Increased risk of community-acquired pneumonia in COPD patients with comorbid cardiovascular disease

References

• HeronMDeaths: leading causes for 2010National vital statistics reportsCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System201362197
   Google Scholar
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseServices UDoHaHWashington, DCUSDHHS Data fact sheet2003
   Google Scholar
• ManninoDMDavisKJKiriVAChronic obstructive pulmonary disease and hospitalizations for pneumonia in a US cohortRespir Med2009103222422918945605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TorresASerra-BatllesJFerrerASevere community-acquired pneumonia. Epidemiology and prognostic factorsAm Rev Respir Dis199114423123181859053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChenYStewartPDalesRJohansenHBryanSTaylorGIn a retrospective study of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease inpatients, respiratory comorbidities were significantly associated with prognosisJ Clin Epidemiol200558111199120516223664
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RestrepoMIMortensenEMPughJAAnzuetoACOPD is associated with increased mortality in patients with community-acquired pneumoniaEur Respir J200628234635116611653
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MolinosLClementeMGMirandaBASTURPAR GroupCommunity-acquired pneumonia in patients with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseJ Infect200958641742419329187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeyABNagarkarKMKumarVClinical presentation and predictors of outcome in adult patients with community-acquired pneumoniaNatl Med J India19971041691729325639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FineMJAubleTEYealyDMA prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumoniaN Engl J Med199733642432508995086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TorresAPeetermansWEViegiGBlasiFRisk factors for community-acquired pneumonia in adults in Europe: a literature reviewThorax201368111057106524130229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WatererGWKesslerLAWunderinkRGMedium-term survival after hospitalization with community-acquired pneumoniaAm J Respir Crit Care Med2004169891091414693672
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrales-MedinaVFMusherDMWellsGAChirinosJAChenLFineMJCardiac complications in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: incidence, timing, risk factors, and association with short-term mortalityCirculation2012125677378122219349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Global strategy for diagnosis, management, and prevention of COPD [Updated 2015]The global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease2015 Available from: http://goldcopd.org/gold-reports/. Available from: http://www.goldcopd.it/materiale/2015/GOLD_Report_2015.pdfAccessed June 16, 2016
   Google Scholar
• ErnstPGonzalezAVBrassardPSuissaSInhaled corticosteroid use in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the risk of hospitalization for pneumoniaAm J Respir Crit Care Med2007176216216617400730
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DrummondMBDasenbrookECPitzMWMurphyDJFanEInhaled corticosteroids in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysisJAMA2008300202407241619033591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SinghSAminAVLokeYKLong-term use of inhaled corticosteroids and the risk of pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysisArch Intern Med2009169321922919204211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CavallazziRSinghSInhaled corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: how significant is the risk of pneumonia and should it impact use of inhaled corticosteroids?Curr Infect Dis Rep201113329630121394429
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WelteTInhaled corticosteroids in COPD and the risk of pneumoniaLancet2009374969166867019716946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BalbiBMajoriMBertaccoSInhaled corticosteroids in stable COPD patients: do they have effects on cells and molecular mediators of airway inflammation?Chest200011761633163710858395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FineJPGrayRJA proportional hazards model for the subdistribution of a competing riskJ Am Stat Assoc199994446496509
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SibilaOMortensenEMAnzuetoALasernaERestrepoMIPrior cardiovascular disease increases long-term mortality in COPD patients with pneumoniaEur Respir J2014431364223598950
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HolterJCUelandTJenumPARisk factors for long-term mortality after hospitalization for community-acquired pneumonia: a 5-year prospective follow-up StudyPloS One2016112e014874126849359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TsiligianniIGKosmasEVan der MolenTTzanakisNManaging comorbidity in COPD: a difficult taskCurr Drug Targets201314215817623256716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CampoGPavasiniRMalaguMChronic obstructive pulmonary disease and ischemic heart disease comorbidity: overview of mechanisms and clinical managementCardiovasc Drugs Ther201529214715725645653
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SidneySSorelMQuesenberryCPJrDeLuiseCLanesSEisnerMDCOPD and incident cardiovascular disease hospitalizations and mortality: kaiser permanente medical care programChest200512842068207516236856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacchiaAMonteSRomeroMD’EttorreATognoniGThe prognostic influence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients hospitalised for chronic heart failureEur J Heart Fail20079994294817627878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KaplanVAngusDCGriffinMFClermontGScott WatsonRLinde-ZwirbleWTHospitalized community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: age- and sex-related patterns of care and outcome in the United StatesAm J Respir Crit Care Med2002165676677211897642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MortensenEMKapoorWNChangCCFineMJAssessment of mortality after long-term follow-up of patients with community-acquired pneumoniaClin Infect Dis200337121617162414689342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MüllerovaHChigboCHaganGWThe natural history of community-acquired pneumonia in COPD patients: a population database analysisRespir Med201210681124113322621820
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IshiguroTTakayanagiNYamaguchiSEtiology and factors contributing to the severity and mortality of community-acquired pneumoniaInt Med2013523317324
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CrimCCalverleyPMAndersonJAPneumonia risk in COPD patients receiving inhaled corticosteroids alone or in combination: TORCH study resultsEur Respir J200934364164719443528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LangePVestboJNyboeJRisk factors for death and hospitalization from pneumonia. A prospective study of a general populationEur Respir J1995810169416988586124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BarnettKMercerSWNorburyMWattGWykeSGuthrieBEpidemiology of multimorbidity and implications for health care, research, and medical education: a cross-sectional study201238098363743
   Google Scholar
• IlavskaSHorvathovaMSzabovaMAssociation between the human immune response and body mass indexHum Immunol201273548048522426256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JansonCLarssonKLisspersKHPneumonia and pneumonia related mortality in patients with COPD treated with fixed combinations of inhaled corticosteroid and long acting beta2 agonist: observational matched cohort study (PATHOS)BMJ2013346f330623719639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar