REFERENCES
- Bannister, A. J., P. Zegerman, J. F. Partridge, E. A. Miska, J. O. Thomas, R. C. Allshire, and T. Kouzarides. 2001. Selective recognition of methylated lysine 9 on histone H3 by the HP1 chromo domain. Nature 410: 120–124.
- Bauer, W. R., J. J. Hayes, J. H. White, and A. P. Wolffe. 1994. Nucleosomal structural changes due to acetylation. J. Mol. Biol. 236: 685–690.
- Bestor, T. H. 1998. Gene silencing. Methylation meets acetylation. Nature 393: 311–312.
- Boyes, J., and A. Bird. 1991. DNA methylation inhibits transcription indirectly via a methyl-CpG binding protein. Cell 64: 1123–1134.
- Boyes, J., and A. Bird. 1992. Repression of genes by DNA methylation depends on CpG density and promoter strength: evidence for involvement of a methyl-CpG binding protein. EMBO J. 11: 327–333.
- Cameron, E. E., K. E. Bachman, S. Myohanen, J. G. Herman, and S. B. Baylin. 1999. Synergy of demethylation and histone deacetylase inhibition in the re-expression of genes silenced in cancer. Nat. Genet. 21: 103–107.
- Clark, S. J., J. Harrison, C. L. Paul, and M. Frommer. 1994. High sensitivity mapping of methylated cytosines. Nucleic Acids Res. 22: 2990–2997.
- Coffee, B., F. Zhang, S. T. Warren, and D. Reines. 1999. Acetylated histones are associated with FMR1 in normal but not fragile X-syndrome cells. Nat. Genet. 22: 98–101.
- Cosma, M. P., T. Tanaka, and K. Nasmyth. 1999. Ordered recruitment of transcription and chromatin remodeling factors to a cell cycle- and developmentally regulated promoter. Cell 97: 299–311.
- Cross, S. H., R. R. Meehan, X. Nan, and A. Bird. 1997. A component of the transcriptional repressor MeCP1 shares a motif with DNA methyltransferase and HRX proteins. Nat. Genet. 16: 256–259.
- Csankovszki, G., A. Nagy, and R. Jaenisch. 2001. Synergism of Xist RNA, DNA methylation, and histone hypoacetylation in maintaining X chromosome inactivation. J. Cell Biol. 153: 773–783.
- Desiderato, L., M. W. Davey, and A. A. Piper. 1997. Demethylation of the human MDR1 5′ region accompanies activation of P-glycoprotein expression in a HL60 multidrug resistant subline. Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. 23: 391–400.
- Eden, S., T. Hashimshony, I. Keshet, H. Cedar, and A. W. Thorne. 1998. DNA methylation models histone acetylation. Nature 394: 842.
- El-Osta, A., P. Kantharidis, and J. Zalcberg. 1999. Absolute quantitation of MDR1 transcripts using heterologous DNA standards—validation of the competitive RT-PCR (CRT-PCR) approach. BioTechniques 26: 1114–1124.
- Forsberg, E. C., K. M. Downs, H. M. Christensen, H. Im, P. A. Nuzzi, and E. H. Bresnick. 2000. Developmentally dynamic histone acetylation pattern of a tissue-specific chromatin domain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 14494–14499.
- Fuks, F., W. A. Burgers, A. Brehm, L. Hughes-Davies, and T. Kouzarides. 2000. DNA methyltransferase dnmt1 associates with histone deacetylase activity. Nat. Genet. 1: 88–91.
- Gregory, R. I., T. E., Randall, C. A., Johnson, S. Khosla, I. Hatada, L. P. O'Neill, B. M. Turner, and R. Feil. 2001. DNA methylation is linked to deacetylation of histone H3, but not H4, on the imprinted genes Snrpn and U2af1-rs1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21: 5426–5436.
- Hendrich, B., and A. Bird. 1998. Identification and characterization of a family of mammalian methyl-CpG binding proteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18: 6538–6547.
- Hendrich, B., U. Hardeland, H. H. Ng, J. Jiricny, and A. Bird. 1999. The thymine glycosylase MBD4 can bind to the product of deamination at methylated CpG sites. Nature 401: 301–304.
- Herman, J. G., J. Jen, A. Merlo, and S. B. Baylin. 1996. Hypermethylation-associated inactivation indicates a tumor suppressor role for p15INK4B. Cancer Res. 56: 722–727.
- Jeppesen, P., and B. M. Turner. 1993. The inactive X chromosome in female mammals is distinguished by a lack of histone H4 acetylation, a cytogenetic marker for gene expression. Cell 74: 281–289.
- Jin, S., and K. W. Scotto. 1998. Transcriptional regulation of the MDR1 gene by histone acetyltransferase and deacetylase is mediated by NF-Y. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18: 4377–4384.
- Jones, P. A., and P. W. Laird. 1999. Cancer epigenetics comes of age. Nat. Genet. 21: 163–167.
- Jones, P. L., G. J. Veenstra, P. A. Wade, D. Vermaak, S. U. Kass, N. Landsberger, J. Strouboulis, and A. P. Wolffe. 1998. Methylated DNA and MeCP2 recruit histone deacetylase to repress transcription. Nat. Genet. 19: 187–191.
- Kaludov, N. K., and A. P. Wolffe. 2000. MeCP2 driven transcriptional repression in vitro: selectivity for methylated DNA, action at a distance and contacts with the basal transcription machinery. Nucleic Acids Res. 28: 1921–1928.
- Kantharidis, P., A. El-Osta, M. deSilva, D. M. Wall, X. F. Hu, A. Slater, G. Nadalin, J. D. Parkin, and J. R. Zalcberg. 1997. Altered methylation of the human MDR1 promoter is associated with acquired multidrug resistance. Clin. Cancer Res. 3: 2025–2032.
- Kantharidis, P., S. El-Osta, M. de Silva, G. Lee, X. F. Hu, and J. Zalcberg. 2000. Regulation of MDR1 gene expression: emerging concepts. Drug Res. Updates 3: 99–108.
- Keohane, A. M., J. S. Lavender, L. P. O'Neill, and B. M. Turner. 1998. Histone acetylation and X inactivation. Dev. Genet. 22: 65–73.
- Leegwater, P. A., R. R. De Abreu, and F. Albertioni. 1998. Analysis of DNA methylation of the 5′ region of the deoxycytidine kinase gene in CCRF-CEM-sensitive and cladribine (CdA)- and 2-chloro-2′-arabino-fluoro-2′-deoxyadenosine (CAFdA)-resistant cells. Cancer Lett. 130: 169–173.
- Lewis, J. D., R. R. Meehan, W. J. Henzel, I. Maurer-Fogy, P. Jeppesen, F. Klein, and A. Bird. 1992. Purification, sequence, and cellular localization of a novel chromosomal protein that binds to methylated DNA. Cell 69: 905–914.
- Lorincz, M. C., D. Schubeler, and M. Groudine. 2001. Methylation-mediated proviral silencing is associated with MeCP2 recruitment and localized histone H3 deacetylation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21: 7913–7922.
- Luger, K., A. W. Mader, R. K. Richmond, D. F. Sargent, and T. J. Richmond. 1997. Crystal structure of the nucleosome core particle at 2.8 A resolution. Nature 389: 251–260.
- Magdinier, F., and A. P. Wolffe. 2001. Selective association of the methyl-CpG binding protein MBD2 with the silent p14/p16 locus in human neoplasia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 4990–4995.
- McQueen, H. A., G. Siriaco, and A. P. Bird. 1998. Chicken minichromosomes are hyperacetylated, early replicating and gene rich. Genome Res. 8: 621–630.
- Meehan, R. R., J. D. Lewis, S. McKay, E. L. Kleiner, and A. P. Bird. 1989. Identification of a mammalian protein that binds specifically to DNA containing methylated CpGs. Cell 58: 499–507.
- Meehan, R. R., J. D. Lewis, and A. P. Bird. 1992. Characterization of MeCP2, a vertebrate DNA binding protein with affinity for methylated DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 20: 5085–5092.
- Muscat, G. E., L. J. Burke, and M. Downes. 1998. The corepressor N-CoR and its variants RIP13a and RIP13Delta1 directly interact with the basal transcription factors TFIIB, TAFII32 and TAFII70. Nucleic Acids Res. 26: 2899–2907.
- Nakayama, M., M. Wada, T. Harada, J. Nagayama, H. Kusaba, K. Ohshima, M. Kozuru, H. Komatsu, R. Ueda, and M. Kuwano. 1998. Hypomethylation status of CpG sites at the promoter region and overexpression of the human MDR1 gene in acute myeloid leukemias. Blood 92: 4296–4307.
- Nan, X., R. R. Meehan, and A. Bird. 1993. Dissection of the methyl-CpG binding domain from the chromosomal protein MeCP2. Nucleic Acids Res. 21: 4886–4892.
- Nan, X., P. Tate, and A. Bird. 1996. DNA methylation specifies chromosomal localization of MeCP2. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16: 414–421.
- Nan, X., J. Campoy, and A. Bird. 1997. MeCP2 is a transcriptional repressor with abundant binding sites in genomic chromatin. Cell 88: 471–481.
- Nan, X., H. H. Ng, C. A. Johnson, C. D. Laherty, B. M. Turner, R. N. Eisenman, and A. Bird. 1998. Transcriptional repression by the methyl-CpG-binding protein MeCP2 involves a histone deacetylase complex. Nature 393: 386–389.
- Ng, H. H., Y. Zhang, B. Hendrich, C. A. Johnson, B. M. Turner, H. Erdjument-Bromage, P. Tempst, D. Reinberg, and A. Bird. 1999. MBD2 is a transcriptional repressor belonging to the MeCP1 histone deacetylase complex. Nat. Genet. 23: 58–61.
- Ng, H. H., and A. Bird. 1999. DNA methylation and chromatin modification. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 9: 158–163.
- Ng, H. H., P. Jeppesen, and A. Bird. 2000. Active repression of methylated genes by the chromosomal protein MBD1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20: 1394–1406.
- Perez-Martin, J., and A. D. Johnson. 1998. The C-terminal domain of Sin1 interacts with the SWI-SNF complex in yeast. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18: 4157–4164.
- Peterson, C. L. 2000. ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling: going mobile. FEBS Lett. 476: 68–72.
- Petronzelli, F., A. Riccio, G. D. Markham, S. H. Seeholzer, M. Genuardi, M. Karbowski, A. T. Yeung, Y. Matsumoto, and A. Bellacosa. 2000. Investigation of the substrate spectrum of the human mismatch-specific DNA N-glycosylase MED1 (MBD4): fundamental role of the catalytic domain. J. Cell Physiol. 185: 473–480.
- Reinke, H., P. D. Gregory, and W. Horz. 2001. A transient histone hyperacetylation signal marks nucleosomes for remodeling at the PHO8 promoter in vivo. Mol. Cell 7: 529–538.
- Robertson, K. D., S. Ait-Si-Ali, T. Yokochi, P. A. Wade, P. L. Jones, and A. P. Wolffe. 2000. DNMT1 forms a complex with Rb, E2F1 and HDAC1 and represses transcription from E2F-responsive promoters. Nat. Genet. 25: 338–342.
- Rountree, M. R., K. E. Bachman, and S. B. Baylin. 2000. DNMT1 binds HDAC2 and a new co-repressor, DMAP1, to form a complex at replication foci. Nat. Genet. 25: 269–277.
- Schubeler, D., M. C. Lorincz, D. M. Cimbora, A. Telling, Y. Q. Feng, E. E. Bouhassira, and M. Groudine. 2000. Genomic targeting of methylated DNA: influence of methylation on transcription, replication, chromatin structure, and histone acetylation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20: 9103–9112.
- Sif, S., A. J. Saurin, A. N. Imbalzano, and R. E. Kingston. 2001. Purification and characterization of mSin3A-containing Brg1 and hBrm chromatin remodeling complexes. Genes Dev. 15: 603–618.
- Tatematsu, K., Yamazaki, T., and F. Ishikawa. 2000. MBD2-MBD3 complex binds to hemi-methylated DNA and forms a complex containing DNMT1 at the replication foci in late S phase. Genes Cells 5: 677–688.
- Ueda, K., A. Yoshida, and T. Amachi. 1999. Recent progress in P-glycoprotein research. Anticancer Drug Des. 14: 115–121.
- Ura, K., H. Kurumizaka, S. Dimitrov, G. Almouzni, and A. P. Wolffe. 1997. Histone acetylation: influence on transcription, nucleosome mobility and positioning, and linker histone-dependent transcriptional repression. EMBO J. 16: 2096–2107.
- Wade, P. A., P. L. Jones, D. Vermaak, G. J. Veenstra, A. Imhof, T. Sera, C. Tse, H. Ge, Y. B. Shi, J. C. Hansen, and A. P. Wolffe. 1998. Histone deacetylase directs the dominant silencing of transcription in chromatin: association with MeCP2 and the Mi-2 chromodomain SWI/SNF ATPase. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 63: 435–445.
- Wade, P. A., P. L. Jones, D. Vermaak, and A. P. Wolffe. 1998. A multiple subunit Mi-2 histone deacetylase from Xenopus laevis cofractionates with an associated Snf2 superfamily ATPase. Curr. Biol. 8: 843–846.
- Wade, P. A., A. Gegonne, P. L. Jones, E. Ballestar, F. Aubry, and A. P. Wolffe. 1999. Mi-2 complex couples DNA methylation to chromatin remodeling and histone deacetylation. Nat. Genet. 1: 62–66.
- Wakefield, M. J., A. M. Keohane, B. M. Turner, and J. A. Graves. 1997. Histone underacetylation is an ancient component of mammalian X chromosome inactivation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 9665–9668.
- Wall, D. M., S. El-Osta, D. Tzelepis, I. Bertoncello, P. Kantharidis, S. T. Chou, J. R. Zalcberg, and J. D. Parkin. 1997. Expression of MDR1 and mrp in the normal B-cell homologue of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br. J. Haematol. 96: 697–707.
- Wang, W., Y. Xue, S. Zhou, A. Kuo, B. R. Cairns, and G. R. Crabtree. 1996. Diversity and specialization of mammalian SWI/SNF complexes. Genes Dev. 10: 2117–2130.
- Wang, W., J. Cote, Y. Xue, S. Zhou, P. A. Khavari, S. R. Biggar, C. Muchardt, G. V. Kalpana, S. P. Goff, M. Yaniv, J. L. Workman, and G. R. Crabtree. 1996. Purification and biochemical heterogeneity of the mammalian SWI-SNF complex. EMBO J. 15: 5370–5382.
- Weitzel, J. M., H. Buhrmester, and W. H. Stratling. 1997. Chicken MAR-binding protein ARBP is homologous to rat methyl-CpG-binding protein MeCP2. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17: 5656–5666.
- Wong, C. W., and M. L. Privalsky. 1998. Transcriptional repression by the SMRT-mSin3 corepressor: multiple interactions, multiple mechanisms, and a potential role for TFIIB. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18: 5500–5510.
- Zalcberg, J. R., X. F. Hu, D. M. Wall, S. Mirski, S. Cole, G. Nadalin, M. De Luise, J. D. Parkin, V. Vrazas, L. Campbell, and P. Kantharidis. 1994. Cellular and karyotypic characterization of two doxorubicin resistant cell lines isolated from the same parental human leukemia cell line. Int. J. Cancer 57: 522–528.