References
- WHO [webpage on the Internet]Prevention of Blindness and Visual ImpairmentPriority Eye Diseases2012 Available from: http://www.who.int/blindness/causes/priority/en/index7.htmlAccessed May 6, 2016
- LimLSMitchellPSeddonJMHolzFGWongTYAge-related macular degenerationLancet201237998271728173822559899
- CampaCCostagliolaCIncorvaiaCInflammatory mediators and angiogenic factors in choroidal neovascularization: pathogenetic interactions and therapeutic implicationsMediators Inflamm2010201014
- SpilsburyKGarrettKLShenWYConstableIJRakoczyPEOver-expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the retinal pigment epithelium leads to the development of choroidal neovascularizationAm J Pathol2000157113514410880384
- IshibashiTHataYYoshikawaHNakagawaKSueishiKInomataHExpression of vascular endothelial growth factor in experimental choroidal neovascularizationGraefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol199723531591679085111
- WongTYLiewGMitchellPClinical update: new treatments for age-related macular degenerationLancet2007370958320420617658379
- BrownDMKaiserPKMichelsMRanibizumab versus verteporfin for neovascular age-related macular degenerationN Engl J Med2006355141432144417021319
- GragoudasESAdamisAPCunninghamETJrFeinsodMGuyerDRVEGF Inhibition Study in Ocular Neovascularization Clinical Trial GroupPegaptanib for neovascular age-related macular degenerationN Engl J Med2004351272805281615625332
- GroupCRMartinDFMaguireMGRanibizumab and bevacizumab for neovascular age-related macular degenerationN Engl J Med2011364201897190821526923
- RosenfeldPJBrownDMHeierJSMARINA Study GroupRanibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degenerationN Engl J Med2006355141419143117021318
- Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials Research GroupMartinDFMaguireMGRanibizumab and bevacizumab for treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: two-year resultsOphthalmology201211971388139822555112
- HeierJSBrownDMChongVSchmidt-ErfurthUVIEW 1 and VIEW 2 Study GroupsIntravitreal aflibercept (VEGF trap-eye) in wet age-related macular degenerationOphthalmology2012119122537254823084240
- LiXXuGWangYAURORA Study GroupSafety and efficacy of conbercept in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: results from a 12-month randomized phase 2 study: AURORA studyOphthalmology201412191740174724793528
- RuckmanJGreenLSBeesonJ2′-Fluoropyrimidine RNA-based aptamers to the 165-amino acid form of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF165). Inhibition of receptor binding and VEGF-induced vascular permeability through interactions requiring the exon 7-encoded domainJ Biol Chem19982733220556205679685413
- CriswellMHHuWZSteffensTJLiRMargaronPComparing pegaptanib and triamcinolone efficacy in the rat choroidal neovascularization modelArch Ophthalmol2008126794695218625941
- MorjariaRChongNVPharmacokinetic evaluation of pegaptanib octasodium for the treatment of diabetic edemaExpert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol20141081185119224856361
- BakriSJSnyderMRReidJMPulidoJSEzzatMKSinghRJPharmacokinetics of intravitreal ranibizumab (Lucentis)Ophthalmology2007114122179218218054637
- BakriSJSnyderMRReidJMPulidoJSSinghRJPharmacokinetics of intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin)Ophthalmology2007114585585917467524
- PapadopoulosNMartinJRuanQBinding and neutralization of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and related ligands by VEGF Trap, ranibizumab and bevacizumabAngiogenesis201215217118522302382
- InvestigatorsISChakravarthyUHardingSPRanibizumab versus bevacizumab to treat neovascular age-related macular degeneration: one-year findings from the IVAN randomized trialOphthalmology201211971399141122578446
- StewartMWRosenfeldPJPredicted biological activity of intravitreal VEGF TrapBr J Ophthalmol200892566766818356264
- LuXSunXProfile of conbercept in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degenerationDrug Des Devel Ther2015923112320
- HolashJDavisSPapadopoulosNVEGF-Trap: a VEGF blocker with potent antitumor effectsProc Natl Acad Sci U S A20029917113931139812177445
- ZhangMYuDYangCThe pharmacology study of a new recombinant human VEGF receptor-fc fusion protein on experimental choroidal neovascularizationPharm Res200926120421018854954
- WuZZhouPLiXStructural characterization of a recombinant fusion protein by instrumental analysis and molecular modelingPLoS One201383e5764223469213
- BlochSBLarsenMMunchICIncidence of legal blindness from age-related macular degeneration in Denmark: year 2000 to 2010Am J Ophthalmol20121532209213.e20222264944
- SkaatAChetritABelkinMKinoriMKalter-LeiboviciOTime trends in the incidence and causes of blindness in IsraelAm J Ophthalmol20121532214221.e21122264945
- SloanFAHanrahanBWThe effects of technological advances on outcomes for elderly persons with exudative age-related macular degenerationJAMA Ophthalmol2014132445646324458013
- WykoffCCBrownDMMaldonadoMECroftDEAflibercept treatment for patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration who were incomplete responders to multiple ranibizumab injections (TURF trial)Br J Ophthalmol201498795195524518078
- AmoakuWMChakravarthyUGaleRDefining response to anti-VEGF therapies in neovascular AMDEye (Lond)201529672173125882328
- van AstenFRoversMMLechanteurYTPredicting non-response to ranibizumab in patients with neovascular age-related macular degenerationOphthalmic Epidemiol201421634735525157998
- YazdiMHFaramarziMANikfarSFalavarjaniKGAbdollahiMRanibizumab and aflibercept for the treatment of wet age-related macular degenerationExpert Opin Biol Ther20151591349135826076760
- LiHLeiNZhangMLiYXiaoHHaoXPharmacokinetics of a long-lasting anti-VEGF fusion protein in rabbitExp Eye Res201297115415921933673
- BinderSLoss of reactivity in intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy: tachyphylaxis or tolerance?Br J Ophthalmol20129611222157632
- ArjamaaOMinnHResistance, not tachyphylaxis or toleranceBr J Ophthalmol20129681153115422510583
- ForooghianFCukrasCMeyerleCBChewEYWongWTTachyphylaxis after intravitreal bevacizumab for exudative age-related macular degenerationRetina200929672373119516114
- GasperiniJLFawziAAKhondkaryanABevacizumab and ranibizumab tachyphylaxis in the treatment of choroidal neovascularisationBr J Ophthalmol2012961142021791509
- AvgikosKNHorganSESivarajRRHuKTachyphylaxis and bevacizumabOphthalmology2009116918311832 author reply 183219729101
- SchaalSKaplanHJTezelTHIs there tachyphylaxis to intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor pharmacotherapy in age-related macular degeneration?Ophthalmology2008115122199220518930553
- EghojMSSorensenTLTachyphylaxis during treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration with ranibizumabBr J Ophthalmol2012961212321733918
- BroadheadGKHongTChangAATreating the untreatable patient: current options for the management of treatment-resistant neovascular age-related macular degenerationActa Ophthalmol201492871372324925048
- GharbiyaMIannettiLParisiFDe VicoUMungoMLMarencoMVisual and anatomical outcomes of intravitreal aflibercept for treatment-resistant neovascular age-related macular degenerationBiomed Res Int2014201427375424895562
- ChangAALiHBroadheadGKIntravitreal aflibercept for treatment-resistant neovascular age-related macular degenerationOphthalmology2014121118819224144450
- ArcinueCAMaFBarteselliGSharpstenLGomezMLFreemanWROne-year outcomes of aflibercept in recurrent or persistent neovascular age-related macular degenerationAm J Ophthalmol20151593426436.e42225461263
- Moon daRCLeeDKKimSHYouYSKwonOWAflibercept treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy refractory to anti-vascular endothelial growth factorKorean J Ophthalmol201529422623226240506
- TranosPVacalisAAsteriadisSResistance to antivascular endothelial growth factor treatment in age-related macular degenerationDrug Des Devel Ther20137485490
- YonekawaYAndreoliCMillerJBConversion to aflibercept for chronic refractory or recurrent neovascular age-related macular degenerationAm J Ophthalmol201315612935.e2223668679
- ShinJYWooSJAhnJParkKHAnti-VEGF-refractory exudative age-related macular degeneration: differential response according to features on optical coherence tomographyKorean J Ophthalmol201327642543224311928
- HiranoYYasukawaTTsukadaAYokoyamaSItoYNakazawaYResolution of exudative changes refractory to ranibizumab after aflibercept injections at the margin of inferior staphyloma in tilted disc syndromeOphthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina201546338438625856827
- ChoMBarbazettoIAFreundKBRefractory neovascular age-related macular degeneration secondary to polypoidal choroidal vasculopathyAm J Ophthalmol200914817078.e7119403115
- BrownDMChenEMarianiAMajorJCJrGroupSSSuper-dose anti-VEGF (SAVE) trial: 2.0 mg intravitreal ranibizumab for recalcitrant neovascular macular degeneration-primary end pointOphthalmology2013120234935423131717
- GrewalDSGillMKSarezkyDLyonATMirzaRGVisual and anatomical outcomes following intravitreal aflibercept in eyes with recalcitrant neovascular age-related macular degeneration: 12-month resultsEye (Lond)201428789589924833178
- PuliafitoCARecalcitrant neovascular macular degeneration after anti-VEGF therapy: an ongoing challengeOphthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina201344210923510034
- Kanesa-ThasanAGrewalDSGillMKLyonATMirzaRGQuantification of change in pigment epithelial detachment volume and morphology after transition to intravitreal aflibercept in eyes with recalcitrant neovascular AMD: 18-month resultsOphthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina201546663864126114844
- FungATKumarNVanceSKPilot study to evaluate the role of high-dose ranibizumab 2.0 mg in the management of neovascular age-related macular degeneration in patients with persistent/recurrent macular fluid <30 days following treatment with intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy (the LAST Study)Eye (Lond)20122691181118722878451
- KurodaYYamashiroKMiyakeMFactors associated with recurrence of age-related macular degeneration after anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment: a retrospective cohort studyOphthalmology2015122112303231026271842
- JoondephBCAnti-vascular endothelial growth factor injection technique for recurrent exudative macular degeneration in a telescope-implanted eyeRetin Cases Brief Rep20148434234425372544
- Pinheiro-CostaJCostaJMBeatoJNSwitch to aflibercept in the treatment of neovascular AMD: one-year results in clinical practiceOphthalmologica20152333–415516125896317
- TozerKRollerABChongLPCombination therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration refractory to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agentsOphthalmology2013120102029203423714319
- ZweifelSAEngelbertMLaudKMargolisRSpaideRFFreundKBOuter retinal tubulation: a novel optical coherence tomography findingArch Ophthalmol2009127121596160220008714
- WolffBMaftouhiMQMateo-MontoyaASahelJAMauget-FaysseMOuter retinal cysts in age-related macular degenerationActa Ophthalmol2011896e496e49921631905
- BakallBFolkJCBoldtHCAflibercept therapy for exudative age-related macular degeneration resistant to bevacizumab and ranibizumabAm J Ophthalmol201315611522.e1123706500
- LimLSCheungCMWongTYAsian age-related macular degeneration: current concepts and gaps in knowledgeAsia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila)201321324126107866
- ChangYCWuWCPolypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in Taiwanese patientsOphthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging200940657658119928723
- WenFChenCWuDLiHPolypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in elderly Chinese patientsGraefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol2004242862562915257461
- LiuYWenFHuangSSubtype lesions of neovascular age-related macular degeneration in Chinese patientsGraefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol2007245101441144517406882
- ShoKTakahashiKYamadaHPolypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: incidence, demographic features, and clinical characteristicsArch Ophthalmol2003121101392139614557174
- CoscasGYamashiroKCoscasFComparison of exudative age-related macular degeneration subtypes in Japanese and French Patients: multicenter diagnosis with multimodal imagingAm J Ophthalmol20141582309318.e30224844973
- MarukoIIidaTSaitoMNagayamaDSaitoKClinical characteristics of exudative age-related macular degeneration in Japanese patientsAm J Ophthalmol20071441152217509509
- ByeonSHLeeSCOhHSKimSSKohHJKwonOWIncidence and clinical patterns of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in Korean patientsJpn J Ophthalmol2008521576218369702
- CheungCMLiXMathurRA prospective study of treatment patterns and 1-year outcome of Asian age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathyPLoS One201496e10105724978485
- MoriKHorie-InoueKGehlbachPLPhenotype and genotype characteristics of age-related macular degeneration in a Japanese populationOphthalmology2010117592893820132989
- CiardellaAPDonsoffIMHuangSJCostaDLYannuzziLAPolypoidal choroidal vasculopathySurv Ophthalmol2004491253714711438
- CiardellaAPDonsoffIMYannuzziLAPolypoidal choroidal vasculopathyOphthalmol Clin North Am200215453755412515086
- WongCWWongTYCheungCMPolypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in AsiansJ Clin Med20154578282126239448
- YamamotoAOkadaAAKanoMOne-Year results of intravitreal aflibercept for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathyOphthalmology201512291866187226088619
- KuhnDMeunierISoubraneGCoscasGImaging of chorioretinal anastomoses in vascularized retinal pigment epithelium detachmentsArch Ophthalmol199511311139213987487600
- FreundKBKlaisCMEandiCMSequenced combined intravitreal triamcinolone and indocyanine green angiography-guided photodynamic therapy for retinal angiomatous proliferationArch Ophthalmol2006124448749216606873
- FreundKBHoIVBarbazettoIAType 3 neovascularization: the expanded spectrum of retinal angiomatous proliferationRetina200828220121118301024
- YannuzziLAFreundKBTakahashiBSReview of retinal angiomatous proliferation or type 3 neovascularizationRetina200828337538418327130
- DansinganiKKNaysanJFreundKBEn face OCT angiography demonstrates flow in early type 3 neovascularization (retinal angiomatous proliferation)Eye (Lond)201529570370625744441
- HartnettMEWeiterJJStaurenghiGElsnerAEDeep retinal vascular anomalous complexes in advanced age-related macular degenerationOphthalmology199610312204220539003338
- BottoniFMassacesiACigadaMViolaFMusiccoIStaurenghiGTreatment of retinal angiomatous proliferation in age-related macular degeneration: a series of 104 cases of retinal angiomatous proliferationArch Ophthalmol2005123121644165016344434
- BresslerNMRetinal anastomosis to choroidal neovascularization: a bum rap for a difficult diseaseArch Ophthalmol2005123121741174316344449
- HemeidaTSKeanePADustinLSaddaSRFawziAALong-term visual and anatomical outcomes following anti-VEGF monotherapy for retinal angiomatous proliferationBr J Ophthalmol201094670170519854733
- RouvasAAChatziralliIPTheodossiadisPGMoschosMMKotsolisAILadasIDLong-term results of intravitreal ranibizumab, intravitreal ranibizumab with photodynamic therapy, and intravitreal triamcinolone with photodynamic therapy for the treatment of retinal angiomatous proliferationRetina20123261181118922466469
- ScottAWBresslerSBRetinal angiomatous proliferation or retinal anastomosis to the lesionEye (Lond)201024349149620019765
- YingGSHuangJMaguireMGComparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials Research GroupBaseline predictors for one-year visual outcomes with ranibizumab or bevacizumab for neovascular age-related macular degenerationOphthalmology2013120112212923047002
- GharbiyaMParisiFCrucianiFBozzoni-PantaleoniFPrannoFAbdolrahimzadehSIntravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for retinal angiomatous proliferation in treatment-naive eyes: long-term functional and anatomical results using a modified PrONTO-style regimenRetina201434229830523807188
- SaitoMShiragamiCShiragaFNagayamaDIidaTCombined intravitreal bevacizumab and photodynamic therapy for retinal angiomatous proliferationAm J Ophthalmol20081466935941.e93118723139
- ChamberlainMBairdPDiraniMGuymerRUnraveling a complex genetic disease: age-related macular degenerationSurv Ophthalmol200651657658617134647
- SouiedEHLevezielNRichardFY402H complement factor H polymorphism associated with exudative age-related macular degeneration in the French populationMol Vis2005111135114016379025
- SeddonJMFrancisPJGeorgeSSchultzDWRosnerBKleinMLAssociation of CFH Y402H and LOC387715 A69S with progression of age-related macular degenerationJAMA2007297161793180017456821
- ChenHYuKDXuGZAssociation between variant Y402H in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) susceptibility gene CFH and treatment response of AMD: a meta-analysisPLoS One201278e4246422905135
- LeeAYRayaAKKymesSMShielsABrantleyMAJrPharmacogenetics of complement factor H (Y402H) and treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration with ranibizumabBr J Ophthalmol200993561061319091853
- AbediFWickremasingheSRichardsonAJIslamAFGuymerRHBairdPNGenetic influences on the outcome of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment in neovascular age-related macular degenerationOphthalmology201312081641164823582991
- HuZXiePDingYYuanDLiuQAssociation between variants A69S in ARMS2 gene and response to treatment of exudative AMD: a meta-analysisBr J Ophthalmol201599559359825185256
- WeberBHCharbel IssaPPaulyDHerrmannPGrassmannFHolzFGThe role of the complement system in age-related macular degenerationDtsch Arztebl Int2014111813313824622760
- RogersFBMedical subject headingsBull Med Libr Assoc19635111411613982385
- WestfallTCWestfallDPGoodman and Gilman’s. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics12th edNew York, NYMcGraw-Hill2011
- BusbeeBGHoACBrownDMTwelve-month efficacy and safety of 0.5 mg or 2.0 mg ranibizumab in patients with subfoveal neovascular age-related macular degenerationOphthalmology201312051046105623352196
- StewartMWRosenfeldPJPenhaFMPharmacokinetic rationale for dosing every 2 weeks versus 4 weeks with intravitreal ranibizumab, bevacizumab, and aflibercept (vascular endothelial growth factor Trap-eye)Retina201232343445722374154
- BunnelCAIntensive Review of Internal MedicineBoston, MAHarvard Medical School2009
- KeanePALiakopoulosSOngchinSCQuantitative subanalysis of optical coherence tomography after treatment with ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degenerationInvest Ophthalmol Vis Sci20084973115312018408176
- AlmonyAMansouriAShahGKBlinderKJEfficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab after unresponsive treatment with intravitreal ranibizumabCan J Ophthalmol201146218218521708088
- KentJSIordanousYMaoAPowellAMKentSSSheidowTGComparison of outcomes after switching treatment from intravitreal bevacizumab to ranibizumab in neovascular age-related macular degenerationCan J Ophthalmol201247215916422560422
- KaiserRSGuptaOPRegilloCDRanibizumab for eyes previously treated with pegaptanib or bevacizumab without clinical responseOphthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging2012431131921986085
- EhlkenCJungmannSBohringerDAgostiniHTJunkerBPielenASwitch of anti-VEGF agents is an option for nonresponders in the treatment of AMDEye (Lond)201428553854524722504
- AslankurtMAslanLAksoyAErdenBCekicOThe results of switching between 2 anti-VEGF drugs, bevacizumab and ranibizumab, in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degenerationEur J Ophthalmol201323455355723516253
- Pinheiro-CostaJFreitas-da-CostaPFalcaoMSBrandaoEMFalcao-ReisFCarneiroAMSwitch from intravitreal ranibizumab to bevacizumab for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: clinical comparisonOphthalmologica2014232314915525196907
- KumarNMarsigliaMMrejenSVisual and anatomical outcomes of intravitreal aflibercept in eyes with persistent subfoveal fluid despite previous treatments with ranibizumab in patients with neovascular age-related macular degenerationRetina20133381605161223549101
- Fassnacht-RiederleHBeckerMGrafNMichelsSEffect of aflibercept in insufficient responders to prior anti-VEGF therapy in neovascular AMDGraefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol2014252111705170924614949
- SinghRPSrivastavaSEhlersJPBediRSchachatAPKaiserPKA single-arm, investigator-initiated study of the efficacy, safety and tolerability of intravitreal aflibercept injection in subjects with exudative age-related macular degeneration, previously treated with ranibizumab or bevacizumab: 6-month interim analysisBr J Ophthalmol201498suppl 1i22i2724836866
- FerronePJAnwarFNaysanJEarly initial clinical experience with intravitreal aflibercept for wet age-related macular degenerationBr J Ophthalmol201498suppl 1i17i2124795335
- HallLBZebardastNHuangJJAdelmanRAAflibercept in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration in previously treated patientsJ Ocul Pharmacol Ther201430434635224552305
- MessengerWBCampbellJPFaridiAInjection frequency and anatomic outcomes 1 year following conversion to aflibercept in patients with neovascular age-related macular degenerationBr J Ophthalmol20149891205120724795334
- HoVYYehSOlsenTWShort-term outcomes of aflibercept for neovascular age-related macular degeneration in eyes previously treated with other vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitorsAm J Ophthalmol201315612328.e2223664153
- HeussenFMShaoQOuyangYJoussenAMMullerBClinical outcomes after switching treatment from intravitreal ranibizumab to aflibercept in neovascular age-related macular degenerationGraefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol2014252690991524362854
- ChoHShahCPWeberMHeierJSAflibercept for exudative AMD with persistent fluid on ranibizumab and/or bevacizumabBr J Ophthalmol20139781032103523766432
- GaudreaultJFeiDBeyerJCPharmacokinetics and retinal distribution of ranibizumab, a humanized antibody fragment directed against VEGF-A, following intravitreal administration in rabbitsRetina20072791260126618046235
- AbdullahSEPerez-SolerRMechanisms of resistance to vascular endothelial growth factor blockadeCancer2012118143455346722086782
- InaiTMancusoMHashizumeHInhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling in cancer causes loss of endothelial fenestrations, regression of tumor vessels, and appearance of basement membrane ghostsAm J Pathol20041651355215215160
- HuangJSofferSZKimESVascular remodeling marks tumors that recur during chronic suppression of angiogenesisMol Cancer Res200421364214757844
- WuEPalmerNTianZComprehensive dissection of PDGF-PDGFR signaling pathways in PDGFR genetically defined cellsPLoS One2008311e379419030102
- AbramssonALindblomPBetsholtzCEndothelial and nonendothelial sources of PDGF-B regulate pericyte recruitment and influence vascular pattern formation in tumorsJ Clin Invest200311281142115114561699
- RusnatiMPrestaMFibroblast growth factors/fibroblast growth factor receptors as targets for the development of anti-angiogenesis strategiesCurr Pharm Des200713202025204417627537
- PrestaMDell’EraPMitolaSMoroniERoncaRRusnatiMFibroblast growth factor/fibroblast growth factor receptor system in angiogenesisCytokine Growth Factor Rev200516215917815863032
- KaiserPKEmerging therapies for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: drugs in the pipelineOphthalmology20131205 supplS11S1523642781
- RofaghaSBhisitkulRBBoyerDSSaddaSRZhangKSEVEN-UP Study GroupSeven-year outcomes in ranibizumab-treated patients in ANCHOR, MARINA, and HORIZON: a multicenter cohort study (SEVEN-UP)Ophthalmology2013120112292229923642856