454
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ORIGINAL RESEARCH

The Effects of Cognitive Fusion on Depression in Primary School Principals During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Role of Psychological Vulnerability and the Moderating Role of Self-Esteem

, , ORCID Icon &
Pages 1727-1739 | Received 15 Jan 2023, Accepted 28 Apr 2023, Published online: 08 May 2023

References

  • Yu H, Guan T, Liu T. How does headmaster leadership affect students’ academic achievements? -Based on the multiple mediating effects of teachers’ collective effectiveness and school culture. Forum Contemp Edu. 2021;301(1):111–117. doi:10.13694/j.cnki.ddjylt.20201116.001
  • Tan C. Psychological stress factors and responses of rural primary school principals. Teach Manage. 2005;2:10–12. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-5872-B.2005.01.003
  • Zhou J, Yuan X, Huang H, et al. The prevalence and correlative factors of depression among Chinese teachers during the COVID-19 outbreak. Front Mol Psychiatry. 2021;12:1054. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.644276
  • Harding S, Morris R, Gunnell D, et al. Is teachers’ mental health and wellbeing associated with students’ mental health and wellbeing? J Affective Disord. 2019;253:460–466. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.08.08
  • Hayes SC, Luoma JB, Bond FW, Masuda A, Lillis J. Acceptance and commitment therapy: model, processes and outcomes. Behav Res Ther. 2006;44(1):1–25. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006
  • Hayes SC. Acceptance and commitment therapy, relational frame theory, and the third wave of behavioral and cognitive therapies. Behav Therapy. 2004;35(4):639–665. doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(04)80013-3
  • Pizzagalli Diego A. Depression, stress, and anhedonia: toward a synthesis and integrated model. Annu Rev Clin Psycho. 2014;10(1):393–423. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185606
  • Bramwell K, Richardson T. Improvements in depression and mental health after acceptance and commitment therapy are related to changes in defusion and values-based action. J Contemp Psychother. 2017;48(1):9–14. doi:10.1007/s10879-017-9367-6
  • Zhao X, Liu J. Relation of depression severity to source monitoring cognitive fusion and ruminative responses in patients with depression. Chin Ment Health J. 2021;35(1):13–18. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6729.2021.01.003
  • Yang C, Liu J, Liu L, Chen X, Qiu L. Relation of depression level to cognitive fusion and empirical avoidance. Chin Ment Health J. 2019;33(3):182–186. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6729.2019.03.005
  • Duong TV, Nguyen MH, Lai CF, et al. COVID-19-related fear, stress and depression in school principals: impacts of symptoms like COVID-19, information confusion, health-related activity limitations, working hours, sense of coherence and health literacy. Ann Med. 2022;54(1):2064–2077. doi:10.1080/07853890.2022.2101688
  • Karakose T, Yirci R, Papadakis S. Examining the associations between COVID-19-related psychological distress, social media addiction, COVID-19-related burnout, and depression among school principals and teachers through structural equation modeling. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(4):1951. doi:10.3390/ijerph19041951
  • Upadyaya K, Toyama H, Salmela-Aro K. School principals’ stress profiles during COVID-19, demands, and resources. Front Psychol. 2021;12:731929. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.731929
  • Zhao P, Wang Z, Li C, Ma L, Chen Z, Yang H. Investigation on psychological vulnerability and epidemic prevention of middle-aged family members during a public health emergency. Henan Med Res. 2020;29(31):5761–5764. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-437X.2020.31.001
  • Song Y. Research on the endogenous development strategy of rural small-scale schools - based on the investigation of y county in Henan province [Masters Thesis]. East China Normal University; 2021. doi: 10.27149/d.cnki.ghdsu.2021.001624.
  • Qin C. Feasibility study of management strategies for rural primary school principals. Teach Learn New Curric. 2020;87(03):98–99.
  • Sinclair VG, Wallston KA. The development and validation of the psychological vulnerability scale. Cognit Ther Res. 1999;23(2):119–129. doi:10.1023/A:1018770926615
  • Uğur E, Kaya Ç, Tanhan A. Psychological inflexibility mediates the relationship between fear of negative evaluation and psychological vulnerability. Curr Psychol. 2021;40(9):4265–4277. doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01074-8
  • Ribeiro JD, Huang X, Fox KR, Franklin JC. Depression and hopelessness as risk factors for suicide ideation, attempts and death: meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Br J Psychiatry. 2018;212(5):279–286. doi:10.1192/bjp.2018.27
  • Nogueira MJ, Barros L, Sequeira C. Psychometric properties of the psychological vulnerability scale in higher education students. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc. 2017;23(3):215–222. doi:10.1177/1078390317695261
  • Gluschkoff K, Elovainio M, Hintsanen M, et al. Perfectionism and depressive symptoms: the effects of psychological detachment from work. Pers and Individ Differ. 2017;116:186–190. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.044
  • Stoeber J, Rennert D. Perfectionism in school teachers: relations with stress appraisals, coping styles, and burnout. Anxiety Stress Coping. 2008;21(1):37–53. doi:10.1080/10615800701742461
  • Østergaard D, Dalton SO, Bidstrup PE, et al. Mental vulnerability as a risk factor for depression: a prospective cohort study in Denmark. Int J Soc Psychiatr. 2012;58(3):306–314. doi:10.1177/0020764010396409
  • Rosenberg M. Society and the Adolescent Self-Image. Rev ed. Princeton University Press; 1965.
  • Zhang G, Dai B. A summary of research on intolerance of uncertainty. J Cap Norm Univ. 2012;2:124–130.
  • Jiang R. Relationship between self-esteem and state anxiety of primary and secondary school teachers: mediating role of coping style. J Environ Occup Med. 2020;8:759–765. doi:10.13213/j.cnki.jeom.2020.20090
  • Yang R, Wang Q, He P, Xiang H, Deng X, Yang M. Relationship between perception of stress, depression and anxiety in primary and secondary school teachers: the mediating role of coping. Chin J Health Psychol. 2021;12:1842–1848. doi:10.13342/j.cnki.cjhp.2021.12.019
  • Orth U, Robins RW, Roberts BW. Low self-esteem prospectively predicts depression in adolescence and young adulthood. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2008;95(3):695. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.95.3.695
  • Hankin BL, Abramson LY. Development of gender differences in depression: an elaborated cognitive vulnerability–transactional stress theory. Psychol Bull. 2001;127(6):773–796. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.6.773
  • Hankin BL, Abramson LY, Miller N, Haeffel GJ. Cognitive vulnerability-stress theories of depression: examining affective specificity in the prediction of depression versus anxiety in three prospective studies. Cognit Ther Res. 2004;28(3):309–345. doi:10.1023/b:cotr.0000031805.60529.0d
  • Beck AT. Cognitive therapy: a 30-year retrospective. Am Psychol. 1991;46(4):368. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.46.4.368
  • Li Q, Li Y, Zhang X. Influence of occupational stress of primary and secondary schools teachers on quality of mental life: the mediating effect of psychological resilience and self-esteem. Chin J Health Psychol. 2021;29(02):217–230. doi:10.13342/j.cnki.cjhp.2021.02.014
  • Abela JR, Webb CA, Wagner C, Ho MHR, Adams P. The role of self-criticism, dependency, and hassles in the course of depressive illness: a multiwave longitudinal study. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2006;32(3):328–338. doi:10.1177/0146167205280911
  • Bao Z, Li D, Zhang W, Wang Y, Sun W, Zhao L. Cumulative ecological risk and adolescents’ academic and social competence: the compensatory and moderating effects of sense of responsibility to parents. Psychol Dev Edu. 2014;30(5):482–495. doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2014.05.018
  • Wang Y, Zhang W, Li D, Li D, Zhang X. Temperament and adolescent tobacco and alcohol use: a test of interaction effects. Adv Psychol Sci. 2012;28(3):292–300. doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2012.03.005
  • Leary MR, Baumeister RF. The nature and function of self-esteem: sociometer theory. Adv Exp Soc Psychol. 2000;32(1):1–62. doi:10.2307/1449687
  • Bastian C. Raising real people: creating a resilient family. Aust Soc Work. 2003;56(3):280–282. doi:10.1046/j.0312-407x.2003.00087.x
  • Hao Z, Cui L. A Study on the influence of self-esteem and locus of control on left-at-home children’s social adaptation. J Psychol Sci. 2007;169(5):1199–1201+1207. doi:10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.2007.05.059
  • Liu H, Wang W. Effects of self-esteem, experiential avoidance and depression on the arising of suicide idea. J Psychol Sci. 2017;40(6):1498–1503. doi:10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.20170633
  • Li D. Multiple ecological risk factors and adolescents’ social adaptation: risk modeling and mechanism research [dissertation]. China: South China Normal University; 2012.
  • Vanderbilt-Adriance E, Shaw DS. Conceptualizing and re-evaluating resilience across levels of risk, time, and domains of competence. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2008;11(1):30–58. doi:10.1007/s10567-008-0031-2
  • Li D, Zhang W, Li X, Li N, Ye B. Gratitude and suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among Chinese adolescents: direct, mediated, and moderated effects. J Adolesc. 2012;35(1):55–66. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.06.005
  • Zhang WC, Ji Y, Li X, Guo HN, Zhu HZ. Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the cognitive fusion questionnaire. Chin Ment Health J. 2014;24(1):40–44. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6729.2014.01.007
  • Gillanders DT, Bolderston H, Dempster M, et al. The cognitive fusion questionnaire: further developments in measuring cognitive fusion. Association for Contextual Behavioural Science, World Congress VIII; Reno, NV; 2010.
  • Zhang J, Wu Z, Fang G, Li J, Han B, Chen Z. Development of the Chinese age norms of CES-D in urban area. Chin Ment Health J. 2010;24(2):139–143. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6729.2010.02.015
  • Radloff LS. The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas. 1977;1(3):385–401. doi:10.1177/014662167700100306
  • Chen Z, Yang X, Li X. Psychometric features of CES-D in Chinese adolescents. Chin J Clin Psychol. 2009;17(4):443–445+448. doi:10.16128/j.cnki.1005-3611.2009.04.027
  • Brislin RW, Ed.. Applied Cross-Cultural Psychology. Sage Publications; 1990.
  • Wang XD, Wang XL, Ma H. Rating scales for mental health. Chin Ment Health J. 1999;13(1):31–35.
  • Yan Y, Xie X, Gai X, Chen X, Wang H. Assessment results of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) in middle school and college students in China. Chin Ment Health J. 2021;35(10):863–868. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6729.2021.10.011
  • Hayes AF. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression Based Approach. New York, NY: The Guilford Press; 2013.
  • Mao C. Reflections on the dilemma of online teaching implementation in rural schools and countermeasures. Knowl Libr. 2020;24:158+160.
  • Guo Y, Chen L, Wang H. The current situation, problems and suggestions of online teaching in rural areas during COVID-19 pandemic: based on the investigation and analysis of “disrupted classes, undisrupted learning classes suspended but learning continues” in H county, Henan province. Mod Distance Educ. 2020;5:81–88. doi:10.13927/j.cnki.yuan.20201015.001
  • Hayes SD, Flowers J, Williams SM. “Constant communication”: rural principals’ leadership practices during a global pandemic. Front Edu. 2021;5:618067. doi:10.3389/feduc.2020.618067
  • Karakose T, Yirci R, Papadakis S. Exploring the Interrelationship between COVID-19 phobia, work–family conflict, family–work conflict, and life satisfaction among school administrators for advancing sustainable management. Sustainability. 2021;13(15):8654. doi:10.3390/su13158654
  • Alma H, Michelle J. COVID 19 – school leadership in disruptive times. Sch Leadership Manage. 2020;40(4):243–247. doi:10.1080/13632434.2020.1811479
  • Karakose T. Global education in the shadow of the novel coronavirus: reflections on the Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on education systems. Edu Process Int J. 2020;9(4):201–204. doi:10.22521/edupij.2020.94.1
  • Desouky D, Allam H. Occupational stress, anxiety and depression among Egyptian teachers. J Epidemiol Glob Hea. 2017;7(3):191–198. doi:10.1016/j.jegh.2017.06.002
  • Gong X. Reflections and suggestions on the mental health status of rural primary school teachers. New Curric. 2021;571(15):4.
  • Xu X, Cui Y, Cao J, Zhu H. The relationship between experiential avoidance, cognitive fusion, and mindfulness and anxiety and depression in college students. Chin J Public Health. 2018;34(5):741–744. doi:10.11847/zgggws1113866
  • Cookson C, Luzon O, Newland J, Kingston J. Examining the role of cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance in predicting anxiety and depression. Psychol Psychother-T. 2020;93(3):456–473. doi:10.1111/papt.12233
  • Catherine P, Joseph M, Summer S, Emily A. The perceived effects of the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic: a focus on educators’ perceptions of the negative effects on educator stress and student well-being. Sch Psychol Rev. 2023;1–14. doi:10.1080/2372966X.2022.2158367
  • Sinclair VG, Wallston KA. Psychological vulnerability predicts increases in depressive symptoms in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis. Nurs Res. 2010;59(2):140–146. doi:10.1097/nnr.0b013e3181d1a6f6
  • Kaufman J, Diliberti M, Hamilton L. How principals’ perceived resource needs and job demands are related to their dissatisfaction and intention to leave their schools during the COVID-19 Pandemic. AERA Open. 2022;8. doi:10.1177/23328584221081234
  • Yan J, Zhang X, Sun Q, Dong Y, Liu H. The effect of non-adaptive cognitive emotion regulation on depression in senior high school students: the chain mediating effect of experiential avoidance and cognitive fusion. Chin J Clin Psychol. 2022;(6):1303–1307. doi:10.16128/j.cnki.1005-3611.2022.06.008
  • Abramson LY, Seligman ME, Teasdale JD. Learned helplessness in humans: critique and reformulation. J Abnorm Psychol. 1978;87(1):49. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.87.1.49
  • Brown JD, Collins RL, Schmidt GW. Self-esteem and direct versus indirect forms of self-enhancement. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1988;55(3):445–453. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.55.3.445
  • Peng B, Xiao H, He Z, et al. Effect of parental rejection on depression in middle school students: the chain mediating effect of self-esteem and psychological inflexibility. Chin J Clin Psychol. 2021;23(4):773–777. doi:10.16128/j.cnki.1005-3611.2021.04.022
  • Zhong Y, Zhang J. The mediating effects of fears of evaluation on the relations between self-esteem and social anxiety for college students. Psychol Dev Edu. 2011;27(5):506–512. doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2011.05.002
  • Bernichon T, Cook KE, Brown JD. Seeking self-evaluative feedback: the interactive role of global self-esteem and specific self-views. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2003;84(1):194–204. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.194