Not on Their Own Again: Psychological, Social, and Health Characteristics of Custodial African American Grandmothers

REFERENCES

• Aneshensel , C. , Frerichs , R. and Huba , G. 1984 . Depression and physical illness: A multiwave, nonrecursive model. . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 25 : 350 – 371 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnhill , S. 1996 . Three generations at risk: The imprisoned women, their children, and the grandmother caregiver. . Generations , 20 ( 1 ) : 39 2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckman , E. and Leber , W. 1995 . Handbook of depression, , 2nd. ed. New York : NY Press .
   Google Scholar
• Billingsley , A. 1992 . Climbing Jacobs Ladder: The enduring legacy of African American families. New York : Simon and Schuster. .
   Google Scholar
• Blazer , D. , Burchett , B. , Service , C. and George , L. 1991 . The association of age and depression among the elderly. An epidemiologic exploration. . Journal of Gerontology , 46 ( 6 ) : M210 – 215 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bowers , B. and Myers , B. 2000 . Grandmothers providing care for grandchildren: Consequences of various levels of caregiving. . Family Relations , 48 ( 3 ) : 303 – 311 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , D. R. and Monye , D. B. 1995 . Midlife and older African Americans as intergenerational caregivers of school-aged children. , AARP Andrus Foundation Final Report. Research Information Center, 601 E. Street NW, Room B3–1 Washington, DC 20049
   Google Scholar
• Bryson , K. and Casper , L. 1999 . Co-resident grandparents and grandchildren. , U. S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, Special Studies 23 – 198 . Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• Burnette , D. 1999 . Physical and emotional well-being of custodial grandparents in Latino families. . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 69 ( 3 ) : 305 – 318 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton , L. M. 1992 . Black grandparents rearing children of drug-addicted parents: Stressors, outcomes and social service needs. . The Gerontologist , 32 ( 6 ) : 744 – 751 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dressel , P. and Barnhill , S. 1994 . Reframing gerontological thought and practice: The case of grandmothers with daughters in prison. . The Gerontologist , 34 : 685 – 690 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emick , M. and Hayslip , B. 1996 . Custodial grandparenting: New roles for middle aged and older adults. . International Journal of Aging and Human Development , 43 ( 2 ) : 135 – 154 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller-Thomson , E. , Minkler , M. and Driver , D. 1997 . A profile of grandparents raising grandchildren in the United States. . The Gerontologist , 37 ( 3 ) : 406 – 411 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George , L. K. , Blazer , D. G. Hughes , D. C. 1989 . Social support and the outcome of major depression. . British Journal of Psychiatry , 154 : 478 – 485 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George , L. K. 1992 . “ Social factors and the onset and outcome of depression. ” . In Aging, health behaviors and health outcomes Edited by: Schaie , K. W. , House , J. S. and Blazer , D. G. 137 – 159 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaun Associates. .
   Google Scholar
• George , L. 1995 . “ Social factors and illness. ” . In Handbook of aging and the social sciences, , 4th ed. Edited by: Binstock , R. H. and Gerorge , L. K. 229 – 252 . New York, NY : Academic Press Inc.; .
   Google Scholar
• Gaudin , T. M. 1984 . Social work roles and tasks of incarcerated mothers. . Social Casework , 65 ( 5 ) : 279 – 286 .
   Google Scholar
• Hill , R. 1997 . The strengths of African American families: Twenty-five years later. Washington, DC : R & C Publishing. .
   Google Scholar
• Kelley , S. , Whitley , D. , Sipe , T. and Yorker , B. 2000 . Physical distress in grandmother kinship care providers: The role of resources, social support, and physical health. . Child Abuse and Neglect , 24 ( 3 ) : 311 – 321 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley , S. J. 1993 . Caregiver stress in grandparents raising grandchildren. . Journal of Nursing Scholarship , 25 ( 4 ) : 331 – 337 .
   Google Scholar
• LeBlanc , A. , London , A. and Aneshensel , C. 1997 . The physical costs of AIDS caregiving. . Social Science and Medicine , 45 ( 6 ) : 915 – 923 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesar , S. , Gerber , M. and Simmel , M. 1995/96 . HIV infection in children: Family stress, social support and adaptation . Exceptional Children , 62 ( 3 ) : 4 – 236 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , E. P. and Martin , J. M. 1985 . The helping tradition in the Black family and the community. Silver Spring, MD : NASW. .
   Google Scholar
• Minkler , M. , Fuller-Thomson , E. , Miller , D. and Driver , D. 1997 . Depression in grandparents raising grandchildren. . Archives of Family Medicine , 6 : 445 – 452 . September
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Minkler , M. and Fuller-Thomson , E. 1999 . The health of grandparents raising grandchildren. Results of a national study. . American Journal of Public Health , 89 : 1384 – 1389 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minkler , M. , Roe , K. and Price , M. 1992 . The physical and emotional health of grandmothers raising grandchildren in the crack-cocaine epidemic. . The Gerontologist , 32 : 752 – 760 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minkler , M. and Roe , K. 1993 . Grandmothers as caregivers. Raising children of the crack-cocaine epidemic. Newbury Park, CA : Sage. .
   Google Scholar
• Musil , C. 1998 . Health, stress, coping, and social support in grandmother caregivers. . Health Care for Women International , 19 : 441 – 455 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poe , L. 1992 . Black grandparents as parents. . Library of Congress , : 516 – 580 .
   Google Scholar
• Raymond , E. and Michaels , T. 1980 . Prevalence of correlates of depression in elderly persons. . Psychological Reports , 47 : 1055 – 1061 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radloff , L. S. 1977 . CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for research in a general population. . Applied Psychological Measurement , 3 : 385 – 401 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roe , K. , Minkler , M. and Barnwell , R. 1994 . The assumption of caregiving: Grandmothers raising the children of the crack-cocaine epidemic. . Qualitative Health Research , 4 ( 3 ) : 281 – 303 .
   Google Scholar
• Sands , R. G. and Goldberg-Glen , R. S. 1996 . The impact of surrogate parenting on grandparents: Stress, well-being, and life satisfaction. , AARP Andrus Foundation Final Report. Research Information Center, 601- E. Street NW, Room B3–1 Washington, DC 20049
   Google Scholar
• Shore , R. J. and Hayslip , J. B. 1994 . Predictors of well-being in custodial and non-custodial grandparents. Boston: Paper presented at American Psychological Association
   Google Scholar
• Strawbridge , W. J. , Wallhagen , M. I. , Shema , S. J. and Kaplan , G. A. 1997 . New burdens or more of the same? Comparing grandparent, spouse, and adult child caregivers. . Gerontologist , 37 ( 4 ) : 505 – 510 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STATA StataCorp . 1994 . Stata Statistical Software: Release 6.0 College Station, TX : Stata Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Szinovacz , E. S. , DeViney , S. and Atkinson , M. P. 1999 . The effects of surrogate parenting on grandparents' well-being. . Journal of Gerontology , 54B ( 6 ) : S376 – 388 .
   Google Scholar
• Szinovacz , M. E. 1998 . Grandparents today: A demographic profile. . The Gerontologist , 38 ( 1 ) : 37 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Bureau of the Census . 1992 . “ Census of the Population. ” . In Marital Status and Living Arrangements. Current Population Reports, Population Characteristics, Series P-20, No. 468 Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . March 1992
   Google Scholar