Obesity and Endocrine Dysfunction in Mice with Deletions of both Neuropeptide Y and Galanin

REFERENCES

• Akabayashi, A., Koenig J. I., Watanabe Y., Alexander J. T., and Leibowitz S. F.. 1994. Galanin-containing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus: a neurochemical marker for fat ingestion and body weight gain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:10375–10379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akabayashi, A., Zaia C. T., Koenig J. I., Gabriel S. M., Silva I., and Leibowitz S. F.. 1994. Diurnal rhythm of galanin-like immunoreactivity in the paraventricular and suprachiasmatic nuclei and other hypothalamic areas. Peptides 15:1437–1444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bannon, A. W., Seda J., Carmouche M., Francis J. M., Norman M. H., Karbon B., and McCaleb M. L.. 2000. Behavioral characterization of neuropeptide Y knockout mice. Brain Res. 868:79–87.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baskin, D. G., Breininger J. F., and Schwartz M. W.. 1999. Leptin receptor mRNA identifies a subpopulation of neuropeptide Y neurons activated by fasting in rat hypothalamus. Diabetes 48:828–833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, B., Stricker-Krongrad A., Nicolas J., and Burlet C.. 1992. Chronic and continuous intracerebroventricular infusion of neuropeptide Y in Long-Evans rats mimics the feeding behavior of obese Zucker rats. Int. J. Obes. 16:295–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bray, G. A. 1993. The nutrient balance hypothesis: peptides, sympathetic activity, and food intake. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 676:223–241.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bray, G. A. 2000. Reciprocal relation of food intake and sympathetic activity: experimental observations and clinical implications. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 24(Suppl. 2):S8–S17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheung, C. C., Hohmann J. G., Clifton D. K., and Steiner R. A.. 2001. Distribution of galanin messenger RNA-expressing cells in murine brain and their regulation by leptin in regions of the hypothalamus. Neuroscience 103:423–432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clegg, D. J., Riedy C. A., Smith K. A., Benoit S. C., and Woods S. C.. 2003. Differential sensitivity to central leptin and insulin in male and female rats. Diabetes 52:682–687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawley, J. N., Austin M. C., Fiske S. M., Martin B., Consolo S., Berthold M., Langel U., Fisone G., and Bartfai T.. 1990. Activity of centrally administered galanin fragments on stimulation of feeding behavior and on galanin receptor binding in the rat hypothalamus. J. Neurosci. 10:3695–3700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dube, M. G., Sahu A., Kalra P. S., and Kalra S. P.. 1992. Neuropeptide Y release is elevated from the microdissected paraventricular nucleus of food-deprived rats: an in vitro study. Endocrinology 131:684–688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson, J. C., Ahima R. S., Hollopeter G., Flier J. S., and Palmiter R. D.. 1997. Endocrine function of neuropeptide Y knockout mice. Regul. Pept. 70:199–202.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Erickson, J. C., Clegg K. E., and Palmiter R. D.. 1996. Sensitivity to leptin and susceptibility to seizures of mice lacking neuropeptide Y. Nature 381:415–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finn, P. D., Pau K. Y., Spies H. G., Cunningham M. J., Clifton D. K., and Steiner R. A.. 2000. Galanin's functional significance in the regulation of the neuroendocrine reproductive axis of the monkey. Neuroendocrinology 71:16–26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guan, X. M., Yu H., and Van der Ploeg L. H.. 1998. Evidence of altered hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin/neuropeptide Y mRNA expression in tubby mice. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 59:273–279.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hahn, T. M., Breininger J. F., Baskin D. G., and Schwartz M. W.. 1998. Coexpression of Agrp and NPY in fasting-activated hypothalamic neurons. Nat. Neurosci. 1:271–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakansson, M. L., Brown H., Ghilardi N., Skoda R. C., and Meister B.. 1998. Leptin receptor immunoreactivity in chemically defined target neurons of the hypothalamus. J. Neurosci. 18:559–572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hohmann, J. G., Krasnow S. M., Teklemichael D., Wynick D., Clifton D. K., and Steiner R. A.. 2003. Neuroendocrine profiles of galanin transgenic and knockout mice. Neuroendocrinology 77:354–366.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hollopeter, G., Erickson J. C., and Palmiter R. D.. 1998. Role of neuropeptide Y in diet-, chemical- and genetic-induced obesity of mice. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 22:506–512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvath, T. L., Naftolin F., Leranth C., Sahu A., and Kalra S. P.. 1996. Morphological and pharmacological evidence for neuropeptide Y-galanin interaction in the rat hypothalamus. Endocrinology 137:3069–3078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacoby, A. S., Hort Y. J., Constantinescu G., Shine J., and Iismaa T. P.. 2002. Critical role for GALR1 galanin receptor in galanin regulation of neuroendocrine function and seizure activity. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 107:195–200.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kalra, S. P., Dube M. G., Pu S., Xu B., Horvath T. L., and Kalra P. S.. 1999. Interacting appetite-regulating pathways in the hypothalamic regulation of body weight. Endocr. Rev. 20:68–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr, B. J., Cafferty W. B., Gupta Y. K., Bacon A., Wynick D., McMahon S. B., and Thompson S. W.. 2000. Galanin knockout mice reveal nociceptive deficits following peripheral nerve injury. Eur. J. Neurosci. 12:793–802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kesterson, R. A., Huszar D., Lynch C. A., Simerly R. B., and Cone R. D.. 1997. Induction of neuropeptide Y gene expression in the dorsal medial hypothalamic nucleus in two models of the agouti obesity syndrome. Mol. Endocrinol. 11:630–637.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kushi, A., Sasai H., Koizumi H., Takeda N., Yokoyama M., and Nakamura M.. 1998. Obesity and mild hyperinsulinemia found in neuropeptide Y-Y1 receptor-deficient mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:15659–15664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, C., Chen P., and Smith M. S.. 1998. The acute suckling stimulus induces expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in cells in the dorsomedial hypothalamus and increases NPY expression in the arcuate nucleus. Endocrinology 139:1645–1652.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lindskog, S., and Ahren B.. 1992. Effects of galanin and norepinephrine on insulin secretion in the mouse. Pancreas 7:636–641.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marsh, D. J., Hollopeter G., Kafer K. E., and Palmiter R. D.. 1998. Role of the Y5 neuropeptide Y receptor in feeding and obesity. Nat. Med. 4:718–721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazarati, A. M., Hohmann J. G., Bacon A., Liu H., Sankar R., Steiner R. A., Wynick D., and Wasterlain C. G.. 2000. Modulation of hippocampal excitability and seizures by galanin. J. Neurosci. 20:6276–6281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melander, T., Hokfelt T., and Rokaeus A.. 1986. Distribution of galaninlike immunoreactivity in the rat central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 248:475–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, D. G., Kulkarni R. N., Hurley J. D., Wang Z. L., Wang R. M., Ghatei M. A., Karlsen A. E., Bloom S. R., and Smith D. M.. 1998. Inhibition of glucose stimulated insulin secretion by neuropeptide Y is mediated via the Y1 receptor and inhibition of adenylyl cyclase in RIN 5AH rat insulinoma cells. Diabetologia 41:1482–1491.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Naveilhan, P., Hassani H., Canals J. M., Ekstrand A. J., Larefalk A., Chhajlani V., Arenas E., Gedda K., Svensson L., Thoren P., and Ernfors P.. 1999. Normal feeding behavior, body weight and leptin response require the neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor. Nat. Med. 5:1188–1193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Meara, G., Coumis U., Ma S. Y., Kehr J., Mahoney S., Bacon A., Allen S. J., Holmes F., Kahl U., Wang F. U., Kearns I. R., Ogren S. O., Dawbarn D., Mufson E. J., Davies C., Dawson G., and Wynick D.. 2000. Galanin regulates the post-natal survival of a sub-set of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:11569–11574.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ottlecz, A., Samson W. K., and McCann S. M.. 1986. Galanin: evidence for a hypothalamic site of action to release growth hormone. Peptides 7:51–53.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Palmiter, R. D., Erickson J. C., Hollopeter G., Baraban S. C., and Schwartz M. W.. 1998. Life without neuropeptide Y. Recent Prog. Horm. Res. 53:163–199.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pedrazzini, T., Seydoux J., Kunstner P., Aubert J. F., Grouzmann E., Beermann F., and Brunner H. R.. 1998. Cardiovascular response, feeding behavior and locomotor activity in mice lacking the NPY Y1 receptor. Nat. Med. 4:722–726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian, S., Chen H., Weingarth D., Trumbauer M. E., Novi D. E., Guan X., Yu H., Shen Z., Feng Y., Frazier E., Chen A., Camacho R. E., Shearman L. P., Gopal-Truter S., MacNeil D. J., Van der Ploeg L. H., and Marsh D. J.. 2002. Neither agouti-related protein nor neuropeptide Y is critically required for the regulation of energy homeostasis in mice. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22:5027–5035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajendren, G., Levenkova N., and Gibson M. J.. 2000. Galanin immunoreactivity in mouse basal forebrain: sex differences and discrete projections of galanin-containing cells beyond the blood-brain barrier. Neuroendocrinology 71:27–33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raposinho, P. D., Pierroz D. D., Broqua P., White R. B., Pedrazzini T., and Aubert M. L.. 2001. Chronic administration of neuropeptide Y into the lateral ventricle of C57BL/6J male mice produces an obesity syndrome including hyperphagia, hyperleptinemia, insulin resistance, and hypogonadism. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 185:195–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohner-Jeanrenaud, F. 2000. Hormonal regulation of energy partitioning. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 24(Suppl. 2):S4–S7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sahu, A. 1998. Evidence suggesting that galanin (GAL), melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), neurotensin (NT), proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are targets of leptin signaling in the hypothalamus. Endocrinology 139:795–798.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahu, A., Crowley W. R., Tatomoto K., Balasubramaniam A., and Kalra S. P.. 1987. Effects of neuropeptide Y, NPY analogue (norleucine4-NPY), galanin and neuropeptide K on LH release in ovariectomized (ovx) and ovx estrogen, progesterone-treated rats. Peptides 8:921–926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sainsbury, A., Schwarzer C., Couzens M., Fetissov S., Furtinger S., Jenkins A., Cox H. M., Sperk G., Hokfelt T., and Herzog H.. 2002. Important role of hypothalamic Y2 receptors in body weight regulation revealed in conditional knockout mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:8938–8943.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sainsbury, A., Schwarzer C., Couzens M., Jenkins A., Oakes S. R., Ormandy C. J., and Herzog H.. 2002. Y4 receptor knockout rescues fertility in ob/ob mice. Genes Dev. 16:1077–1088.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schick, R. R., Samsami S., Zimmermann J. P., Eberl T., Endres C., Schusdziarra V., and Classen M.. 1993. Effect of galanin on food intake in rats: involvement of lateral and ventromedial hypothalamic sites. Am. J. Physiol. 264:R355–R361.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwartz, M. W., Sipols A. J., Grubin C. E., and Baskin D. G.. 1993. Differential effect of fasting on hypothalamic expression of genes encoding neuropeptide Y, galanin, and glutamic acid decarboxylase. Brain Res. Bull. 31:361–367.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Segal-Lieberman, G., Trombly D. J., Juthani V., Wang X., and Maratos-Flier E.. 2003. NPY ablation in C57BL/6 mice leads to mild obesity and to an impaired refeeding response to fasting. Am. J. Physiol. 284:E1131–E1139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sindelar, D. K., Mystkowski P., Marsh D. J., Palmiter R. D., and Schwartz M. W.. 2002. Attenuation of diabetic hyperphagia in neuropeptide Y-deficient mice. Diabetes 51:778–783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, S. N., Vats P., Shyam R., Suri S., Kumria M. M., Ranganathan S., Sridharan K., and Selvamurthy W.. 2001. Role of neuropeptide Y and galanin in high altitude induced anorexia in rats. Nutr. Neurosci. 4:323–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, B. K., York D. A., and Bray G. A.. 1994. Chronic cerebroventricular galanin does not induce sustained hyperphagia or obesity. Peptides 15:1267–1272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley, B. G., Kyrkouli S. E., Lampert S., and Leibowitz S. F.. 1986. Neuropeptide Y chronically injected into the hypothalamus: a powerful neurochemical inducer of hyperphagia and obesity. Peptides 7:1189–1192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tschop, M., Statnick M. A., Suter T. M., and Heiman M. L.. 2002. GH-releasing peptide-2 increases fat mass in mice lacking NPY: indication for a crucial mediating role of hypothalamic agouti-related protein. Endocrinology 143:558–568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urban, J. H., Bauer-Dantoin A. C., and Levine J. E.. 1993. Neuropeptide Y gene expression in the arcuate nucleus: sexual dimorphism and modulation by testosterone. Endocrinology 132:139–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J., and Leibowitz K. L.. 1997. Central insulin inhibits hypothalamic galanin and neuropeptide Y gene expression and peptide release in intact rats. Brain Res. 777:231–236.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wynick, D., Small C. J., Bacon A., Holmes F. E., Norman M., Ormandy C. J., Kilic E., Kerr N. C., Ghatei M., Talamantes F., Bloom S. R., and Pachnis V.. 1998. Galanin regulates prolactin release and lactotroph proliferation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:12671–12676.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xu, B., Kalra P. S., Farmerie W. G., and Kalra S. P.. 1999. Daily changes in hypothalamic gene expression of neuropeptide Y, galanin, proopiomelanocortin, and adipocyte leptin gene expression and secretion: effects of food restriction. Endocrinology 140:2868–2875.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar