223
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Prognostic stratification of colorectal cancer patients: current perspectives

&
Pages 291-300 | Published online: 02 Jul 2014

References

  • ComptonCCOptimal pathologic staging: defining stage II diseaseClin Cancer Res20071322 Pt 26862s6870s18006791
  • McLeodHLMurrayGITumour markers of prognosis in colorectal cancerBr J Cancer19997921912039888457
  • LyallMSDundasSRCurranSMurrayGIProfiling markers of prognosis in colorectal cancerClin Cancer Res20061241184119116489072
  • O’ConnellJBMaggardMAKoCYColon cancer survival rates with the new American Joint Committee on Cancer sixth edition stagingJ Natl Cancer Inst200496191420142515467030
  • HamiltonSRBosmanFTBoffettaPCarcinoma of the colon and rectumBosmanFTCarneiroFHrubanRHTheiseNDWHO Classification of Tumours of the Digestive System4th edLyonIARC2010134146
  • DuWMahJTLeeJSankilaRSankaranarayananRChiaKSIncidence and survival of mucinous adenocarcinoma of the colorectum: a population-based study from an Asian countryDis Colon Rectum2004471788514719155
  • StewartSLWikeJMKatoILewisDRMichaudFA population-based study of colorectal cancer histology in the United States, 1998–2001Cancer2006107Suppl 51128114116802325
  • XieLVilleneuvePJShawASurvival of patients diagnosed with either colorectal mucinous or non-mucinous adenocarcinoma: a population-based study in CanadaInt J Oncol20093441109111519287969
  • ChewMHYeoSANgZPCritical analysis of mucin and signet ring cell as prognostic factors in an Asian population of 2,764 sporadic colorectal cancersInt J Colorect Dis2010251012211229
  • LangnerCHarbaumLPollheimerMJMucinous differentiation in colorectal cancer – indicator of poor prognosis?Histopathology20126071060107222348346
  • MekenkampLJHeesterbeekKJKoopmanMMucinous adenocarcinomas: poor prognosis in metastatic colorectal cancerEur J Cancer201248450150922226571
  • HyngstromJRHuCYXingYClinicopathology and outcomes for mucinous and signet ring colorectal adenocarcinoma: analysis from the National Cancer Data BaseAnn Surg Oncol20121992814282122476818
  • GaoPSongYXXuYYDoes the prognosis of colorectal mucinous carcinoma depend upon the primary tumour site? Results from two independent databasesHistopathology201363560361523991632
  • ComptonCFenoglio-PreiserCMPettigrewNFieldingLPAmerican Joint Committee on Cancer Prognostic Factors Consensus Conference: Colorectal Working GroupCancer20008871739175710738234
  • VerhulstJFerdinandeLDemetterPCeelenWMucinous subtype as prognostic factor in colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysisJ Clin Pathol201265538138822259177
  • MinooPZlobecIPetersonMTerraccianoLLugliACharacterization of rectal, proximal and distal colon cancers based on clinicopathological, molecular and protein profilesInt J Oncol201037370771820664940
  • KangHO’ConnellJBMaggardMASackJKoCYA 10-year outcomes evaluation of mucinous and signet-ring cell carcinoma of the colon and rectumDis Colon Rectum20054861161116815868237
  • NitscheUZimmermannASpäthCMucinous and signet-ring cell colorectal cancers differ from classical adenocarcinomas in tumor biology and prognosisAnn Surg20132585775782 discussion 782–78323989057
  • ThotaRFangXSubbiahSClinicopathological features and survival outcomes of primary signet ring cell and mucinous adenocarcinoma of colon: retrospective analysis of VACCR databaseJ Gastrointest Oncol201451182424490039
  • SungCOSeoJWKimKMDoIGKimSWParkCKClinical significance of signet-ring cells in colorectal mucinous adenocarcinomaMod Pathol200821121533154118849918
  • PandeRSungaALeveaCSignificance of signet-ring cells in patients with colorectal cancerDis Colon Rectum2008511505518030531
  • WickMRVitskyJLRitterJHSwansonPEMillsSESporadic medullary carcinoma of the colon: a clinicopathologic comparison with nonhereditary poorly differentiated enteric-type adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine colorectal carcinomaAm J Clin Pathol20051231566515762280
  • ThirunavukarasuPSathaiahMSinglaSMedullary carcinoma of the large intestine: a population based analysisInt J Oncol201037490190720811712
  • ChettyRGastrointestinal cancers accompanied by a dense lymphoid component: an overview with special reference to gastric and colonic medullary and lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomasJ Clin Pathol201265121062106522918886
  • VerdúMRománRCalvoMClinicopathological and molecular characterization of colorectal micropapillary carcinomaMod Pathol201124572973821336262
  • Lino-SilvaLSSalcedo-HernándezRACaro-SánchezCHColonic micropapillary carcinoma, a recently recognized subtype associated with histological adverse factors: clinicopathological analysis of 15 casesColorectal Dis2012149e567e57222390187
  • LeeHJEomDWKangGHColorectal micropapillary carcinomas are associated with poor prognosis and enriched in markers of stem cellsMod Pathol20132681123113123060121
  • TuppurainenKMäkinenJMJunttilaOMorphology and microsatellite instability in sporadic serrated and non-serrated colorectal cancerJ Pathol2005207328529416177963
  • MäkinenMJColorectal serrated adenocarcinomaHistopathology200750113115017204027
  • García-SolanoJPérez-GuillermoMConesa-ZamoraPClinicopathologic study of 85 colorectal serrated adenocarcinomas: further insights into the full recognition of a new subset of colorectal carcinomaHum Pathol201041101359136820594582
  • ShidaYFujimoriTTanakaHClinicopathological features of serrated adenocarcinoma defined by Mäkinen in Dukes’ B colorectal carcinomaPathobiology201279416917422433973
  • PetrelliNJValleAAWeberTKRodriguez-BigasMAdenosquamous carcinoma of the colon and rectumDis Colon Rectum19963911126512688918436
  • MasoomiHZiogasALinBSPopulation-based evaluation of adenosquamous carcinoma of the colon and rectumDis Colon Rectum201255550951422513428
  • BetgeJLangnerCVascular invasion, perineural invasion, and tumour budding: predictors of outcome in colorectal cancerActa Gastroenterol Belg201174451652922319961
  • van WykHCRoxburghCSHorganPGThe detection and role of lymphatic and blood vessel invasion in predicting survival in patients with node negative operable primary colorectal cancerCrit Rev Oncol Hematol2014901779024332522
  • BeatonCTwineCPWilliamsGLSystematic review and meta-analysis of histopathological factors influencing the risk of lymph node metastasis in early colorectal cancerColorectal Dis201315778879723331927
  • BoschSLTeerenstraSde WiltJHPredicting lymph node metastasis in pT1 colorectal cancer: a systematic review of risk factors providing rationale for therapy decisionsEndoscopy2013451082783423884793
  • JassJRO’BrienJRiddellRHRecommendations for the reporting of surgically resected specimens of colorectal carcinoma: Association of Directors of Anatomic and Surgical PathologyAm J Clin Pathol20081291132318089485
  • WashingtonMKBerlinJBrantonPProtocol for the examination of specimens from patients with primary carcinoma of the colon and rectumArch Pathol Lab Med2009133101539155119792043
  • MessengerDEDrimanDKKirschRDevelopments in the assessment of venous invasion in colorectal cancer: implications for future practice and patient outcomeHum Pathol201243796597322406362
  • BetgeJPollheimerMJLindtnerRAIntramural and extramural vascular invasion in colorectal cancer: prognostic significance and quality of pathology reportingCancer2012118362863821751188
  • BetgeJSchneiderNIPollheimerMJIs there a rationale to record lymphatic invasion in node-positive colorectal cancer?J Clin Pathol201265984785022569541
  • HarrisEILewinDNWangHLLymphovascular invasion in colorectal cancer: an interobserver variability studyAm J Surg Pathol200832121816182118779725
  • BatsakisJGNerves and neurotropic carcinomasAnn Otoln Rhinol Laryngol1985944 Pt 1426427
  • LiebigCAyalaGWilksJABergerDHAlboDPerineural invasion in cancer: a review of the literatureCancer2009115153379339119484787
  • LiebigCAyalaGWilksJPerineural invasion is an independent predictor of outcome in colorectal cancerJ Clin Oncol200927315131513719738119
  • PoeschlEMPollheimerMJKornpratPPerineural invasion: correlation with aggressive phenotype and independent prognostic variable in both colon and rectum cancerJ Clin Oncol20102821e358e360 author reply e361–e36220385977
  • PengJShengWHuangDPerineural invasion in pT3N0 rectal cancer: the incidence and its prognostic effectCancer201111771415142121425141
  • UenoHShirouzuKEishiYCharacterization of perineural invasion as a component of colorectal cancer stagingAm J Surg Pathol201337101542154924025524
  • HaseKShatneyCJohnsonDTrollopeMVierraMPrognostic value of tumor “budding” in patients with colorectal cancerDis Colon Rectum19933676276358348847
  • UenoHMurphyJJassJRMochizukiHTalbotICTumour ‘budding’ as an index to estimate the potential of aggressiveness in rectal cancerHistopathology200240212713211952856
  • UenoHMochizukiHHashiguchiYRisk factors for an adverse outcome in early invasive colorectal carcinomaGastroenterology2004127238539415300569
  • LugliAKaramitopoulouEZlobecITumour budding: a promising parameter in colorectal cancerBr J Cancer2012106111713171722531633
  • HarbaumLPollheimerMJKornpratPLindtnerRASchlemmerARehakPLangnerCKeratin 7 expression in colorectal cancer–freak of nature or significant finding?Histopathology201159222523421884201
  • OkuyamaTNakamuraTYamaguchiMBudding is useful to select high-risk patients in stage II well-differentiated or moderately differentiated colon adenocarcinomaDis Colon Rectum200346101400140614530682
  • UenoHPriceABWilkinsonKHJassJRMochizukiHTalbotICA new prognostic staging system for rectal cancerAnn Surg2004240583283915492565
  • KanazawaHMitomiHNishiyamaYTumour budding at invasive margins and outcome in colorectal cancerColorectal Dis2008101414718078460
  • ZlobecITerraccianoLTornilloLRole of RHAMM within the hierarchy of well-established prognostic factors in colorectal cancerGut200857101413141918436576
  • ParkKJChoiHJRohMSKwonHCKimCIntensity of tumor budding and its prognostic implications in invasive colon carcinomaDis Colon Rectum20054881597160215937624
  • ChoiHJParkKJShinJSRohMSKwonHCLeeHSTumor budding as a prognostic marker in stage-III rectal carcinomaInt J Colorectal Dis200722886386817216219
  • OhtsukiKKoyamaFTamuraTPrognostic value of immunohistochemical analysis of tumor budding in colorectal carcinomaAnticancer Res2008283B1831183618630467
  • NakamuraTMitomiHKanazawaHOhkuraYWatanabeMTumor budding as an index to identify high-risk patients with stage II colon cancerDis Colon Rectum200851556857218286339
  • QuirkePRisioMLambertRvon KarsaLViethMQuality assurance in pathology in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis – European recommendationsVirchows Arch2011458111921061133
  • KaramitopoulouEZlobecIKölzerVProposal for a 10-high-power-fields scoring method for the assessment of tumor budding in colorectal cancerMod Pathol201326229530123018875
  • BetgeJKornpratPPollheimerMJTumor budding is an independent predictor of outcome in AJCC/UICC stage II colorectal cancerAnn Surg Oncol201219123706371222669453
  • MitrovicBSchaefferDFRiddellRHKirschRTumor budding in colorectal carcinoma: time to take noticeMod Pathol201225101315132522790014
  • HorcicMKoelzerVHKaramitopoulouETumor budding score based on 10 high-power fields is a promising basis for a standardized prognostic scoring system in stage II colorectal cancerHum Pathol201344569770523159156
  • RogersACGibbonsDHanlyAMPrognostic significance of tumor budding in rectal cancer biopsies before neoadjuvant therapyMod Pathol201427115616223887296
  • UenoHKajiwaraYShimazakiHNew criteria for histologic grading of colorectal cancerAm J Surg Pathol201236219320122251938
  • UenoHHaseKHashiguchiYNovel risk factors for lymph node metastasis in early invasive colorectal cancer: a multi-institution pathology reviewJ Gastroenterol Epub9252013
  • UenoHHaseKHashiguchiYSite-specific tumor grading system in colorectal cancer: multicenter pathologic review of the value of quantifying poorly differentiated clustersAm J Surg Pathol201438219720424418853
  • BarresiVReggiani BonettiLBrancaGDi GregorioCPonz de LeonMTuccariGColorectal carcinoma grading by quantifying poorly differentiated cell clusters is more reproducible and provides more robust prognostic information than conventional gradingVirchows Arch2012461662162823093109
  • BarresiVBonettiLRIeniABrancaGBaronLTuccariGHistologic grading based on counting poorly differentiated clusters in preoperative biopsy predicts nodal involvement and pTNM stage in colorectal cancer patientsHum Pathol201445226827524289972
  • SwinsonDEJonesJLRichardsonDCoxGEdwardsJGO’ByrneKJTumour necrosis is an independent prognostic marker in non-small cell lung cancer: correlation with biological variablesLung Cancer200237323524012234691
  • FrankIBluteMLChevilleJCLohseCMWeaverALZinckeHAn outcome prediction model for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma treated with radical nephrectomy based on tumor stage, size, grade and necrosis: the SSIGN scoreJ Urol200216862395240012441925
  • LangnerCHuttererGChromeckiTLeiblSRehakPZigeunerRTumor necrosis as prognostic indicator in transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tractJ Urol20061763910913 discussion 913–91416890651
  • ZigeunerRShariatSFMargulisVTumour necrosis is an indicator of aggressive biology in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tractEur Urol201057457558119959276
  • PollheimerMJKornpratPLindtnerRATumor necrosis is a new promising prognostic factor in colorectal cancerHum Pathol201041121749175720869096
  • RichardsCHFleggKMRoxburghCSThe relationships between cellular components of the peritumoural inflammatory response, clinicopathological characteristics and survival in patients with primary operable colorectal cancerBr J Cancer2012106122010201522596238
  • RichardsCHRoxburghCSAndersonJHPrognostic value of tumour necrosis and host inflammatory responses in colorectal cancerBr J Surg201299228729422086662
  • KomoriKKanemitsuYKimuraKTumor necrosis in patients with TNM stage IV colorectal cancer without residual disease (R0 status) is associated with a poor prognosisAnticancer Res20133331099110523482787
  • GuthrieGJRoxburghCSRichardsCHHorganPGMcMillanDCCirculating IL-6 concentrations link tumour necrosis and systemic and local inflammatory responses in patients undergoing resection for colorectal cancerBr J Cancer2013109113113723756867
  • JassJRMorsonBCReporting colorectal cancerJ Clin Pathol1987409101610233312296
  • KlintrupKMäkinenJMKauppilaSInflammation and prognosis in colorectal cancerEur J Cancer200541172645265416239109
  • RoxburghCSSalmondJMHorganPGOienKAMcMillanDCTumour inflammatory infiltrate predicts survival following curative resection for node-negative colorectal cancerEur J Cancer200945122138214519409772
  • PowellAGFergusonJAl-MullaFThe relationship between genetic profiling, clinicopathological factors and survival in patients undergoing surgery for node-negative colorectal cancer: 10-year follow-upJ Cancer Res Clin Oncol2013139122013202024072233
  • OginoSNoshoKIraharaNLymphocytic reaction to colorectal cancer is associated with longer survival, independent of lymph node count, microsatellite instability, and CpG island methylator phenotypeClin Cancer Res200915206412642019825961
  • ShiaJEllisNAPatyPBValue of histopathology in predicting microsatellite instability in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer and sporadic colorectal cancerAm J Surg Pathol200327111407141714576473
  • GreensonJKHuangSCHerronCPathologic predictors of microsatellite instability in colorectal cancerAm J Surg Pathol200933112613318830122
  • NagtegaalIDMarijnenCAKranenbargEKLocal and distant recurrences in rectal cancer patients are predicted by the nonspecific immune response; specific immune response has only a systemic effect – a histopathological and immunohistochemical studyBMC Cancer20011711481031
  • DeschoolmeesterVBaayMVan MarckETumor infiltrating lymphocytes: an intriguing player in the survival of colorectal cancer patientsBMC Immunol2010111920385003
  • KimYWJanKMJungDHChoMYKimNKHistological inflammatory cell infiltration is associated with the number of lymph nodes retrieved in colorectal cancerAnticancer Res201333115143515024222162
  • RichardsCHRoxburghCSPowellAGFoulisAKHorganPGMcMillanDCThe clinical utility of the local inflammatory response in colorectal cancerEur J Cancer201450230931924103145
  • GalonJCostesASanchez-CaboFType, density, and location of immune cells within human colorectal tumors predict clinical outcomeScience200631357951960196417008531
  • GalonJMlecnikBBindeaGTowards the introduction of the ‘Immunoscore’ in the classification of malignant tumoursJ Pathol2014232219920924122236
  • LugliAKaramitopoulouEPanayiotidesICD8+ lymphocytes/tumour-budding index: an independent prognostic factor representing a ‘pro-/anti-tumour’ approach to tumour host interaction in colorectal cancerBr J Cancer200910181382139219755986
  • NielsenHJHansenUChristensenIJReimertCMBrünnerNMoesgaardFIndependent prognostic value of eosinophil and mast cell infiltration in colorectal cancer tissueJ Pathol1999189448749510629548
  • Fernandez-AceneroMJGalindo-GallegoMSanzJAljamaAPrognostic influence of tumor-associated eosinophilic infiltrate in colorectal carcinomaCancer20008871544154810738211
  • GulubovaMAnanievJYovchevYJulianovAKarashmalakovAVlaykovaTThe density of macrophages in colorectal cancer is inversely correlated to TGF-β1 expression and patients’ survivalJ Mol Histol201344667969223801404
  • ForssellJObergAHenrikssonMLStenlingRJungAPalmqvistRHigh macrophage infiltration along the tumor front correlates with improved survival in colon cancerClin Cancer Res20071351472147917332291
  • ChaputNSvrcekMAupérinATumour-infiltrating CD68+ and CD57+ cells predict patient outcome in stage II-III colorectal cancerBr J Cancer201310941013102223868006