The Thyroid Hormone Receptor Is a Suppressor of ras-Mediated Transcription, Proliferation, and Transformation

REFERENCES

• Albanese, C., Johnson J., Watanabe G., Eklund N., Vu D., Arnold A., and Pestell R. G.. 1995. Transforming p21ras mutants and c-Ets-2 activate the cyclin D1 promoter through distinguishable regions. J. Biol. Chem. 270:23589–23597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aranda, A., and Pascual A.. 2001. Nuclear hormone receptors and gene expression. Physiol. Rev. 81:1269–1304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bos, J. L. 1989. ras oncogenes in human cancer: a review. Cancer Res. 49:4682–4689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, J. R., Nigh E., Lee R. J., Ye H., Thompson M. A., Saudou F., Pestell R. G., and Greenberg M. E.. 1998. Fos family members induce cell cycle entry by activating cyclin D1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:5609–5619.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crespo, P., and Leon J.. 2000. Ras proteins in the control of the cell cycle and cell differentiation. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 57:1613–1636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, P. J., Shih A., Lin H. Y., Martino L. J., and Davis F. B.. 2000. Thyroxine promotes association of mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear thyroid hormone receptor (TR) and causes serine phosphorylation of TR. J. Biol. Chem. 275:38032–38039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drabkin, H., Kao F.-T., Hartz J., Hart I., Gazdar A., Weinberger C., Evans, R., and Gerber M.. 1988. Localization of human ERBA2 to the 3p22-3p24.1 region of chromosome 3 and variable deletion in small cell lung cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:9258–9262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filmus, J., Robles A. I., Shi W., Wong M. J., Colombo L. L., and Conti C. J.. 1994. Induction of cyclin D1 overexpression by activated ras. Oncogene 9:3627–3633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gille, H., and Downward J.. 1999. Multiple Ras effector pathways contribute to G1 cell cycle progression. J. Biol. Chem. 274:22033–22040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Sancho, J. M., Garcia V., Bonilla F., and Munoz A.. 2003. Thyroid hormone receptors/THR genes in human cancer. Cancer Lett. 192:121–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottlicher, M., Heck S., and Herrlich P.. 1998. Transcriptional cross-talk, the second mode of steroid hormone receptor action. J. Mol. Med. 76:480–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry, D. O., Moskalenko S. A., Kaur K. J., Fu M., Pestell R. G., Camonis J. H., and White M. A.. 2000. Ral GTPases contribute to regulation of cyclin D1 through activation of NF-κB. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20:8084–8092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herber, B., Truss M., Beato M., and Muller R.. 1994. Inducible regulatory elements in the human cyclin D1 promoter. Oncogene 9:1295–1304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, S. H., and Privalsky M. L.. 2000. The SMRT corepressor is regulated by a MEK-1 kinase pathway: inhibition of corepressor function is associated with SMRT phosphorylation and nuclear export. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20:6612–6625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Impey, S., Obrietan K., Wong S. T., Poser S., Yano S., Wayman G., Deloulme J. C., Chan G., and Storm D. R.. 1998. Cross talk between ERK and PKA is required for Ca2+ stimulation of CREB-dependent transcription and ERK nuclear translocation. Neuron 21:869–883.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamiya, Y., Puzianowska-Kuznicka M., McPhie P., Nauman J., Cheng S.-Y., and Nauman A.. 2002. Expression of mutant thyroid hormone receptors is associated with human renal clear cell carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 23:25–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karin, M., and Chang L.. 2001. AP-1-glucocorticoid receptor cross talk taken to a higher level. J. Endocrinol. 169:447–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebel, J. M., Dussault J. H., and Puymirat J.. 1994. Overexpression of the beta 1 thyroid receptor induces differentiation in neuro-2a cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:2644–2648.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee, R. J., Albanese C., Stenger R. J., Watanabe G., Inghirami G., Haines III G. K., Webster M., Muller W. J., Brugge J. S., Davis R. J., and Pestell R. G.. 1999. pp60v-src induction of cyclin D1 requires collaborative interactions between the extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38, and Jun kinase pathways. A role for cAMP response element-binding protein and activating transcription factor-2 in pp60v-src signaling in breast cancer cells. J. Biol. Chem. 274:7341–7350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Z., Meng Z. H., Chandrasekaran R., Kuo W.-L., Collins C. C., Gray J. W., and Diarkee S. H.. 2002. Biallelic inactivation of the thyroid hormone receptor β1 gene in early stage breast cancer. Cancer Res. 62:1939–1943.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lin, K. H., Shieh H. Y., Chen S. L., and Hsu H. C.. 1999. Expression of mutant thyroid hormone nuclear receptors in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Mol. Carcinog. 26:53–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, J.-J., Chao J.-R., Yiang M.-C., Ng S.-Y., Yen J. J.-Y., and Yang-Yen H.-F.. 1995. Ras transformation results in an elevated level of cyclin D1 and acceleration of G1 progression in NIH 3T3 cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:3654–3663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowy, D. R., and Willumsem B. M.. 1993. Function and regulation of ras. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 62:851–891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markowitz, S., Haut M., Stellato T., Gerbic C., and Molkentin K.. 1989. Expression of the ErbA-β class of thyroid hormone receptors is selectively lost in human colon carcinoma. J. Clin. Investig. 84:1683–1687.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mendez-Pertuz, M., Sanchez-Pacheco A., and Aranda A.. 2003. The thyroid hormone receptor antagonizes CREB-mediated transcription. EMBO J. 22:3102–3112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagata, D., Suzuki E., Nishimatsu H., Satonak H., Goto A., Omata M., and Hirata Y.. 2001. Transcriptional activation of the cyclin D1 gene is mediated by multiple cis-elements, including SP1 sites and a cAMP-responsive element in vascular endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 276:662–669.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nakajima, T., Fukamizu A., Takahashi J., Gage F. H., Fisher T., Blenis J., and Montminy M. R.. 1996. The signal-dependent coactivator CBP is a nuclear target for p90rsk. Cell 86:465–474.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nissen, R. M., and Yamamoto K. R.. 2000. The glucocorticoid receptor inhibits NF-κB by interfering with serine-2 phosphorylation of the RNA polymerase II carboxy-terminal domain. Genes Dev. 14:2314–2329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peeper, D. S., Upton T. M., Ladha M. H., Neuman E., Zalvide J., Bernards R., DeCaprio J. A., and Ewen M. E.. 1997. Ras signalling linked to the cell-cycle machinery by the retinoblastoma protein. Nature 386:177–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Juste, G., and Aranda A.. 1999. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 is involved in thyroid hormone-mediated neuronal differentiation. J. Biol. Chem. 274:5026–5031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Juste, G., Garcia-Silva S., and Aranda A.. 2000. An element in the region responsible for premature termination of transcription mediates repression of c-myc gene expression by thyroid hormone in neuroblastoma cells. J. Biol. Chem. 275:1307–1314.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pfahl, M. 1993. Nuclear receptor/AP-1 interaction. Endocrinol. Rev. 14:651–658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qureshi, S. A., Alexandropoulos K., Rim M., Joseph C. K., Bruder J. T., Rapp U. R., and Foster D. A.. 1992. Evidence that Ha-Ras mediates two distinguishable intracellular signals activated by v-Src. J. Biol. Chem. 267:17635–17639.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Riley, D., Carragher N. O., Frame M. C., and Wyke J. A.. 2001. The mechanism of cell cycle regulation by v-Src. Oncogene 20:5941–5950.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robles, A. I., Rodriguez-Puebla M. L., Glick A. B., Trempus C., Hansen L., Sicinski P., Tennant R. W., Weinberg R. A., Yuspa S. H., and Conti C. J.. 1998. Reduced skin tumor development in cyclin D1-deficient mice highlights the oncogenic ras pathway in vivo. Genes Dev. 12:2469–2474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogatsky, I., Zarember K. A., and Yamamoto K. R.. 2001. Factor recruitment and TIF2/GRIP1 corepressor activity at a collagenase-3 response element that mediates regulation by phorbol esters and hormones. EMBO J. 20:6071–6083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowan, B. G., Garrison N., Weigel N. L., and O'Malley B. W.. 2000. 8-Bromo-cyclic AMP induces phosphorylation of two sites in SRC-1 that facilitate ligand-independent activation of the chicken progesterone receptor and are critical for functional cooperation between SRC-1 and CREB-binding protein. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20:8720–8730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Pacheco, A., Palomino T., and Aranda A.. 1995. Negative regulation of expression of the pituitary-specific transcription factor GHF-1/Pit-1 by thyroid hormones through interference with promoter enhancer elements. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:6322–6330.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sap, J., Munoz A., Schmitt J., Stunnenberg H., and Vennstrom B.. 1989. Repression of transcription mediated at a thyroid hormone response element by the v-erb-A oncogene product. Nature 340:242–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sassone-Corsi, P., Mizzen C. A., Cheung P., Crosio C., Monaco L., Jacquot S., Hanauer A., and Allis C. D.. 1999. Requirement of Rsk-2 for epidermal growth factor-activated phosphorylation of histone H3. Science 285:886–891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaywitz, A. J., and Greenberg M. E.. 1999. CREB: a stimulus-induced transcription factor activated by a diverse array of extracellular signals. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 68:821–861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, J. M., Dominguez G., Gonzalez-Sancho J. M., Garcia J. M., Silva J., Garcia-Andrade C., Navarro A., Munoz A., and Bonilla F.. 2002. Expression of thyroid hormone receptor/erbA genes is altered in human breast cancer. Oncogene 21:4307–4316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stacey, D. W., Roudebush M., Day R., Mosser S. D., Gibbs J. B., and Feig L. A.. 1991. Dominant inhibitory Ras mutants demonstrate the requirement for Ras activity in the action of tyrosine oncogenes. Oncogene 6:2297–2304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki, H., Willingham M. C., and Cheng S.-Y.. 2002. Mice with a mutation in the thyroid hormone receptor beta gene spontaneously develop thyroid carcinoma: a mouse model of thyroid carcinogenesis. Thyroid 12:963–969.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thormeyer, D., and Baniahmad A.. 1999. The v-erbA oncogene. Int. J. Mol. Med. 4:351–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treisman, R. 1996. Regulation of transcription by MAP kinase cascades. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 8:205–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, J. D., Hu W., Jefcoat S. C., Jr., Raben D. M., and Baldassare J. J.. 1997. Ras-stimulated extracellular signal-related kinase 1 and RhoA activities coordinate platelet-derived growth factor-induced G1 progression through the independent regulation of cyclin D1 and p27. J. Biol. Chem. 272:32966–32971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xing, J., Ginty D. D., and Greenberg M. E.. 1996. Coupling of the RAS-MAPK pathway to gene activation by RSK2, a growth factor-regulated CREB kinase. Science 273:959–963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yen, P. M. 2001. Physiological and molecular basis of thyroid hormone action. Physiol. Rev. 81:1097–1142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, Q., Geng Y., and Sicinski P.. 2001. Specific protection against breast cancers by cyclin D1 ablation. Nature 411:1017–1020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, Y., Bjorbaek C., and Moller D. E.. 1996. Regulation and interaction of pp90rsk isoforms with mitogen-activated protein kinases. J. Biol. Chem. 271:29773–29779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar