REFERENCES
- Agudo-Ibanez, L., F. Nunez, F. Calvo, I. M. Berenjeno, X. R. Bustelo, and P. Crespo. 2007. Transcriptomal profiling of site-specific Ras signals. Cell. Signal. 19:2264–2276.
- Ait-Mamar, B., M. Cailleret, C. Rucker-Martin, A. Bouabdallah, G. Candiani, C. Adamy, P. Duvaldestin, F. Pecker, N. Defer, and C. Pavoine. 2005. The cytosolic phospholipase A2 pathway, a safeguard of beta2-adrenergic cardiac effects in rat. J. Biol. Chem. 280:18881–18890.
- Ajenjo, N., E. Canon, I. Sanchez-Perez, D. Matallanas, J. Leon, R. Perona, and P. Crespo. 2004. Subcellular localization determines the protective effects of activated ERK2 against distinct apoptogenic stimuli in myeloid leukemia cells. J. Biol. Chem. 279:32813–32823.
- Arozarena, I., D. S. Aaronson, D. Matallanas, V. Sanz, N. Ajenjo, S. P. Tenbaum, H. Teramoto, T. Ighishi, J. C. Zabala, J. S. Gutkind, and P. Crespo. 2000. The Rho family GTPase Cdc42 regulates the activation of Ras/MAP kinase by the exchange factor Ras-GRF. J. Biol. Chem. 275:26441–26448.
- Arozarena, I., D. Matallanas, M. T. Berciano, V. Sanz-Moreno, F. Calvo, M. T. Munoz, G. Egea, M. Lafarga, and P. Crespo. 2004. Activation of H-Ras in the endoplasmic reticulum by the RasGRF family guanine nucleotide exchange factors. Mol. Cell. Biol. 24:1516–1530.
- Bagowski, C. P., M. Stein-Gerlach, A. Choidas, and A. Ullrich. 1999. Cell-type specific phosphorylation of threonines T654 and T669 by PKD defines the signal capacity of the EGF receptor. EMBO J. 18:5567–5576.
- Blagoev, B., I. Kratchmarova, S. E. Ong, M. Nielsen, L. J. Foster, and M. Mann. 2003. A proteomics strategy to elucidate functional protein-protein interactions applied to EGF signaling. Nat. Biotechnol. 21:315–318.
- Casar, B., A. Pinto, and P. Crespo. 2008. Essential role of ERK dimers in the activation of cytoplasmic but not nuclear substrates by ERK-scaffold complexes. Mol. Cell 31:708–721.
- Chiu, V. K., T. Bivona, A. Hach, J. B. Sajous, J. Silletti, H. Wiener, R. L. Johnson II, A. D. Cox, and M. R. Philips. 2002. Ras signaling on the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi. Nat. Cell Biol. 4:343–350.
- Crespo, P., and J. Leon. 2000. Ras proteins in the control of the cell cycle and cell differentiation. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 57:1613–1636.
- DeFea, K. A., J. Zalevsky, M. S. Thoma, O. Dery, R. D. Mullins, and N. W. Bunnett. 2000. β-Arrestin-dependent endocytosis of proteinase-activated receptor 2 is required for intracellular targeting of activated ERK1/2. J. Cell Biol. 148:1267–1281.
- Dhanasekaran, D. N., K. Kashef, C. M. Lee, H. Xu, and E. P. Reddy. 2007. Scaffold proteins of MAP-kinase modules. Oncogene 26:3185–3202.
- Frodin, M., and S. Gammeltoft. 1999. Role and regulation of 90 kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) in signal transduction. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 25:65–77.
- Glading, A., F. Uberall, S. M. Keyse, D. A. Lauffenburger, and A. Wells. 2001. Membrane proximal ERK signaling is required for M-calpain activation downstream of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 276:23341–23348.
- Harding, A., T. Tian, E. Westbury, E. Frische, and J. F. Hancock. 2005. Subcellular localization determines MAP kinase signal output. Curr. Biol. 15:869–873.
- Ishibe, S., D. Joly, X. Zhu, and L. G. Cantley. 2003. Phosphorylation-dependent paxillin-ERK association mediates hepatocyte growth factor-stimulated epithelial morphogenesis. Mol. Cell 12:1275–1285.
- Kolch, W. 2005. Coordinating ERK/MAPK signalling through scaffolds and inhibitors. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 6:827–837.
- Kortum, R. L., H. J. Johnson, D. L. Costanzo, D. J. Volle, G. L. Razidlo, A. M. Fusello, A. S. Shaw, and R. E. Lewis. 2006. The molecular scaffold kinase suppressor of Ras 1 is a modifier of RasV12-induced and replicative senescence. Mol. Cell. Biol. 26:2202–2214.
- Lin, L., M. Wartmann, A. Y. Lin, J. L. Knopf, A. Seth, and R. J. Davis. 1993. cPLA2 is phosphorylated and activated by MAP kinase. Cell 72:269–278.
- Matallanas, D., I. Arozarena, M. T. Berciano, D. S. Aaronson, A. Pellicer, M. Lafarga, and P. Crespo. 2003. Differences in the inhibitory specificities of H-Ras, K-Ras and N-Ras (N17) dominant negative mutants are related to their membrane microlocalization. J. Biol. Chem. 278:4572–4581.
- Matallanas, D., V. Sanz-Moreno, I. Arozarena, F. Calvo, L. Agudo-Ibanez, E. Santos, M. T. Berciano, and P. Crespo. 2006. Distinct utilization of effectors and biological outcomes resulting from site-specific Ras activation: Ras functions in lipid rafts and Golgi complex are dispensable for proliferation and transformation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 26:100–116.
- Matheny, S. A., C. Chen, R. L. Kortum, G. L. Razidlo, R. E. Lewis, and M. A. White. 2004. Ras regulates assembly of mitogenic signalling complexes through the effector protein IMP. Nature 427:256–260.
- Morrison, D. K., and R. J. Davis. 2003. Regulation of MAP kinase signaling modules by scaffold proteins in mammals. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 19:91–118.
- Northwood, I. C., F. A. Gonzalez, M. Wartmann, D. L. Raden, and R. J. Davis. 1991. Isolation and characterization of two growth factor-stimulated protein kinases that phosphorylate the epidermal growth factor receptor at threonine 669. J. Biol. Chem. 266:15266–15276.
- Pavoine, C., and N. Defer. 2005. The cardiac beta2-adrenergic signalling a new role for the cPLA2. Cell. Signal. 17:141–152.
- Perez de Castro, I., T. G. Bivona, M. R. Philips, and A. Pellicer. 2004. Ras activation in Jurkat T cells following low-grade stimulation of the T-cell receptor is specific to N-Ras and occurs only on the Golgi apparatus. Mol. Cell. Biol. 24:3485–3496.
- Prior, I. A., A. Harding, J. Yan, J. Sluimer, R. G. Parton, and J. F. Hancock. 2001. GTP-dependent segregation of H-Ras from lipid rafts is required for biological activity. Nat. Cell Biol. 3:368–375.
- Prior, I. A., C. Muncke, R. G. Parton, and J. F. Hancock. 2003. Direct visualization of Ras proteins in spatially distinct cell surface microdomains. J. Cell Biol. 160:165–170.
- Robinson, M. J., and M. H. Cobb. 1997. Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 9:180–186.
- Robinson, M. J., S. A. Stippec, E. Goldsmith, M. A. White, and M. H. Cobb. 1998. A constitutively active and nuclear form of MAP kinase ERK2 is sufficient for neurite outgrowth and cell transformation. Curr. Biol. 8:1141–1150.
- Rocks, O., A. Peyker, M. Kahms, P. J. Verveer, C. Koerner, M. Lumbierres, J. Kuhlmann, H. Waldmann, A. Wittinghofer, and P. I. Bastiaens. 2005. An acylation cycle regulates localization and activity of palmitoylated Ras isoforms. Science 307:1746–1752.
- Roy, S., B. Wyse, and J. F. Hancock. 2002. H-Ras signaling and K-Ras signaling are differentially dependent on endocytosis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22:5128–5140.
- Sanz-Moreno, V., B. Casar, and P. Crespo. 2003. p38alpha isoform Mxi2 binds to extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 mitogen-activated protein kinase and regulates its nuclear activity by sustaining its phosphorylation levels. Mol. Cell. Biol. 23:3079–3090.
- Sugimoto, T., S. Stewart, M. Han, and K. L. Guan. 1998. The kinase suppressor of Ras (KSR) modulates growth factor and Ras signaling by uncoupling Elk-1 phosphorylation from MAP kinase activation. EMBO J. 17:1717–1727.
- Teis, D., W. Wunderlich, and L. A. Huber. 2002. Localization of the MP1-MAPK scaffold complex to endosomes is mediated by p14 and required for signal transduction. Dev. Cell 3:803–814.
- Tohgo, A., K. L. Pierce, E. W. Choy, R. J. Lefkowitz, and L. M. Luttrell. 2002. β-Arrestin scaffolding of the ERK cascade enhances cytosolic ERK activity but inhibits ERK-mediated transcription following angiotensin AT1a receptor stimulation. J. Biol. Chem. 277:9429–9436.
- Torii, S., M. Kusakabe, T. Yamamoto, M. Maekawa, and E. Nishida. 2004. Sef is a spatial regulator for Ras/MAP kinase signaling. Dev. Cell 7:33–44.
- Xiong, S., Q. Zhao, Z. Rong, G. Huang, Y. Huang, P. Chen, S. Zhang, L. Liu, and Z. Chang. 2003. hSef inhibits PC-12 cell differentiation by interfering with Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase MAPK signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 278:50273–50282.
- Yamabhai, M., and R. G. Anderson. 2002. Second cysteine-rich region of epidermal growth factor receptor contains targeting information for caveolae/rafts. J. Biol. Chem. 277:24843–24846.
- Yoon, S., and R. Seger. 2006. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase: multiple substrates regulate diverse cellular functions. Growth Factors 24:21–44.