A Dominant-Negative Thyroid Hormone Receptor Blocks Amphibian Metamorphosis by Retaining Corepressors at Target Genes

REFERENCES

• Adams, M., C. Matthews, T. N. Collingwood, Y. Tone, P. Beck-Peccoz, and K. Chatterjee. 1994. Genetic analysis of 29 kindreds with generalized and pituitary resistance to thyroid hormone. J. Clin. Investig. 94: 506–515.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brucker-Davis, F., M. C. Skarulis, M. B. Grace, J. Benichou, P. Hauser, E. Wiggs, and B. D. Weintraub. 1995. Genetic and clinical features of 42 kindreds with resistance to thyroid hormone. National Institutes of Health Prospective Study. Ann. Intern. Med. 123: 572–583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke, L. J., and A. Baniahmad. 2000. Co-repressors 2000. FASEB J. 14: 1876–1888.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, J. D., and H. Li. 1998. Coactivation and corepression in transcriptional regulation by steroid/nuclear hormone receptors. Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene Expr. 8: 169–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damjanovski, S., L. M. Sachs, and Y.-B. Shi. 2002. Function of thyroid hormone receptors during amphibian development, p. 153–176. In A. Baniahmad (ed.), Methods in molecular biology: thyroid hormone receptors, vol. 202. Humana Press, Inc., Totowa, N.J.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, P. J., and F. B. Davis. 1996. Nongenomic actions of thyroid hormone. Thyroid 6: 497–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodd, M. H. I., and J. M. Dodd. 1976. The biology of metamorphosis, p. 467–599. In B. Lofts (ed.), Physiology of the amphibia. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, Calif.
   Google Scholar
• Eliceiri, B. P., and D. D. Brown. 1994. Quantitation of endogenous thyroid hormone receptors alpha and beta during embryogenesis and metamorphosis in Xenopus laevis. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 24459–24465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, R. M. 1988. The steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily. Science 240: 889–895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flamant, F., and J. Samarut. 2003. Thyroid hormone receptors: lessons from knockout and knock-in mutant mice. Trends Endocrinol. Metabol. 14: 85–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fondell, J. D., A. L. Roy, and R. G. Roeder. 1993. Unliganded thyroid hormone receptor inhibits formation of a functional preinitiation complex: implications for active repression. Genes Dev. 7: 1400–1410.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Forrest, D., E. Hanebuth, R. J. Smeyne, N. Everds, C. L. Stewart, J. M. Wehner, and T. Curran. 1996. Recessive resistance to thyroid hormone in mice lacking thyroid hormone receptor beta: evidence for tissue-specific modulation of receptor function. EMBO J. 15: 3006–3015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraichard, A., O. Chassande, M. Plateroti, J. P. Roux, J. Trouillas, C. Dehay, C. Legrand, K. Gauthier, M. Kedinger, L. Malaval, B. Rousset, and J. Samarut. 1997. The T3R alpha gene encoding a thyroid hormone receptor is essential for post-natal development and thyroid hormone production. EMBO J. 16: 4412–4420.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fu, L., D. Buchholz, and Y.-B. Shi. 2002. A novel double promoter approach for identification of transgenic animals: a tool for in vivo analysis of gene function and development of gene-based therapies. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 62: 470–476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furlow, J. D., and D. D. Brown. 1999. In vitro and in vivo analysis of the regulation of a transcription factor gene by thyroid hormone during Xenopus laevis metamorphosis. Mol. Endocrinol. 13: 2076–2089.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gauthier, K., O. Chassande, M. Plateroti, J. P. Roux, C. Legrand, B. Pain, B. Rousset, R. Weiss, J. Trouillas, and J. Samarut. 1999. Different functions for the thyroid hormone receptors TRα and TRβ in the control of thyroid hormone production and post-natal development. EMBO J. 18: 623–631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert, L. I., J. R. Tata, and B. G. Atkinson. 1996. Metamorphosis: post-embryonic reprogramming of gene expression in amphibian and insect cells. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, Calif.
   Google Scholar
• Gothe, S., Z. Wang, L. Ng, J. M. Kindblom, A. C. Barros, C. Ohlsson, B. Vennstrom, and D. Forrest. 1999. Mice devoid of all known thyroid hormone receptors are viable but exhibit disorders of the pituitary-thyroid axis, growth, and bone maturation. EMBO J. 13: 1329–1341.
   Google Scholar
• Guenther, M. G., W. S. Lane, W. Fischle, E. Verdin, M. A. Lazar, and R. Shiekhattar. 2000. A core SMRT corepressor complex containing HDAC3 and TBL1, a WD40-repeat protein linked to deafness. Genes Dev. 14: 1048–1057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashimoto, K., F. H. Curty, P. P. Borges, C. E. Lee, E. D. Abel, J. K. Elmquist, R. N. Cohen, and F. E. Wondisford. 2001. An unliganded thyroid hormone receptor causes severe neurological dysfunction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 8: 3998–4003.
   Google Scholar
• Hetzel, B. S. 1989. The story of iodine deficiency: an international challenge in nutrition. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England.
   Google Scholar
• Hsia, V. S.-C., and Y.-B. Shi. 2002. Chromatin disruption and histone acetylation in the regulation of HIV-LTR by thyroid hormone receptor. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22: 4043–4052.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hsia, V. S.-C., H. Wang, and Y.-B. Shi. 2001. Involvement of chromatin and histone acetylation in the regulation of HIV-LTR by thyroid hormone receptor. Cell Res. 11: 8–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ishizuya-Oka, A., A. Shimozawa, H. Takeda, and Y.-B. Shi. 1994. Cell-specific and spatio-temporal expression of intestinal fatty acid-binding protein gene during amphibian metamorphosis. Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 204: 150–155.
   Google Scholar
• Ishizuya-Oka, A., and S. Ueda. 1996. Apoptosis and cell proliferation in the Xenopus small intestine during metamorphosis. Cell Tissue Res. 286: 467–476.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ishizuya-Oka, A., S. Ueda, T. Amano, K. Shimizu, K. Suzuki, N. Ueno, and K. Yoshizato. 2001. Thyroid-hormone-dependent and fibroblast-specific expression of BMP-4 correlates with adult epithelial development during amphibian intestinal remodeling. Cell Tissue Res. 303: 187–195.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ishizuya-Oka, A., S. Ueda, T. Inokuchi, T. Amano, S. Damjanovski, M. Stolow, and Y.-B. Shi. 2001. Thyroid hormone-induced expression of Sonic hedgehog correlates with adult epithelial development during remodeling of the Xenopus stomach and intestine. Differentiation 69: 27–37.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ishizuya-Oka, A., S. Ueda, and Y.-B. Shi. 1997. Temporal and spatial regulation of a putative transcriptional repressor implicates it as playing a role in thyroid hormone-dependent organ transformation. Dev. Genet. 20: 329–337.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ito, M., and R. G. Roeder. 2001. The TRAP/SMCC/Mediator complex and thyroid hormone receptor function. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 12: 127–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jepsen, K., and M. G. Rosenfeld. 2002. Biological roles and mechanistic actions of co-repressor complexes J. Cell Sci. 115: 689–698.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, P. L., L. M. Sachs, N. Rouse, P. A. Wade, and Y. B. Shi. 2001. Multiple N-CoR complexes contain distinct histone deacetylases. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 8807–8811.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaneshige, M., K. Kaneshige, X.-G. Zhu, A. Dace, L. Garrett, T. A. Carter, R. Kazlauskaite, D. G. Pankratz, A. Wynshaw-Boris, S. Refetoff, B. D. Weintraub, M. C. Willingham, C. Barlow, and S.-Y. Cheng. 2000. Mice with a targeted mutation in the thyroid hormone beta receptor gene exhibit impaired growth and resistance to thyroid hormone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 13209–13214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaneshige, M., H. Suzuki, K. Kaneshige, J. Cheng, H. Wimbrow, C. Barlow, M. C. Willingham, and S.-Y. Cheng. 2001. A targeted dominant negative mutation of the thyroid hormone alpha1 receptor causes increased mortality, infertility, and dwarfism in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 15095–15100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroll, K. L., and E. Amaya. 1996. Transgenic Xenopus embryos from sperm nuclear transplantations reveal FGF signaling requirements during gastrulation. Development 122: 3173–3183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazar, M. A. 1993. Thyroid hormone receptors: multiple forms, multiple possibilities. Endocrinol. Rev. 14: 184–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leloup, J., and M. Buscaglia. 1977. La triiodothyronine: hormone de la métamorphose des amphibiens. C. R. Acad. Sci. 284: 2261–2263.
   Google Scholar
• Li, J., J. Wang, J. Wang, Z. Nawaz, J. M. Liu, J. Qin, and J. Wong. 2000. Both corepressor proteins SMRT and C-CoR exist in large protein complexes containing HDAC3. EMBO J. 19: 4342–4350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mangelsdorf, D. J., C. Thummel, M. Beato, P. Herrlich, G. Schutz, K. Umesono, B. Blumberg, P. Kastner, M. Mark, P. Chambon, et al. 1995. The nuclear receptor superfamily: the second decade. Cell 83: 835–839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenna, N. J., R. B. Lanz, and B. W. O'Malley. 1999. Nuclear receptor coregulators: cellular and molecular biology. Endocrinol. Rev. 20: 321–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metz, A., S. Knoechel, P. Buechler, M. Koester, and W. Knoechel. 1998. Structural and functional analysis of the BMP-4 promoter in early embryos of Xenopus laevis. Mech. Dev. 74: 29–39.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nieuwkoop, P. D., and J. Faber. 1956. Normal table of Xenopus laevis, 1st ed. North Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Patterton, D., W. P. Hayes, and Y. B. Shi. 1995. Transcriptional activation of the matrix metalloproteinase gene stromelysin-3 coincides with thyroid hormone-induced cell death during frog metamorphosis. Dev. Biol. 167: 252–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perlman, A. J., F. Stanley, and H. H. Samuels. 1982. Thyroid hormone nuclear receptor. Evidence for multimeric organization in chromatin. J. Biol. Chem. 257: 930–938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puzianowsak-Kuznicka, M., S. Damjanovski, and Y.-B. Shi. 1997. Both thyroid hormone and 9-cis retinoic acid receptors are required to efficiently mediate the effects of thyroid hormone on embryonic development and specific gene regulation in Xenopus laevis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17: 4738–4749.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rachez, C., and L. P. Freedman. 2000. Mechanisms of gene regulation by vitamin D3 receptor: a network of coactivator interactions. Gene 246: 9–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Refetoff, S., R. E. Weiss, and S. J. Usala. 1993. The syndromes of resistance to thyroid hormone. Endocrinol. Rev. 14: 348–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachs, L. M., T. Amano, N. Rouse, and Y. B. Shi. 2001. Involvement of histone deacetylase at two distinct steps in gene regulation during intestinal development in Xenopus laevis. Dev. Dyn. 222: 280–291.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sachs, L. M., S. Damjanovski, P. L. Jones, Q. Li, T. Amano, S. Ueda, Y. B. Shi, and A. Ishizuya-Oka. 2000. Dual functions of thyroid hormone receptors during Xenopus development. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol. 126: 199–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachs, L. M., P. L. Jones, E. Havis, N. Rouse, B. A. Demeneix, and Y.-B. Shi. 2002. N-CoR recruitment by unliganded thyroid hormone receptor in gene repression during Xenopus laevis development. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22: 8527–8538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachs, L. M., and Y.-B. Shi. 2000. Targeted chromatin binding and histone acetylation in vivo by thyroid hormone receptor during amphibian development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 13138–13143.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schreiber, A. M., B. Das, H. Huang, N. Marsh-Armstrong, and D. D. Brown. 2001. Diverse developmental programs of Xenopus laevis metamorphosis are inhibited by a dominant negative thyroid hormone receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 10739–10744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi, Y.-B. 1999. Amphibian metamorphosis: from morphology to molecular biology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.
   Google Scholar
• Shi, Y.-B. 1996. Thyroid hormone-regulated early and late genes during amphibian metamorphosis, p. 505–538. In L. I. Gilbert, J. R. Tata, and B. G. Atkinson (ed.), Metamorphosis: post-embryonic reprogramming of gene expression in amphibian and insect cells. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, Calif.
   Google Scholar
• Shi, Y.-B., and D. D. Brown. 1993. The earliest changes in gene expression in tadpole intestine induced by thyroid hormone. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 20312–20317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi, Y.-B., and W. P. Hayes. 1994. Thyroid hormone-dependent regulation of the intestinal fatty acid-binding protein gene during amphibian metamorphosis. Dev. Biol. 161: 48–58.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shi, Y.-B., and A. Ishizuya-Oka. 1996. Biphasic intestinal development in amphibians: embryogensis and remodeling during metamorphosis. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 32: 205–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi, Y.-B., and V. C.-T. Liang. 1994. Cloning and characterization of the ribosomal protein L8 gene from Xenopus laevis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1217: 227–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi, Y. B., L. Fu, S. C. Hsia, A. Tomita, and D. Buchholz. 2001. Thyroid hormone regulation of apoptotic tissue remodeling during anuran metamorphosis. Cell Res. 11: 245–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stolow, M. A., and Y. B. Shi. 1995. Xenopus sonic hedgehog as a potential morphogen during embryogenesis and thyroid hormone-dependent metamorphosis. Nucleic Acids Res. 23: 2555–2562.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tata, J. R. 1993. Gene expression during metamorphosis: an ideal model for post-embryonic development. Bioessays 15: 239–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tinnikov, A., K. Nordstrom, P. Thoren, J. M. Kindblom, S. Malin, B. Rozell, M. Adams, O. Rajanayagam, S. Pettersson, C. Ohlsson, K. Chatterjee, and B. Vennstrom. 2002. Retardation of post-natal development caused by a negatively acting thyroid hormone receptor α1. EMBO J. 21: 5079–5087.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsai, M. J., and B. W. O'Malley. 1994. Molecular mechanisms of action of steroid/thyroid receptor superfamily members. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 63: 451–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulisse, S., G. Esslemont, B. S. Baker, K. Chatterjee, and J. R. Tata. 1996. Dominant-negative mutant thyroid hormone receptors prevent transcription from Xenopus thyroid hormone receptor beta gene promoter in response to thyroid hormone in Xenopus tadpoles in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 1205–1209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underhill, C., M. S. Qutob, S. P. Yee, and J. Torchia. 2000. A novel nuclear receptor corepressor complex, N-CoR, contains components of the mammalian SWI/SNF complex and the corepressor KAP-1 J. Biol. Chem. 275: 40463–40470.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Z., and D. D. Brown. 1993. Thyroid hormone-induced gene expression program for amphibian tail resorption. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 16270–16278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen, Y. D., V. Perissi, L. M. Staszewski, W. M. Yang, A. Krones, C. K. Glass, M. G. Rosenfeld, and E. Seto. 2000. The histone deacetylase-3 complex contains nuclear receptor corepressors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 7202–7207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wikstrom, L., C. Johansson, C. Salto, C. Barlow, A. C. Barros, F. Baas, D. Forrest, P. Thoren, and B. Veenstrom. 1998. Abnormal heart rate and body temperature in mice lacking thyroid hormone receptor. EMBO J. 17: 455–461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, J., and Y.-B. Shi. 1995. Coordinated regulation of and transcriptional activation by Xenopus thyroid hormone and retinoid X receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 18479–18483.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wong, J., Y. B. Shi, and A. P. Wolffe. 1995. A role for nucleosome assembly in both silencing and activation of the Xenopus TRβ A gene by the thyroid hormone receptor. Genes Dev. 9: 2696–2711.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xu, L., C. K. Glass, and M. G. Rosenfeld. 1999. Coactivator and corepressor complexes in nuclear receptor function. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 9: 140–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaoita, Y., Y. B. Shi, and D. D. Brown. 1990. Xenopus laevis alpha and beta thyroid hormone receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 7090–7094.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yen, P. M. 2001. Physiological and molecular basis of thyroid hormone action. Physiol. Rev. 81: 1097-1142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshizato, K. 1989. Biochemistry and cell biology of amphibian metamorphosis with a special emphasis on the mechanism of removal of larval organs. Int. Rev. Cytol. 119: 97–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, J., M. Kalkum, B. T. Chait, and R. G. Roeder. 2002. The N-CoR-HDAC3 nuclear receptor corepressor complex inhibits the JNK pathway through the integral subunit GPS2. Mol. Cell 9: 611–623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, J., and M. A. Lazar. 2000. The mechanism of action of thyroid hormones. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 62: 439–466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X.-Y., M. Kaneshige, Y. Kamiya, K. Kaneshige, P. McPhie, and S.-Y. Cheng. 2002. Differential expression of thyroid hormone receptor isoforms dictates the dominant negative activity of mutant β receptor. Mol. Endocrinol. 16: 2077–2092.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar