Pharmacogenomics And Hypertension: Current Insights

References

• Pagidipati NJ, Gaziano TA. Estimating deaths from cardiovascular disease: a review of global methodologies of mortality measurement. Circulation. 2013;127(6):749–756. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.12841323401116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, et al. evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA. 2014;311(5):507–520. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.28442724352797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P, Whelton PK, He J. Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet. 2005;365(9455):217–223. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17741-115652604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chobanian AV; Shattuck Lecture. The hypertension paradox–more uncontrolled disease despite improved therapy. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(9):878–887. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa090382919710486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson JA. Advancing management of hypertension through pharmacogenomics. Ann Med. 2012;44(Suppl 1):S17–22. doi:10.3109/07853890.2011.65339922713143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menni C, Mangino M, Zhang F, et al. Heritability analyses show visit-to-visit blood pressure variability reflects different pathological phenotypes in younger and older adults: evidence from UK twins. J Hypertens. 2013;31(12):2356–2361. doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e32836523c124029873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dominiczak AF, Negrin DC, Clark JS, Brosnan MJ, McBride MW, Alexander MY. Genes and hypertension: from gene mapping in experimental models to vascular gene transfer strategies. Hypertension. 2000;35(1 Pt 2):164–172. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.35.1.16410642293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabara Y, Kohara K, Miki T; Millennium Genome Project for H. Hunting for genes for hypertension: the millennium genome project for hypertension. Hypertens Res. 2012;35(6):567–573. doi:10.1038/hr.2012.4122476231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper-Dehoff RM, Johnson JA. Hypertension pharmacogenomics: in search of personalized treatment approaches. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2016;12(2):110–122. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2015.17626592190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee WK, Padmanabhan S, Dominiczak AF. Genetics of hypertension: from experimental models to clinical applications. J Hum Hypertens. 2000;14(10–11):631–647. doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.100104311095156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padmanabhan S, Paul L, Dominczak AF. The pharmacogenomics of anti-hypertensive therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2010;3(6):1779–1791. doi:10.3390/ph306177927713329
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kamide K, Kawano Y, Rakugi H. Pharmacogenomic approaches to study the effects of antihypertensive drugs. Hypertens Res. 2012;35(8):796–799. doi:10.1038/hr.2012.8222739423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manunta P, Ferrandi M, Cusi D, Ferrari P, Staessen J, Bianchi G. Personalized therapy of hypertension: the past and the future. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2016;18(3):24. doi:10.1007/s11906-016-0632-y26915067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luizon MR, Pereira DA, Sandrim VC. Pharmacogenomics of hypertension and preeclampsia: focus on gene-gene interactions. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9:168. doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.0016829541029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motsinger AA, Ritchie MD, Reif DM. Novel methods for detecting epistasis in pharmacogenomics studies. Pharmacogenomics. 2007;8(9):1229–1241. doi:10.2217/14622416.8.9.122917924838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnett DK, Claas SA, Glasser SP. Pharmacogenetics of antihypertensive treatment. Vascul Pharmacol. 2006;44(2):107–118. doi:10.1016/j.vph.2005.09.01016356784
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duarte JD, Cooper-Dehoff RM. Mechanisms for blood pressure lowering and metabolic effects of thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2010;8(6):793–802. doi:10.1586/erc.10.2720528637
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glorioso N, Manunta P, Filigheddu F, et al. The role of alpha-adducin polymorphism in blood pressure and sodium handling regulation may not be excluded by a negative association study. Hypertension. 1999;34(4 Pt 1):649–654. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.34.4.64910523341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cusi D, Barlassina C, Azzani T, et al. Polymorphisms of alpha-adducin and salt sensitivity in patients with essential hypertension. Lancet. 1997;349(9062):1353–1357. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)01029-59149697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuoka Y, Li X, Bennett V. Adducin: structure, function and regulation. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2000;57(6):884–895. doi:10.1007/PL0000073110950304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glorioso N, Filigheddu F, Cusi D, et al. alpha-adducin 460Trp allele is associated with erythrocyte Na transport rate in North Sardinian primary hypertensives. Hypertension. 2002;39(2 Pt 2):357–362. doi:10.1161/hy0202.10306511882573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sciarrone MT, Stella P, Barlassina C, et al. ACE and alpha-adducin polymorphism as markers of individual response to diuretic therapy. Hypertension. 2003;41(3):398–403. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.0000057010.27011.2C12623934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner ST, Boerwinkle E, O’Connell JR, et al. Genomic association analysis of common variants influencing antihypertensive response to hydrochlorothiazide. Hypertension. 2013;62(2):391–397. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.0043623753411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schelleman H, Klungel OH, Witteman JC, et al. The influence of the alpha-adducin G460W polymorphism and angiotensinogen M235T polymorphism on antihypertensive medication and blood pressure. Eur J Hum Genet. 2006;14(7):860–866. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.520163216724011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klenke S, Siffert W. SNPs in genes encoding G proteins in pharmacogenetics. Pharmacogenomics. 2011;12(5):633–654. doi:10.2217/pgs.10.20321619427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siffert W, Rosskopf D, Siffert G, et al. Association of a human G-protein beta3 subunit variant with hypertension. Nat Genet. 1998;18(1):45–48. doi:10.1038/ng0198-459425898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner ST, Schwartz GL, Chapman AB, Boerwinkle E. C825T polymorphism of the G protein beta(3)-subunit and antihypertensive response to a thiazide diuretic. Hypertension. 2001;37(2 Pt 2):739–743. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.37.2.73911230366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schelleman H, Stricker BH, Verschuren WM, et al. Interactions between five candidate genes and antihypertensive drug therapy on blood pressure. Pharmacogenomics J. 2006;6(1):22–26. doi:10.1038/sj.tpj.650033916314886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner ST, Chapman AB, Schwartz GL, Boerwinkle E. Effects of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, alpha-adducin, and other candidate gene polymorphisms on blood pressure response to hydrochlorothiazide. Am J Hypertens. 2003;16(10):834–839. doi:10.1016/S0895-7061(03)01011-214553962
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Yang P, Wu S, et al. Gender-specific association between ACE gene I/D polymorphism and blood pressure response to hydrochlorothiazide in Han Chinese hypertensive patients. Biochem Genet. 2011;49(11–12):704–714. doi:10.1007/s10528-011-9444-621647824
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suonsyrja T, Hannila-Handelberg T, Fodstad H, Donner K, Kontula K, Hiltunen TP. Renin-angiotensin system and alpha-adducin gene polymorphisms and their relation to responses to antihypertensive drugs: results from the GENRES study. Am J Hypertens. 2009;22(2):169–175. doi:10.1038/ajh.2008.34319057513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotin D, Schild L. ENaC and its regulatory proteins as drug targets for blood pressure control. Curr Drug Targets. 2008;9(8):709–716. doi:10.2174/13894500878513236718691017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo F, Wang Y, Wang X, Sun K, Zhou X, Hui R. A functional variant of NEDD4L is associated with hypertension, antihypertensive response, and orthostatic hypotension. Hypertension. 2009;54(4):796–801. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.13510319635985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russo CJ, Melista E, Cui J, et al. Association of NEDD4L ubiquitin ligase with essential hypertension. Hypertension. 2005;46(3):488–491. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.0000178594.63193.c016103266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlberg J, Nilsson LO, von Wowern F, Melander O. Polymorphism in NEDD4L is associated with increased salt sensitivity, reduced levels of P-renin and increased levels of Nt-proANP. PLoS One. 2007;2(5):e432. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.000043217487281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svensson-Farbom P, Wahlstrand B, Almgren P, et al. A functional variant of the NEDD4L gene is associated with beneficial treatment response with beta-blockers and diuretics in hypertensive patients. J Hypertens. 2011;29(2):388–395. doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e328341039021052022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonough CW, Burbage SE, Duarte JD, et al. Association of variants in NEDD4L with blood pressure response and adverse cardiovascular outcomes in hypertensive patients treated with thiazide diuretics. J Hypertens. 2013;31(4):698–704. doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e32835e2a7123353631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner ST, Bailey KR, Fridley BL, et al. Genomic association analysis suggests chromosome 12 locus influencing antihypertensive response to thiazide diuretic. Hypertension. 2008;52(2):359–365. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.10427318591461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duarte JD, Turner ST, Tran B, et al. Association of chromosome 12 locus with antihypertensive response to hydrochlorothiazide may involve differential YEATS4 expression. Pharmacogenomics J. 2013;13(3):257–263. doi:10.1038/tpj.2012.422350108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh S, Wang Z, Shahin MH, et al. Targeted sequencing identifies a missense variant in the BEST3 gene associated with antihypertensive response to hydrochlorothiazide. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2018;28(11):251–255. doi:10.1097/FPC.000000000000035330289819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiltunen TP, Donner KM, Sarin AP, et al. Pharmacogenomics of hypertension: a genome-wide, placebo-controlled cross-over study, using four classes of antihypertensive drugs. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;4(1):e001521. doi:10.1161/JAHA.114.00152125622599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahin MH, Sa AC, Webb A, et al. Genome-wide prioritization and transcriptomics reveal novel signatures associated with thiazide diuretics blood pressure response. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2017;10(1):e001404. doi:10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.116.00140428115488
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Magvanjav O, Gong Y, McDonough CW, et al. Genetic variants associated with uncontrolled blood pressure on thiazide diuretic/beta-blocker combination therapy in the PEAR (Pharmacogenomic Evaluation of Antihypertensive Responses) and INVEST (International Verapamil-SR Trandolapril Study) trials. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(11):e006522. doi:10.1161/JAHA.117.00652229097388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann SJ. Redefining beta-blocker use in hypertension: selecting the right beta-blocker and the right patient. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2017;11(1):54–65. doi:10.1016/j.jash.2016.11.00728057444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurent S. Antihypertensive drugs. Pharmacol Res. 2017;124:116–125. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2017.07.02628780421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumenfeld JD, Sealey JE, Mann SJ, et al. Beta-adrenergic receptor blockade as a therapeutic approach for suppressing the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Am J Hypertens. 1999;12(5):451–459. doi:10.1016/S0895-7061(99)00005-910342782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson JA, Liggett SB. Cardiovascular pharmacogenomics of adrenergic receptor signaling: clinical implications and future directions. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011;89(3):366–378. doi:10.1038/clpt.2010.31521289619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang F, Steinberg SF. S49G and R389G polymorphisms of the beta(1)-adrenergic receptor influence signaling via the cAMP-PKA and ERK pathways. Physiol Genomics. 2013;45(23):1186–1192. doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00087.201324151242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson JA, Zineh I, Puckett BJ, McGorray SP, Yarandi HN, Pauly DF. Beta 1-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and antihypertensive response to metoprolol. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2003;74(1):44–52. doi:10.1016/S0009-9236(03)00068-712844134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Si D, Wang J, Xu Y, Chen X, Zhang M, Zhou H. Association of common polymorphisms in beta1-adrenergic receptor with antihypertensive response to carvedilol. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2014;64(4):306–309. doi:10.1097/FJC.000000000000011925291495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen L, Xiao T, Chen L, Xie S, Deng M, Wu D. The association of ADRB1 and CYP2D6 polymorphisms with antihypertensive effects and analysis of their contribution to hypertension risk. Am J Med Sci. 2018;355(3):235–239. doi:10.1016/j.amjms.2017.11.00229549925
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suonsyrja T, Donner K, Hannila-Handelberg T, Fodstad H, Kontula K, Hiltunen TP. Common genetic variation of beta1- and beta2-adrenergic receptor and response to four classes of antihypertensive treatment. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2010;20(5):342–345. doi:10.1097/FPC.0b013e328338e1b820300048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filigheddu F, Argiolas G, Degortes S, et al. Haplotypes of the adrenergic system predict the blood pressure response to beta-blockers in women with essential hypertension. Pharmacogenomics. 2010;11(3):319–325. doi:10.2217/pgs.09.15820235788
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rau T, Heide R, Bergmann K, et al. Effect of the CYP2D6 genotype on metoprolol metabolism persists during long-term treatment. Pharmacogenetics. 2002;12(6):465–472. doi:10.1097/00008571-200208000-0000712172215
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nozawa T, Taguchi M, Tahara K, et al. Influence of CYP2D6 genotype on metoprolol plasma concentration and beta-adrenergic inhibition during long-term treatment: a comparison with bisoprolol. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2005;46(5):713–720. doi:10.1097/01.fjc.0000184117.76188.6816220080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefebvre J, Poirier L, Poirier P, Turgeon J, Lacourciere Y. The influence of CYP2D6 phenotype on the clinical response of nebivolol in patients with essential hypertension. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;63(5):575–582. doi:10.1111/bcp.2007.63.issue-517094780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bijl MJ, Visser LE, van Schaik RH, et al. Genetic variation in the CYP2D6 gene is associated with a lower heart rate and blood pressure in beta-blocker users. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009;85(1):45–50. doi:10.1038/clpt.2008.17218784654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rau T, Wuttke H, Michels LM, et al. Impact of the CYP2D6 genotype on the clinical effects of metoprolol: a prospective longitudinal study. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009;85(3):269–272. doi:10.1038/clpt.2008.21819037197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swen JJ, Nijenhuis M, de Boer A, et al. Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte–an update of guidelines. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011;89(5):662–673. doi:10.1038/clpt.2011.3421412232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamadeh IS, Langaee TY, Dwivedi R, et al. Impact of CYP2D6 polymorphisms on clinical efficacy and tolerability of metoprolol tartrate. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2014;96(2):175–181. doi:10.1038/clpt.2014.6224637943
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu D, Li G, Deng M, et al. Associations between ADRB1 and CYP2D6 gene polymorphisms and the response to beta-blocker therapy in hypertension. J Int Med Res. 2015;43(3):424–434. doi:10.1177/030006051456315125823457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zineh I, Beitelshees AL, Gaedigk A, et al. Pharmacokinetics and CYP2D6 genotypes do not predict metoprolol adverse events or efficacy in hypertension. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2004;76(6):536–544. doi:10.1016/j.clpt.2004.08.02015592325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong Y, Wang Z, Beitelshees AL, et al. Pharmacogenomic genome-wide meta-analysis of blood pressure response to beta-blockers in hypertensive African Americans. Hypertension. 2016;67(3):556–563. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.0634526729753
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh S, El Rouby N, McDonough CW, et al. Genomic association analysis reveals variants associated with blood pressure response to beta-blockers in European Americans. Clin Transl Sci. 2019. doi:10.1111/cts.12643
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimpela JM, Kontula KK, Fyhrquist F, et al. Replicated evidence for aminoacylase 3 and nephrin gene variations to predict antihypertensive drug responses. Pharmacogenomics. 2017;18(5):445–458. doi:10.2217/pgs-2016-020428353407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh S, Warren HR, Hiltunen TP, et al. Genome-wide meta-analysis of blood pressure response to beta1-blockers: results from ICAPS (International Consortium of Antihypertensive Pharmacogenomics Studies). J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(16):e013115. doi:10.1161/JAHA.119.01311531423876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sy RG, Nevado JB Jr., Llanes EJB, et al. The klotho variant rs36217263 is associated with poor response to cardioselective beta-blocker therapy among filipinos. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2019. doi:10.1002/cpt.1585
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparks MA, Crowley SD, Gurley SB, Mirotsou M, Coffman TM. Classical renin-angiotensin system in kidney physiology. Compr Physiol. 2014;4(3):1201–1228.24944035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Thiel BS, van der Pluijm I, te Riet L, Essers J, Danser AH. The renin-angiotensin system and its involvement in vascular disease. Eur J Pharmacol. 2015;763(Pt A):3–14. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.09025987425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupoli S, Salvi E, Barcella M, Barlassina C. Pharmacogenomics considerations in the control of hypertension. Pharmacogenomics. 2015;16(17):1951–1964. doi:10.2217/pgs.15.13126555875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigat B, Hubert C, Alhenc-Gelas F, Cambien F, Corvol P, Soubrier F. An insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene accounting for half the variance of serum enzyme levels. J Clin Invest. 1990;86(4):1343–1346. doi:10.1172/JCI1148441976655
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiang FT, Lai ZP, Chern TH, et al. Lack of association of the angiotensin converting enzyme polymorphism with essential hypertension in a Chinese population. Am J Hypertens. 1997;10(2):197–201. doi:10.1016/S0895-7061(96)00345-79037328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakai K, Itoh C, Miura Y, et al. Deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene is associated with serum ACE concentration and increased risk for CAD in the Japanese. Circulation. 1994;90(5):2199–2202. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.90.5.21997955173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloem LJ, Manatunga AK, Pratt JH. Racial difference in the relationship of an angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene polymorphism to serum angiotensin I-converting enzyme activity. Hypertension. 1996;27(1):62–66. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.27.1.628591889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwai N, Ohmichi N, Nakamura Y, Kinoshita M. DD genotype of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene is a risk factor for left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation. 1994;90(6):2622–2628. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.90.6.26227994801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schunkert H, Hense HW, Holmer SR, et al. Association between a deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme gene and left ventricular hypertrophy. N Engl J Med. 1994;330(23):1634–1638. doi:10.1056/NEJM1994060933023028177269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cambien F, Poirier O, Lecerf L, et al. Deletion polymorphism in the gene for angiotensin-converting enzyme is a potent risk factor for myocardial infarction. Nature. 1992;359(6396):641–644. doi:10.1038/359641a01328889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abouelfath R, Habbal R, Laaraj A, Khay K, Harraka M, Nadifi S. ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism is positively associated with resistant hypertension in Morocco. Gene. 2018;658:178–183. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2018.03.02829548858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Llama P, Poch E, Oriola J, et al. Angiotensin converting enzyme gene I/D polymorphism in essential hypertension and nephroangiosclerosis. Kidney Int. 1998;53(6):1743–1747. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00946.x9607207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pontremoli R, Sofia A, Tirotta A, et al. The deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene is associated with target organ damage in essential hypertension. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1996;7(12):2550–2558.8989733
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heidari F, Vasudevan R, Mohd Ali SZ, et al. Association of insertion/deletion polymorphism of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene among Malay male hypertensive subjects in response to ACE inhibitors. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2015;16(4):872–879. doi:10.1177/147032031453887825002132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stavroulakis GA, Makris TK, Krespi PG, et al. Predicting response to chronic antihypertensive treatment with fosinopril: the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2000;14(4):427–432. doi:10.1023/A:100782040137710999650
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurland L, Melhus H, Karlsson J, et al. Angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism predicts blood pressure response to angiotensin II receptor type 1 antagonist treatment in hypertensive patients. J Hypertens. 2001;19(10):1783–1787. doi:10.1097/00004872-200110000-0001211593098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohmichi N, Iwai N, Uchida Y, Shichiri G, Nakamura Y, Kinoshita M. Relationship between the response to the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor imidapril and the angiotensin converting enzyme genotype. Am J Hypertens. 1997;10(8):951–955. doi:10.1016/S0895-7061(97)00121-09270093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heidari F, Vasudevan R, Mohd Ali SZ, Ismail P, Arkani M. RAS genetic variants in interaction with ACE inhibitors drugs influences essential hypertension control. Arch Med Res. 2017;48(1):88–95. doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2017.03.00328577874
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki M, Oki T, Iuchi A, et al. Relationship between the angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism and the effects of enalapril on left ventricular hypertrophy and impaired diastolic filling in essential hypertension: M-mode and pulsed doppler echocardiographic studies. J Hypertens. 1996;14(12):1403–1408. doi:10.1097/00004872-199612000-000038986921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hingorani AD, Jia H, Stevens PA, Hopper R, Dickerson JE, Brown MJ. Renin-angiotensin system gene polymorphisms influence blood pressure and the response to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition. J Hypertens. 1995;13(12 Pt 2):1602–1609.8903618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudley C, Keavney B, Casadei B, Conway J, Bird R, Ratcliffe P. Prediction of patient responses to antihypertensive drugs using genetic polymorphisms: investigation of renin-angiotensin system genes. J Hypertens. 1996;14(2):259–262. doi:10.1097/00004872-199602000-000168728305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konoshita T; Genomic Disease Outcome Consortium Study I. Do genetic variants of the renin-angiotensin system predict blood pressure response to renin-angiotensin system-blocking drugs? A systematic review of pharmacogenomics in the renin-angiotensin system. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2011;13(5):356–361. doi:10.1007/s11906-011-0212-021562941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi PH, Xu H, Lestrange R, et al. The M235T single nucleotide polymorphism in the angiotensinogen gene is associated with coronary artery calcium in patients with a family history of coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis. 2013;226(2):433–439. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.10.03923137822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mondorf UF, Russ A, Wiesemann A, Herrero M, Oremek G, Lenz T. Contribution of angiotensin I converting enzyme gene polymorphism and angiotensinogen gene polymorphism to blood pressure regulation in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 1998;11(2):174–183. doi:10.1016/S0895-7061(97)00402-09524045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurland L, Liljedahl U, Karlsson J, et al. Angiotensinogen gene polymorphisms: relationship to blood pressure response to antihypertensive treatment. results from the Swedish Irbesartan Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Investigation vs Atenolol (SILVHIA) trial. Am J Hypertens. 2004;17(1):8–13. doi:10.1016/j.amjhyper.2003.09.00914700505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freel EM, Ingram M, Friel EC, et al. Phenotypic consequences of variation across the aldosterone synthase and 11-beta hydroxylase locus in a hypertensive cohort: data from the MRC BRIGHT study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007;67(6):832–838. doi:10.1111/cen.2007.67.issue-617651452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hautanena A, Lankinen L, Kupari M, et al. Associations between aldosterone synthase gene polymorphism and the adrenocortical function in males. J Intern Med. 1998;244(1):11–18. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2796.1998.00308.x9698019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim PO, Macdonald TM, Holloway C, et al. Variation at the aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) locus contributes to hypertension in subjects with a raised aldosterone-to-renin ratio. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(9):4398–4402. doi:10.1210/jc.2001-01207012213905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies E, Holloway CD, Ingram MC, et al. Aldosterone excretion rate and blood pressure in essential hypertension are related to polymorphic differences in the aldosterone synthase gene CYP11B2. Hypertension. 1999;33(2):703–707. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.33.2.70310024332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacchini R, Sabha M, Coeli FB, et al. T allele of −344 C/T polymorphism in aldosterone synthase gene is not associated with resistant hypertension. Hypertens Res. 2009;32(2):159–162. doi:10.1038/hr.2008.3619262476
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurland L, Melhus H, Karlsson J, et al. Aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) −344 C/T polymorphism is related to antihypertensive response: result from the Swedish Irbesartan Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Investigation versus Atenolol (SILVHIA) trial. Am J Hypertens. 2002;15(5):389–393. doi:10.1016/S0895-7061(02)02256-212022239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji X, Qi H, Li DB, et al. Associations between human aldosterone synthase CYP11B2 (−344T/C) gene polymorphism and antihypertensive response to valsartan in Chinese patients with essential hypertension. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(1):1173–1177.25785110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortlepp JR, Hanrath P, Mevissen V, Kiel G, Borggrefe M, Hoffmann R. Variants of the CYP11B2 gene predict response to therapy with candesartan. Eur J Pharmacol. 2002;445(1–2):151–152. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(02)01766-112065207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jankowski P, Safar ME, Benetos A. Pleiotropic effects of drugs inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Curr Pharm Des. 2009;15(5):571–584. doi:10.2174/13816120978731574719199982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ismail H, Mitchell R, McFarlane SI, Makaryus AN. Pleiotropic effects of inhibitors of the RAAS in the diabetic population: above and beyond blood pressure lowering. Curr Diab Rep. 2010;10(1):32–36. doi:10.1007/s11892-009-0081-y20425064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontana V, de Faria AP, Oliveira-Paula GH, et al. Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on leptin and adiponectin levels in essential hypertension. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2014;114(6):472–475. doi:10.1111/bcpt.1219524428812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira-Paula GH, Pinheiro LC, Ferreira GC, et al. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors enhance the hypotensive effects of propofol by increasing nitric oxide production. Free Radic Biol Med. 2018;115:10–17. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.11.01029138017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linz W, Wohlfart P, Scholkens BA, Malinski T, Wiemer G. Interactions among ACE, kinins and NO. Cardiovasc Res. 1999;43(3):549–561. doi:10.1016/S0008-6363(99)00091-710690327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira-Paula GH, Lacchini R, Tanus-Santos JE. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase: from biochemistry and gene structure to clinical implications of NOS3 polymorphisms. Gene. 2016;575(2 Pt 3):584–599. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2015.09.06126428312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira-Paula GH, Lacchini R, Tanus-Santos JE. Clinical and pharmacogenetic impact of endothelial nitric oxide synthase polymorphisms on cardiovascular diseases. Nitric Oxide. 2017;63:39–51. doi:10.1016/j.niox.2016.08.00427569446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira-Paula GH, Lacchini R, Pinheiro LC, et al. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase polymorphisms affect the changes in blood pressure and nitric oxide bioavailability induced by propofol. Nitric Oxide. 2018;75:77–84. doi:10.1016/j.niox.2018.02.00729496565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva PS, Fontana V, Luizon MR, et al. eNOS and BDKRB2 genotypes affect the antihypertensive responses to enalapril. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;69(2):167–177. doi:10.1007/s00228-012-1326-222706620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason RP, Jacob RF, Kubant R, et al. Effects of angiotensin receptor blockers on endothelial nitric oxide release: the role of eNOS variants. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;74(1):141–146. doi:10.1111/bcp.2012.74.issue-122283728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira-Paula GH, Lacchini R, Luizon MR, et al. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase tagSNPs influence the effects of enalapril in essential hypertension. Nitric Oxide. 2016;55-56:62–69. doi:10.1016/j.niox.2016.03.00627060232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li P, Kondo T, Numaguchi Y, et al. Role of bradykinin, nitric oxide, and angiotensin II type 2 receptor in imidapril-induced angiogenesis. Hypertension. 2008;51(2):252–258. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.09739418086946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang X, Zhu Q, Fong J, et al. Enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, enhances functional preservation during long-term cardiac preservation. Possible involvement of bradykinin and PKC. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1996;28(7):1445–1452. doi:10.1006/jmcc.1996.01358841932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira-Paula GH, Luizon MR, Lacchini R, et al. Gene-gene interactions among PRKCA, NOS3 and BDKRB2 polymorphisms affect the antihypertensive effects of enalapril. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2017;120(3):284–291. doi:10.1111/bcpt.1268227696692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira-Paula GH, Lacchini R, Fontana V, Silva PS, Biagi C, Tanus-Santos JE. Polymorphisms in VEGFA gene affect the antihypertensive responses to enalapril. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;71(8):949–957. doi:10.1007/s00228-015-1872-526002049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frau F, Zaninello R, Salvi E, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies CAMKID variants involved in blood pressure response to losartan: the SOPHIA study. Pharmacogenomics. 2014;15(13):1643–1652. doi:10.2217/pgs.14.11925410890
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner ST, Bailey KR, Schwartz GL, Chapman AB, Chai HS, Boerwinkle E. Genomic association analysis identifies multiple loci influencing antihypertensive response to an angiotensin II receptor blocker. Hypertension. 2012;59(6):1204–1211. doi:10.1161/HYP.0b013e31825b30f822566498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott WJ, Ram CV. Calcium channel blockers. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011;13(9):687–689. doi:10.1111/j.1751-7176.2011.00513.x21896151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen BN, Parker RB, Noujedehi M, Sullivan JM, Johnson JA. Effects of COER-verapamil on circadian pattern of forearm vascular resistance and blood pressure. J Clin Pharmacol. 2000;40(12 Pt 2):1480–1487.11185670
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niu Y, Gong Y, Langaee TY, et al. Genetic variation in the beta2 subunit of the voltage-gated calcium channel and pharmacogenetic association with adverse cardiovascular outcomes in the INternational VErapamil SR-Trandolapril STudy GENEtic Substudy (INVEST-GENES). Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2010;3(6):548–555. doi:10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.110.95765421156931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beitelshees AL, Gong Y, Wang D, et al. KCNMB1 genotype influences response to verapamil SR and adverse outcomes in the INternational VErapamil SR/Trandolapril STudy (INVEST). Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2007;17(9):719–729. doi:10.1097/FPC.0b013e32810f2e3c17700361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamide K, Yang J, Matayoshi T, et al. Genetic polymorphisms of L-type calcium channel alpha1C and alpha1D subunit genes are associated with sensitivity to the antihypertensive effects of L-type dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers. Circ J. 2009;73(4):732–740. doi:10.1253/circj.CJ-08-076119225208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bremer T, Man A, Kask K, Diamond C. CACNA1C polymorphisms are associated with the efficacy of calcium channel blockers in the treatment of hypertension. Pharmacogenomics. 2006;7(3):271–279. doi:10.2217/14622416.7.3.27116610939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He F, Luo J, Luo Z, et al. The KCNH2 genetic polymorphism (1956, C>T) is a novel biomarker that is associated with CCB and alpha,beta-ADR blocker response in EH patients in China. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e61317. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.006131723613831
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu Y, Wang F, Li Q, et al. Amlodipine metabolism in human liver microsomes and roles of CYP3A4/5 in the dihydropyridine dehydrogenation. Drug Metab Dispos. 2014;42(2):245–249. doi:10.1124/dmd.113.05540024301608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tracy TS, Korzekwa KR, Gonzalez FJ, Wainer IW. Cytochrome P450 isoforms involved in metabolism of the enantiomers of verapamil and norverapamil. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1999;47(5):545–552. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2125.1999.00923.x10336579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuehl P, Zhang J, Lin Y, et al. Sequence diversity in CYP3A promoters and characterization of the genetic basis of polymorphic CYP3A5 expression. Nat Genet. 2001;27(4):383–391. doi:10.1038/8688211279519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang Y, Wen G, Lu Y, et al. CYP3A4*1G and CYP3A5*3 genetic polymorphisms alter the antihypertensive efficacy of amlodipine in patients with hypertension following renal transplantation. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2017;55(2):109–118. doi:10.5414/CP20255927841150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang YP, Zuo XC, Huang ZJ, et al. CYP3A5 polymorphism, amlodipine and hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2014;28(3):145–149. doi:10.1038/jhh.2013.6723863802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim KA, Park PW, Lee OJ, et al. Effect of CYP3A5*3 genotype on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of amlodipine in healthy Korean subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006;80(6):646–656. doi:10.1016/j.clpt.2006.09.00917178265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatnagar V, Garcia EP, O’Connor DT, et al. CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 polymorphisms and blood pressure response to amlodipine among African-American men and women with early hypertensive renal disease. Am J Nephrol. 2010;31(2):95–103. doi:10.1159/00025868819907160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langaee TY, Gong Y, Yarandi HN, et al. Association of CYP3A5 polymorphisms with hypertension and antihypertensive response to verapamil. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007;81(3):386–391. doi:10.1038/sj.clpt.610009017339868
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamide K, Asayama K, Katsuya T, et al. Genome-wide response to antihypertensive medication using home blood pressure measurements: a pilot study nested within the HOMED-BP study. Pharmacogenomics. 2013;14(14):1709–1721. doi:10.2217/pgs.13.16124192120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamrefors V, Sjogren M, Almgren P, et al. Pharmacogenetic implications for eight common blood pressure-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms. J Hypertens. 2012;30(6):1151–1160. doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e328353633822525200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin E, Hsu SY. A bayesian approach to gene-gene and gene-environment interactions in chronic fatigue syndrome. Pharmacogenomics. 2009;10(1):35–42. doi:10.2217/14622416.10.1.3519102713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin E, Hwang Y, Liang KH, Chen EY. Pattern-recognition techniques with haplotype analysis in pharmacogenomics. Pharmacogenomics. 2007;8(1):75–83. doi:10.2217/14622416.8.1.7517187511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanger UM. Pharmacogenetics - challenges and opportunities ahead. Front Pharmacol. 2010;1:112.21607063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchie MD, Motsinger AA. Multifactor dimensionality reduction for detecting gene-gene and gene-environment interactions in pharmacogenomics studies. Pharmacogenomics. 2005;6(8):823–834. doi:10.2217/14622416.6.8.82316296945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchie MD, Hahn LW, Roodi N, et al. Multifactor-dimensionality reduction reveals high-order interactions among estrogen-metabolism genes in sporadic breast cancer. Am J Hum Genet. 2001;69(1):138–147. doi:10.1086/32127611404819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane HY, Tsai GE, Lin E. Assessing gene-gene interactions in pharmacogenomics. Mol Diagn Ther. 2012;16(1):15–27. doi:10.1007/BF0325642622352452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H, Oehrlein SA, Wallerath T, et al. Activation of protein kinase C alpha and/or epsilon enhances transcription of the human endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene. Mol Pharmacol. 1998;53(4):630–637. doi:10.1124/mol.53.4.6309547352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amiri F, Garcia R. Renal angiotensin II receptors and protein kinase C in diabetic rats: effects of insulin and ACE inhibition. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2000;278(4):F603–F612. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.2000.278.4.F60310751221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang W, Huang RS, Dolan ME. Integrating epigenomics into pharmacogenomic studies. Pharmgenomics Pers Med. 2008;2008(1):7–14. doi:10.2147/pgpm.s434120622972
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Padmanabhan S, Joe B. Towards precision medicine for hypertension: a review of genomic, epigenomic, and microbiomic effects on blood pressure in experimental rat models and humans. Physiol Rev. 2017;97(4):1469–1528. doi:10.1152/physrev.00035.201628931564
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evangelou E, Warren HR, Mosen-Ansorena D, et al. Genetic analysis of over 1 million people identifies 535 new loci associated with blood pressure traits. Nat Genet. 2018;50(10):1412–1425. doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0205-x30224653
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren HR, Evangelou E, Cabrera CP, et al. Genome-wide association analysis identifies novel blood pressure loci and offers biological insights into cardiovascular risk. Nat Genet. 2017;49(3):403–415. doi:10.1038/ng.376828135244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham PN, Chapman AB. The future of pharmacogenetics in the treatment of hypertension. Pharmacogenomics. 2019;20(3):129–132. doi:10.2217/pgs-2018-019130808251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donnell PH, Wadhwa N, Danahey K, et al. Pharmacogenomics-based point-of-care clinical decision support significantly alters drug prescribing. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2017;102(5):859–869. doi:10.1002/cpt.70928398598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenman MB, Decker B, Levy KD, Holmes AM, Pratt VM, Eadon MT. Lessons learned when introducing pharmacogenomic panel testing into clinical practice. Value Health. 2017;20(1):54–59. doi:10.1016/j.jval.2016.08.72728212969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar