Tafenoquine and its potential in the treatment and relapse prevention of Plasmodium vivax malaria: the evidence to date

References

• World Health OrganizationWorld Malaria Report 2015GenevaWorld Health Organization2015
   Google Scholar
• World Health OrganizationWorld Malaria Report 201455GenevaWorld Health Organization2014
   Google Scholar
• World Health OrganizationGlobal Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016–2030GenevaWorld Health Organization2015
   Google Scholar
• BattleKEGethingPWElyazarIRFThe Global Public Health Significance of Plasmodium Vivax80AmsterdamElsevier2012
   Google Scholar
• NaingCWhittakerMANyunt WaiVMakJWIs Plasmodium vivax malaria a severe malaria?: a systematic review and meta-analysisPLoS Negl Trop Dis201488e307125121491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CarltonJMAdamsJHSilvaJCComparative genomics of the neglected human malaria parasite Plasmodium vivaxNature2008455721475776318843361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BairdJKResistance to therapies for infection by Plasmodium vivaxClin Microbiol Rev200922350853419597012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PopoviciJMénardDChallenges in antimalarial drug treatment for vivax malaria controlTrends Mol Med2015211277678826611336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PriceRNTjitraEGuerraCAUKPMC Funders GroupVivax malaria: neglected and not benignAm J Trop Med Hyg2007776798718165478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BhardwajMBharadwajLTrigunayatKTrigunayatMMThermal characterization of Plasmodium falciparum species specific proteins in Indian geographical areaNat Preced2010 Available from: http://precedings.nature.com/documents/4565/version/1Accessed July 28, 2016
   Google Scholar
• LacerdaMVMourãoMPAlexandreMAUnderstanding the clinical spectrum of complicated Plasmodium vivax malaria: a systematic review on the contributions of the Brazilian literatureMalar J2012111222230294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GuerinPJOlliaroPNostenFMalaria: current status of control, diagnosis, treatment, and a proposed agenda for research and developmentLancet Infect Dis20022956457312206972
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FlanneryELChatterjeeAKWinzelerEAAntimalarial drug discovery – approaches and progress towards new medicinesNat Rev Microbiol2013111284986224217412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KhengSMuthSTaylorWRTolerability and safety of weekly primaquine against relapse of Plasmodium vivax in Cambodians with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiencyBMC Med201513111025563062
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ValFFSampaioVSCasseraMBPlasmodium vivax malaria elimination: should innovative ideas from the past be revisited?Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz2014109552252425184997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CollinsWEJefferyGMPrimaquine resistance in Plasmodium vivaxAm J Trop Med Hyg19965532432498842108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CowmanAFBerryDBaumJThe cellular and molecular basis for malaria parasite invasion of the human red blood cellJ Cell Biol2012198696197122986493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WhiteMTKarlSBattleKEHaySIMuellerIGhaniACModelling the contribution of the hypnozoite reservoir to Plasmodium vivax transmissionElife20143e04692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WhiteNJDeterminants of relapse periodicity in Plasmodium vivax malariaMalar J201110129721989376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VelhoDPAlves-jrERRibatski-silvaDGomesLTFactors associated with recurrent Plasmodium vivax malaria in Porto Velho, Rondônia State, BrazilCad Saude Publica20143071403141725166938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChenNAuliffARieckmannKGattonMChengQRelapses of Plasmodium vivax infection result from clonal hypnozoites activated at predetermined intervalsJ Infect Dis2007195793494117330782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PindoliaDKGarciaAJHuangZThe demographics of human and malaria movement and migration patterns in East AfricaMalar J20131239724191976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health OrganizationControl and Elimination of Plasmodium vivax Malaria: A Technical Brief17GenevaWorld Health Organization2015
   Google Scholar
• RTS S Clinical Trials PartnershipEfficacy and safety of RTS, S/AS01 malaria vaccine with or without a booster dose in infants and children in Africa: final results of a phase 3, individually randomized, controlled trialLancet20153869988314525913272
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health OrganizationReversing the Incidence of Malaria 2000–2015GenevaWorld Health Organization2015
   Google Scholar
• United NationsThe Millennium Development Goals Report 2014New YorkUnited Nations2014
   Google Scholar
• AregawiMLynchMBekeleWTime series analysis of trends in malaria cases and deaths at hospitals and the effect of antimalarial interventions, 2001–2011, EthiopiaPLoS One2014911e10635925406083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roll Back Malaria PartnershipWorld Malaria Day – Asia, April 2014GenevaRoll Back Malaria Partnership2015
   Google Scholar
• KaremaCAregawiMWRukundoATrends in malaria cases, hospital admissions and deaths following scale-up of anti-malarial interventions, 2000–2010, RwandaMalar J20121123622823945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MasaningaFChandaEChanda-kapataPReview of the malaria epidemiology and trends in ZambiaAsian Pac J Trop Biomed201332899423593585
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health OrganizationMalaria: Global Fund Proposal DevelopmentGenevaWorld Health Organization2011120
   Google Scholar
• UkpeISMoonasarDRamanJBarnesKIBakerLBlumbergLCase management of malaria: treatment and chemoprophylaxisS Afr Med J201410310793798
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WilsonMLLaboratory diagnosis of malaria: conventional and rapid diagnostic methodsArch Pathol Lab Med2013137680581123721276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health OrganizationParasitological Confirmation of Malaria DiagnosisGenevaWorld Health Organization2009
   Google Scholar
• World Health OrganizationUniversal Access to Malaria Diagnostic Testing: An Operational Manual12GenevaWorld Health Organization2013
   Google Scholar
• BattleKEKarhunenMSBhattSGeographical variation in Plasmodium vivax relapseMalar J201413114424731298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health OrganizationGuidelines for the Treatment of Malaria2nd edGenevaWorld Health Organization2010
   Google Scholar
• EibachDCeronNKrishnalallKTherapeutic efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine for Plasmodium vivax infections in a prospective study in GuyanaMalar J20121134723083017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NaingCAungKWinDKWahMJEfficacy and safety of chloroquine for treatment in patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax infections in endemic countriesTrans R Soc Trop Med Hyg20101041169570520850161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health OrganizationGuidelines for the Treatment of Malaria3rd edGenevaWorld Health Organization2015
   Google Scholar
• ImwongMSnounouGPukrittayakameeSRelapses of Plasmodium vivax infection usually result from activation of heterologous hypnozoitesJ Infect Dis2007195792793317330781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DouglasNMAnsteyNMAngusBJNostenFPriceRNEurope PMC Funders Group artemisinin combination therapy for vivax malaria?Lancet Infect Dis201210640541620510281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MekonnenSKAseffaAMedhinGBerheNVelavanTPRe-evaluation of microscopy confirmed Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria by nested PCR detection in southern EthiopiaMalar J20141314824502664
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SennHAlattasNBoggildAKMorrisSKMixed-species Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium ovale malaria in a paediatric returned travellerMalar J20141317824593188
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ZakeriSKakarQGhasemiFDetection of mixed Plasmodium falciparum & Plasmodium vivax infections by nested-PCR in Pakistan, Iran & AfghanistanIndian J Med Res2010132313520693586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NicholasDMJohnGKvon SeidleinLNicholasAMRicPNChemotherapeutic Strategies for Reducing Transmission of Plasmodium vivax Malaria80AmsterdamElsevier2012
   Google Scholar
• RahimiBAThakkinstianAWhiteNJSirivichayakulCDondorpAMChokejindachaiWSevere vivax malaria : a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies since 1900Malar J201413111024383426
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PasvolGThe treatment of complicated and severe malariaBr Med Bull2006757612947
   Google Scholar
• BairdJKSchwartzEHoffmanSLPrevention and treatment of vivax malariaCurr Infect Dis Rep200791394617254503
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HillDRBairdJKPariseMELewisLSRyanETMagillAJPrimaquine: report from CDC expert meeting on malaria chemoprophylaxis IAm J Trop Med Hyg200675340241516968913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HobbsCDuffyPDrugs for malaria: something old, something new, something borrowedF1000 Biol Rep201132422076126
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ValeNMoreiraRGomesPPrimaquine revisited six decades after its discoveryEur J Med Chem200944393795318930565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BairdJKSuppressive chemoprophylaxis invites avoidable risk of serious illness caused by Plasmodium vivax malariaTravel Med Infect Dis2013111606523454204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BairdJKFryauffDJHoffmanSLPrimaquine for prevention of malaria in travelersClin Infect Dis200337121659166714689349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JohnGKDouglasNMvon SeidleinLPrimaquine radical cure of Plasmodium vivax: a critical review of the literatureMalar J201211128022900786
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CampoBVandalOWescheDLBurrowsJNKilling the hypnozoite – drug discovery approaches to prevent relapse in Plasmodium vivaxPathog Glob Health2015109310712225891812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FernandoDRodrigoCRajapakseSPrimaquine in vivax malaria: an update and review on management issuesMalar J201110135122152065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BeutlerEDuparcSG6PD Deficiency Working GroupGlucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and antimalarial drug developmentAm J Trop Med Hyg200777477978917978087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CarterNPambaADuparcSWaitumbiJNFrequency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in malaria patients from six African countries enrolled in two randomized anti-malarial clinical trialsMalar J201110124121849081
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HowesREPielFBPatilAPG6PD deficiency prevalence and estimates of affected populations in malaria endemic countries: a geostatistical model-based mapPLoS Med2012911e100133923152723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BuchachartKKrudsoodSSinghasivanonPEffect of primaquine standard dose (15 mg/day for 14 days) in the treatment of vivax malaria patients in ThailandSoutheast Asian J Trop Med Public Health200132472072612041544
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ramos JúniorWMSardinhaJFCostaMRSantanaMSAlecrimMGLacerdaMVClinical aspects of hemolysis in patients with Plasmodium vivax malaria treated with primaquine, in the Brazilian AmazonBraz J Infect Dis201014441041220963329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health OrganizationThe Safety and Effectiveness of Single Dose Primaquine as a Plasmodium falciparum GametocytocideGenevaWorld Health Organization2012119
   Google Scholar
• ColemanMColemanNDrug-induced methaemoglobinaemia. Treatment issuesDrug Saf19961463944058828017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BairdJKHoffmanSLPrimaquine therapy for malariaClin Infect Dis20043991336134515494911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BunnagDKarbwangJThanavibulAHigh dose of primaquine in primaquine resistant vivax malariaTrans R Soc Trop Med Hyg19948822182198036680
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JelinekTNothdurftHDVon SonnenburgFLoscherTLong-term efficacy of primaquine in the treatment of vivax malaria in nonimmune travelersAm J Trop Med Hyg19955243223247741169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GlaxoSmithKline [webpage on the Internet]GSK and MMV Announce Start of Phase III Programme of Tafenoquine for Plasmodium vivax Malaria201413 Available from: https://us.gsk.com/en-us/media/press-releases/2014/gsk-and-mmv-announce-start-of-phase-iii-programme-of-tafenoquine-for-plasmodium-vivax-malaria/Accessed July 28, 2016
   Google Scholar
• BruecknerRPLasseterKCLinETSchusterBGFirst-time-in-humans safety and pharmacokinetics of WR 238605, a new antimalarialAm J Trop Med Hyg19985856456499598455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GreenJAPatelAKPatelBRTafenoquine at therapeutic concentrations does not prolong fridericia-corrected QT interval in healthy subjectsJ Clin Pharmacol2014549995100524700490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EdsteinMDKociskoDAWalshDSEamsilaCCharlesBGRieckmannKHPlasma concentrations of tafenoquine, a new long-acting antimalarial agent, in Thai soldiers receiving monthly prophylaxisClin Infect Dis200337121654165814689348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EdsteinMDKociskoDABrewerTGWalshDSEamsilaCCharlesBGPopulation pharmacokinetics of the new antimalarial agent tafenoquine in Thai soldiersBr J Clin Pharmacol200152666367011736877
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EdsteinMDNasveldPEKociskoDAKitchenerSJGattonMLRieckmannKHGender differences in gastrointestinal disturbances and plasma concentrations of tafenoquine in healthy volunteers after tafenoquine administration for post-exposure vivax malaria prophylaxisTrans R Soc Trop Med Hyg2007101322623016814823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LiQO’NeilMXieLAssessment of the prophylactic activity and pharmacokinetic profile of oral tafenoquine compared to primaquine for inhibition of liver stage malaria infectionsMalar J201413114124731238
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PybusBSMarcsisinSRJinXThe metabolism of primaquine to its active metabolite is dependent on CYP 2D6Malar J201312121223782898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MarcsisinSRSousaJCReichardGATafenoquine and NPC-1161B require CYP 2D metabolism for anti-malarial activity: implications for the 8-aminoquinoline class of anti-malarial compoundsMalar J2014131224386891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VuongCXieLHPotterBBDifferential CYP 2D metabolism alters tafenoquine pharmacokineticsAntimicrob Agents Chemother20155973864386925870069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VennerstromJLNuzumEOMillerRE8-Aminoquinolines active against blood stage Plasmodium falciparum in vitro inhibit hematin polymerizationAntimicrob Agents Chemother199943359860210049273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PradinesBMamfoumbiMMTallAIn vitro activity of tafenoquine against the asexual blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Gabon, Senegal, and DjiboutiAntimicrob Agents Chemother20065093225322616940138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PonsaNSattabongkotJKittayapongPEikaratNColemanRETransmission-blocking activity of tafenoquine (WR-238605) and artelinic acid against naturally circulating strains of Plasmodium vivax in ThailandAm J Trop Med Hyg200369554254714695093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Research Councils UK [webpage on the Internet]Defining the Mechanism of Action of the 8-Aminoquinolines: A Pre-Requisite to Rationally Designed Safe Antimalarials for the Elimination Era Available from: http://gtr.rcuk.ac.uk/projects?ref=MR/L000644/1Accessed April 13, 2016
   Google Scholar
• Malaria Nexus [webpage on the Internet]Tafenoquine Gets a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Breaththrough Therapy Designation2014 Available from: http://www.malarianexus.com/news/tafenoquine-gets-u-s-food-and-drug-administration-fda-breakthrough/Accessed May 23, 2016
   Google Scholar
• Center for Health Policy [webpage on the Internet]Breakthrough Therapy Designation: Exploring the Qualifying Criteria2015 Available from: http://www.brookings.edu/events/2015/04/24-fda-breakthrough-therapy-criteriaAccessed May 23, 2016
   Google Scholar
• BeckHPWampflerRCarterNEstimation of the antirelapse efficacy of tafenoquine, using Plasmodium vivax genotypingJ Infect Dis2016213579479926500351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llanos-CuentasALacerdaMVRueangweerayutRTafenoquine plus chloroquine for the treatment and relapse prevention of Plasmodium vivax malaria (DETECTIVE): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, phase 2b dose-selection studyLancet201438399221049105824360369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WalshDSLooareesuwanSWilairatanaPRandomized dose-ranging study of the safety and efficacy of WR 238605 (tafenoquine) in the prevention of relapse of Plasmodium vivax malaria in ThailandJ Infect Dis199918041282128710479159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WalshDSWilairatanaPTangDBRandomized trial of 3-dose regimens of tafenoquine (WR238605) versus low-dose primaquine for preventing Plasmodium vivax malaria relapseClin Infect Dis20043981095110315486831
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EdsteinMWalshDEamsilaCMalaria prophylaxis/radical cure: recent experiences of the Australian Defense ForceMed Trop200161112
   Google Scholar
• BruecknerRPCosterTWescheDLShmuklarskyMSchusterBGProphylaxis of Plasmodium falciparum infection in a human challenge model with WR 238605, a new 8-aminoquinoline antimalarialAntimicrob Agents Chemother1998425129312949593172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HaleBROwusu-AgyeiSFryauffDJA randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial of tafenoquine for weekly prophylaxis against Plasmodium falciparumClin Infect Dis200336554154912594633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ShanksGDOlooAJAlemanGMA new primaquine analogue, tafenoquine (WR 238605), for prophylaxis against Plasmodium falciparum malariaClin Infect Dis200133121968197411700577
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LellBFaucherJFMissinouMAMalaria chemoprophylaxis with tafenoquine: a randomised studyLancet200035592202041204510885356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NasveldPEEdsteinMDReidMRandomized, double-blind study of the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of tafenoquine versus mefloquine for malaria prophylaxis in nonimmune subjectsAntimicrob Agents Chemother201054279279819995933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ElmesNJNasveldPEKitchenerSJKociskoDAEdsteinMDThe efficacy and tolerability of three different regimens of tafenoquine versus primaquine for post-exposure prophylaxis of Plasmodium vivax malaria in the Southwest PacificTrans R Soc Trop Med Hyg2008102111095110118541280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NasveldPKitchenerSEdsteinMRieckmannKComparison of tafenoquine (WR238605) and primaquine in the post-exposure (terminal) prophylaxis of vivax malaria in Australian Defense Force personnelTrans R Soc Trop Med Hyg200296668368412625150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NasveldPKitchenerSTreatment of acute vivax malaria with tafenoquineTrans R Soc Trop Med Hyg20059912515550254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KitchenerSNasveldPEdsteinMDShort report: tafenoquine for the treatment of recurrent Plasmodium vivax malariaAm J Trop Med Hyg200776349449617360873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WalshDEamsilaCSasipraphaTEfficacy of monthly tafenoquine for prophylaxis of Plasmodium vivax and multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malariaJ Infect Dis200419081456146315378438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PubChem [webpage on the Internet]Primaquine: Compound Summary for CID 49082005 Available from: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/primaquineAccessed May 23, 2016
   Google Scholar