mammary Glands of Estrogen Plus Testosterone-Treated Mice. Cancer Res. 1946, 6, 493.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Evaluation of Certain Veterinary Drug Residues in Food, 1988. [‎meeting held in Rome from 15 to 23 June 1987]‎. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/39807
   Google Scholar
• Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Evaluation of Certain Veterinary Drug Residues in Food. Melengestrol Acetate, 2006;(939):1-80 PMID: 17373572.
   Google Scholar
• Stephany, R. Hormonal Growth Promoting Agents in Food Producing Animals. In Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology; Thieme, D., Hemmersbach, P., Eds.; Springer-Verlag: Berlin Heidelberg, 2010; Vol. 195. 355–368. DOI:10.1007/978-3-540-79088-4.
   Google Scholar
• Qiang, Z.; Shentu, F.; Wang, B.; Wang, J.; Chang, J.; Shen, J. Residue Depletion of Ractopamine and Its Metabolites in Swine Tissues, Urine, and Serum. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2007, 55(11), 4319–4326. DOI: 10.1021/jf070167c.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, D. J.; Shelver, W. L. Tissue Residues of Ractopamine and Urinary Excretion of Ractopamine and Metabolites in Animals Treated for 7 Days with Dietary Ractopamine. J. Anim. Sci. 2002, 80(5), 1240–1249. DOI: 10.2527/2002.8051240x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wynn, P. C. Hormonal Growth Promotants – Friend or Foe? https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/content/archive/agriculture-today-stories/ag-today-archives/july-2011/hormonal-growth-promotants-friend-or-foe (accessed Feb 18, 2019).
   Google Scholar
• Bar-El Dadon, S.; Reifen, R. Soy as an Endocrine Disruptor: Cause for Caution? J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 2010, 23(9), 855–861. DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2010.138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Codex Alimentarius Commission. Proposed Draft Guidelines on Residues at Injection Sites http://www.fao.org/tempref/codex/Meetings/CCRVDF/ccrvdf12/cl99_35e.pdf (accessed Mar 25, 2019).
   Google Scholar
• Sears, M. R.; Lötvall, J. Past, Present and Future—Β2-Adrenoceptor Agonists in Asthma Management. Respir. Med. 2005, 99(2), 152–170. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2004.07.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moody, D. E.; Hancock, D. L.; Anderson, D. B. Phenethanolamine Repartitioning Agents. In Farm Animal Metabolism and Nutrition; 2010; Vol. 3, pp 1016–1044. DOI: 10.3390/ph304.
   Google Scholar
• Barry, A. R.; Graham, M. M. Case Report and Review of Clenbuterol Cardiac Toxicity. J. Cardiol. Cases. 2013, 8(4), 131–133. DOI: 10.1016/j.jccase.2013.07.004.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dikeman, M. E. Growth, Carcass Composition and Meat Quality. In Proceedings of the 37th international congress on meat science and technology; Kulmbach, Germany., 1991; pp 1–38.
   Google Scholar
• Keng Yoon, Y.; Woan, T. N.; Karen, O.; Michael, Z. Development of an Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Fast Screening of Cimaterol Residues in Various Matrices. Asian Pacific J. Trop. Dis. 2014, 4(3), 244. DOI: 10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60552-1.
   Google Scholar
• Stallion, A.; Zhang, F. S.; Chance, W. T.; Foley-Nelson, T.; Fischer, J. E. Reversal of Cancer Cachexia in Rats by Cimaterol and Supplemental Nutrition. Surgery. 1991, 110(4), 678–684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stallion, A.; Foley-Nelson, T.; Chance, W. T.; James, J. H.; Fischer, J. E. Anticatabolic Effect of the Β2-agonist Cimaterol in Vivo in Tumor-Bearing Animals. J. Surg. Res. 1995, 59(3), 387–392. DOI: 10.1006/jsre.1995.1180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng, D.; Zhang, L.; Situ, C.; Pan, Y.; Tao, Y.; Wang, Y.; Yuan, Z. Development of Monoclonal Antibodies and Indirect Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Kits for the Detection of Clenbuterol and Salbutamol in the Tissues and Products of Food-Producing Animals. Food Anal. Methods. 2017, 10(11), 3623–3633. DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-0925-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang, M. Incident in Focus Prohibited Veterinary Drug Residues (Salbutamol) in Pigs https://www.cfs.gov.hk/english/multimedia/multimedia_pub/multimedia_pub_fsf_122_01.html.
   Google Scholar
• EFSA – European Food Safety Authority. Scientific Opinion on the Public Health Hazards to Be Covered by Inspection of Meat (Solipeds). EFSA J. 2013, 11(6), 3263. DOI:10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3263.
   Google Scholar
• Dikeman, M. E. Effects of Metabolic Modifiers on Carcass Traits and Meat Quality. Meat Sci. 2007, 77(1), 121–135. DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.04.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung, I. K.; Park, S. J.; Kang, K.; Kim, M. Y.; Cho, S. Development and Application of a Method for Rapid and Simultaneous Determination of Three β-Agonists (Clenbuterol, Ractopamine, and Zilpaterol) Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Korean J. Food Sci. Anim. Resour. 2015, 35(1), 121–129. DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2015.35.1.121.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheng, T.-Y. D.; Shelver, W. L.; Hong, -C.-C.; McCann, S. E.; Davis, W.; Zhang, Y.; Ambrosone, C. B.; Smith, D. J. Urinary Excretion of the β-Adrenergic Feed Additives Ractopamine and Zilpaterol in Breast and Lung Cancer Patients. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2016, 64(40), 7632–7639. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, K.-C.; Chang, Y.-T.; Tsai, C.-E. Determination of Ractopamine and Salbutamol in Pig Hair by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J. Food Drug Anal. 2018, 26(2), 725–730. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2017.09.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong, Y.; Xia, X.; Wang, X.; Ding, S.; Li, X.; Zhang, S.; Jiang, H.; Liu, J.; Li, J.; Feng, Z.;, et al. Validation of an Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Determination of Ractopamine: Application to Residue Depletion Study in Swine. Food Chem. 2011, 127(1), 327–332. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.12.138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boler, D. D.; Shreck, A. L.; Faulkner, D. B.; Killefer, J.; McKeith, F. K.; Homm, J. W.; Scanga, J. A. Effect of Ractopamine Hydrochloride (Optaflexx) Dose on Live Animal Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Tenderness in Early Weaned Beef Steers. Meat Sci. 2012, 92(4), 458–463. DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.05.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ungemach, F. R. WHO Food Additives Series: 53. Ractopamine (Addendum) http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v53je08.htm (accessed Apr 9, 2018).
   Google Scholar
• Chu, L.; Zheng, S.; Qu, B.; Geng, S.; Kang, X. Detection of β-Agonists in Pork Tissue with Novel Electrospun Nanofibers-Based Solid-Phase Extraction Followed Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Food Chem. 2017, 227, 315–321. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.01.059.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, L.; Zeng, Z.; Wang, X.; Yang, J.; Chen, Z.; He, L. Multiresidue Analysis of Nine β-Agonists in Animal Muscles by LC-MS/MS Based on a New Polymer Cartridge for Sample Cleanup. J. Sep. Sci. 2013, 36(11), 1843–1852. DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201201088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiong, L.; Gao, Y. Q.; Li, W. H.; Yang, X. L.; Shimo, S. P. Simple and Sensitive Monitoring of Β2-agonist Residues in Meat by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Using a QuEChERS with Preconcentration as the Sample Treatment. Meat Sci. 2015, 105, 96–107. DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.03.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, K. A.; Beaulieu, A. D.; Merrill, J.; Vessie, G.; Patience, J. F. The Impact of Ractopamine Hydrochloride on Growth and Metabolism, with Special Consideration of Its Role on Nitrogen Balance and Water Utilization in Pork Production. J. Anim. Sci. 2011, 89(7), 2243–2256. DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preechakasedkit, P.; Ngamrojanavanich, N. Novel Ractopamine – Protein Carrier Conjugation and Its Application to the Lateral Flow Strip Test for Ractopamine Detection in Animal Feed. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2019, 202, 193–204. DOI:10.1631/jzus.B1800112.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, D. J.; Kim, M. Chemical Contamination of Red Meat. In Dieter Schrenk and Alexander Cartus. eds. Chemical Contaminants and Residues in Food; Elsevier: 2017; pp 451–489. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-100674-0.00018-7
   Google Scholar
• Tang, Y.; Gao, J.; Liu, X.; Lan, J.; Gao, X.; Ma, Y.; Li, M.; Li, J. Determination of Ractopamine in Pork Using a Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymer as Adsorbent Followed by HPLC. Food Chem. 2016, 201, 72–79. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.01.070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, D. J.; Shelver, W. L.; Chakrabarty, S.; Hoffman, T. W. Detection and Quantification of Residues in Sheep Exposed to Trace Levels of Dietary Zilpaterol HCl. Food Addit. Contam. Part A. 2019, 36(9), 1289–1301. DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1627005.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gressler, V.; Franzen, A. R. L.; Lima, G. J. M. M.; Tavernari, F. C.; Dalla Costa, O. A.; Feddern, V. Development of a Readily Applied Method to Quantify Ractopamine Residue in Meat and Bone Meal by QuEChERS-LC–MS/MS. J. Chromatogr. B. 2016, 1015–1016, 192–200. DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.01.063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, C. J.; McKenzie, D.; Pedersen, J. A.; Aiken, J. M. Meat and Bone Meal and Mineral Feed Additives May Increase the Risk of Oral Prion Disease Transmission. J. Toxicol. Environ. Heal. Part A. 2011, 74(2–4), 161–166. DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2011.529066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, M. H.; Bosworth, B. G.; Lucas, P. M. Evaluation of Porcine Meat and Bone Meal in Diets for Pond-Raised Hybrid Catfish. N. Am. J. Aquac. 2018, 801, 69–73. DOI:10.1002/naaq.10008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aroeira, C. N.; Feddern, V.; Gressler, V.; Molognoni, L.; Daguer, H.; Dalla Costa, O. A.; De Lima, G. J. M. M.; Contreras-Castillo, C. J. Determination of Ractopamine Residue in Tissues and Urine from Pig Fed Meat and Bone Meal. Food Addit. Contam. Part A. 2019, 36(3), 424–433. DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1567942.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalidowicz, J. E.; Thomson, T. D.; Babbitt, G. E. Ractopamine Hydrochloride, a Phenethanolamine Repartitioning Agent. In Xenobiotics and Food-Producing Animals. Metabolism and Residues; Hutson, D.H., Hawkins, D.R., Paulson, G.D., Struble, C.B., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series, American Chemical Society: Washington, D.C., 1992; pp 234–243. DOI: 10.1021/bk-1992-0503.ch016.
   Google Scholar
• Cantiello, M.; Carletti, M.; Cannizzo, F. T.; Nebbia, C.; Bellino, C.; Pié, S.; Oswald, I. P.; Bollo, E.; Dacasto, M. Effects of an Illicit Cocktail on Serum Immunoglobulins, Lymphocyte Proliferation and Cytokine Gene Expression in the Veal Calf. Toxicology. 2007, 242(1–3), 39–51. DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.09.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arcella, D.; Baert, K.; Binaglia, M.; Gervelmeyer, A.; Innocenti, M. L.; Ribo, O.; Steinkellner, H.; Verhagen, H. Review of Proposed MRLs, Safety Evaluation of Products Obtained from Animals Treated with Zilpaterol and Evaluation of the Effects of Zilpaterol on Animal Health and Welfare. EFSA J. 2016, 14(9), e04579. DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4579.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar