85
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Novel antiseizure drug mechanisms

&
Pages 73-86 | Published online: 18 Dec 2006

Bibliography

  • Kwan P , BrodieMJ: Early identification of refractory epilepsy.N. Engl. J. Med.342(5), 314–319 (2000).
  • Armijo JA , ShushtarianM, ValdizanEMet al.: Ion channels and epilepsy. Curr. Pharm. Des.11(15), 1975–2003 (2005).
  • Blackburn-Munro G , Dalby-BrownW, MirzaNRet al.: Retigabine: chemical synthesis to clinical application.CNS Drug Rev.11(1), 1–20 (2005).
  • Palma E , AmiciM, SobreroFet al.: Anomalous levels of Cl− transporters in the hippocampal subiculum from temporal lobe epilepsy patients make GABA excitatory.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA103(22), 8465–8468 (2006).
  • Margineanu DG , KlitgaardH: Differential effects of cation-chloride co-transport-blocking diuretics in a rat hippocampal slice model of epilepsy.Epilepsy Res.69(2), 93–99 (2006).
  • Dzhala VI , TalosDM, SdrullaDAet al.: NKCC1 transporter facilitates seizures in the developing brain.Nat. Med.11(11), 1205–1213 (2005)
  • Kilb W , DierkesPW, SykovaE, VargovaL, LuhmannHJ: Hypoosmolar conditions reduce extracellular volume fraction and enhance epileptiform activity in the CA3 region of the immature rat hippocampus.J. Neurosci. Res.84(1), 119–129 (2006).
  • Perez V elazquez JL, Carlen PL: Gap junctions, synchrony and seizures. Trends Neurosci.23(2), 68–74 (2000).
  • Carlen PL , SkinnerF, ZhangLet al.: The role of gap junctions in seizures.Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev.32(1), 235–241 (2000).
  • Jahromi SS , WentlandtK, PiranS, CarlenPL: Anticonvulsant actions of gap junctional blockers in an in vitro seizure model.J. Neurophysiol.88(4), 1893–1902 (2002).
  • Gajda Z , GyengesiE, HermeszE, AliKS, SzenteM: Involvement of gap junctions in the manifestation and control of the duration of seizures in rats in vivo.Epilepsia44(12), 1596–1600 (2003).
  • Gigout S , LouvelJ, KawasakiHet al.: Effects of gap junction blockers on human neocortical synchronization.Neurobiol. Dis.22(3), 496–508 (2006).
  • Remy S , BeckH: Molecular and cellular mechanisms of pharmacoresistance in epilepsy.Brain129(Pt 1), 18–35 (2006).
  • Juliano RL , LingV: A surface glycoprotein modulating drug permeability in Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants.Biochim. Biophys. Acta455(1), 152–162 (1976).
  • Tishler DM , WeinbergKI, HintonDRet al.: MDR1 gene expression in brain of patients with medically intractable epilepsy. Epilepsia36(1), 1–6 (1995).
  • Zhang L , OngWY, LeeT: Induction of P-glycoprotein expression in astrocytes following intracerebroventricular kainate injections.Exp. Brain Res.126(4), 509–516 (1999).
  • Seegers U , PotschkaH, LoscherW: Expression of the multidrug transporter P-glycoprotein in brain capillary endothelial cells and brain parenchyma of amygdala-kindled rats.Epilepsia43(7), 675–684 (2002).
  • Potschka H , VolkHA, LoscherW: Pharmacoresistance and expression of multidrug transporter P-glycoprotein in kindled rats.Neuroreport15(10), 1657–1661 (2004).
  • van Vliet EA , RedekerS, AronicaE, EdelbroekPM, GorterJA: Expression of multidrug transporters MRP1, MRP2, and BCRP shortly after status epilepticus, during the latent period, and in chronic epileptic rats.Epilepsia46(10), 1569–1580 (2005).
  • Hoffmann K , GastensAM, VolkHA, LoscherW: Expression of the multidrug transporter MRP2 in the blood–brain barrier after pilocarpine-induced seizures in rats.Epilepsy Res.69(1), 1–14 (2006).
  • Loscher W , PotschkaH: Blood–brain barrier active efflux transporters: ATP-binding cassette gene family.NeuroRx2(1), 86–98 (2005).
  • Potschka H , LoscherW: In vivo evidence for P-glycoprotein-mediated transport of phenytoin at the blood–brain barrier of rats.Epilepsia42(10), 1231–1240 (2001).
  • Potschka H , FedrowitzM, LoscherW: P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux of phenobarbital, lamotrigine, and felbamate at the blood–brain barrier: evidence from microdialysis experiments in rats.Neurosci. Lett.327(3), 173–176 (2002).
  • Sills GJ , KwanP, ButlerEet al.: P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux of antiepileptic drugs: preliminary studies in mdr1a knockout mice.Epilepsy Behav.3(5), 427–432 (2002).
  • Potschka H , BaltesS, LoscherW: Inhibition of multidrug transporters by verapamil or probenecid does not alter blood–brain barrier penetration of levetiracetam in rats.Epilepsy Res.58(1), 53–66 (2004).
  • Gibbs JP , AdeyeyeMC, YangZ, ShenDD: Valproic acid uptake by bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells: role of active efflux transport.Epilepsy Res.58(1), 53–66 (2004).
  • Cerveny L , PavekP, MalakovaJ, StaudF, FendrichZ: Lack of interactions between breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) and selected antiepileptic agents.Epilepsia47(3), 461–468 (2006).
  • Oby E , CacciaS, VezzaniAet al.: In vitro responsiveness of human-drug-resistant tissue to antiepileptic drugs: insights into the mechanisms of pharmacoresistance.Brain Res.1086(1), 201–213 (2006).
  • Rambeck B , JurgensUH, MayTWet al.: Comparison of brain extracellular fluid, brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid, and serum concentrations of antiepileptic drugs measured intraoperatively in patients with intractable epilepsy.Epilepsia47(4), 681–694 (2006).
  • Pallis M , TurzanskiJ, HigashiY, RussellN: P-glycoprotein in acute myeloid leukaemia: therapeutic implications of its association with both a multidrug-resistant and an apoptosis-resistant phenotype.Leuk. Lymphoma43(6), 1221–1228 (2002).
  • Thomas H , ColeyHM: Overcoming multidrug resistance in cancer: an update on the clinical strategy of inhibiting p-glycoprotein.Cancer Control.10(2), 159–165 (2003).
  • Krishna R , MayerLD: Multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer. Mechanisms, reversal using modulators of MDR and the role of MDR modulators in influencing the pharmacokinetics of anticancer drugs.Eur. J. Pharm. Sci.11(4), 265–283 (2000).
  • Ferry DR , TrauneckerH, KerrDJ: Clinical trials of P-glycoprotein reversal in solid tumours.Eur. J. Cancer32A(6), 1070–1081 (1996).
  • Ambudkar SV , DeyS, Hrycynaet al.: Biochemical, cellular, and pharmacological aspects of the multidrug transporter. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol.39, 361–398 (1999).
  • Liscovitch M , LavieY: Cancer multidrug resistance: a review of recent drug discovery research.IDrugs5(4), 349–355 (2000).
  • van Zuylen L , NooterK, SparreboomA, VerweijJ: Development of multidrug-resistance convertors: sense or nonsense?Invest. New Drugs18(3), 205–220 (2000).
  • Roe M , FolkesA, AshworthPet al.: Reversal of P-glycoprotein mediated multidrug resistance by novel anthranilamide derivatives.Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.9(4), 595–600 (1999).
  • Summers MA , MooreJL, McAuleyJW: Use of verapamil as a potential P-glycoprotein inhibitor in a patient with refractory epilepsy.Ann. Pharmacother.38(10), 1631–1634 (2004).
  • Iannetti P , SpaliceA, ParisiP: Calcium-channel blocker verapamil administration in prolonged and refractory status epilepticus.Epilepsia46(6), 967–969 (2005).
  • van Vliet EA , van Schaik R, Edelbroek PMet al.: Inhibition of the multidrug transporter P-glycoprotein improves seizure control in phenytoin-treated chronic epileptic rats. Epilepsia47(4), 672–680 (2006).
  • Bethmann K , BrandtC, GastensA, LöscherW: FENS3, A024.5 (2006).
  • Bouffard DY , OhkawaT, KijimaHet al.: Oligonucleotide modulation of multidrug resistance.Eur. J. Cancer.32A(6), 1010–1018 (1996)
  • Vreugdenhil M , WadmanWJ: Modulation of sodium currents in rat CA1 neurons by carbamazepine and valproate after kindling epileptogenesis.Epilepsia40(11), 1512–1522 (1999).
  • Ellerkmann RK , RemyS, ChenJet al.: Molecular and functional changes in voltage-dependent Na+ channels following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in rat dentate granule cells.Neuroscience119(2), 323–333 (2003).
  • Logothethis J , HarnerR: Electrocortical activation by estrogens.Arch. Neurol.3, 290–297 (1960).
  • Woolley CS : Estradiol facilitates kainic acid-induced, but not flurothyl-induced, behavioral seizure activity in adult female rats.Epilepsia41(5), 510–515 (2000).
  • Woolley CS , WeilandNG, McEwenBS, SchwartzkroinPA: Estradiol increases the sensitivity of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells to NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic input: correlation with dendritic spine density.J. Neurosci.17(5), 1848–1859 (1997).
  • Murphy DD , ColeNB, GreenbergerV, SegalM: Estradiol increases dendritic spine density by reducing GABA neurotransmission in hippocampal neurons.J. Neurosci.18(7), 2550–2559 (1998).
  • Lonsdale D , BurnhamWM: The anticonvulsant effects of progesterone and 5α-dihydroprogesterone on amygdala-kindled seizures in rats.Epilepsia44(12), 1494–1499 (2003).
  • Harrison NL , MajewskaMD, Harrington JW, Barker JL: Structure-activity relationships for steroid interaction with the γ-aminobutyric acid A receptor complex. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.241(1), 346–353 (1987).
  • Edwards HE , BurnhamWM, MacLuskyNJ: Testosterone and its metabolites affect afterdischarge thresholds and the development of amygdala kindled seizures.Brain Res.838(1–2), 151–157 (1999).
  • Reddy DS : Testosterone modulation of seizure susceptibility is mediated by neurosteroids 3α-androstanediol and 17β-estradiol.Neuroscience129(1), 195–207 (2004).
  • Reddy DS , KimHY, RogawskiMA: Neurosteroid withdrawal model of perimenstrual catamenial epilepsy.Epilepsia42(3), 328–336 (2001).
  • Monaghan EP , McAuleyJW, DataJL: Ganaxolone: a novel positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor complex for the treatment of epilepsy.Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs.8(10), 1663–1671 (1999).
  • Monaghan EP , NavaltaLA, ShumL, AshbrookDW, LeeDA: Initial human experience with ganaxolone, a neuroactive steroid with antiepileptic activity.Epilepsia38(9), 1026–1031 (1997).
  • Laxer K , BlumD, Abou-KhalilBWet al.: Assessment of ganaxolone's anticonvulsant activity using a randomized, double-blind, presurgical trial design. Ganaxolone Presurgical Study Group.Epilepsia41(9), 1187–1194 (2000).
  • Kerrigan JF , ShieldsWD, NelsonTYet al.: Ganaxolone for treating intractable infantile spasms: a multicenter, open-label, add-on trial.Epilepsy Res.42(2–3), 133–139 (2000).
  • Herzog AG , KleinP, JacobsAR: Testosterone versus testosterone and testolactone in treating reproductive and sexual dysfunction in men with epilepsy and hypogonadism.Neurology50(3), 782–784 (1998).
  • Harden C , MacLuskyNJ: Aromatase inhibition, testosterone, and seizures.Epilepsy Behav.5(2), 260–263 (2004).
  • Harden C , MacLuskyNJ: Aromatase inhibitors as add-on treatment for men with epilepsy.Expert Rev. Neurother.5(1), 123–127 (2005).
  • Allan SM , RothwellNJ: Cytokines and acute neurodegeneration. 72(10), 734–744 (2001).
  • Ekdahl CT , ClaasenJH, BondeS, KokaiaZ, LindvallO: Inflammation is detrimental for neurogenesis in adult brain.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA100(23), 13632–13637 (2003).
  • Monje ML , TodaH, PalmerTD: Inflammatory blockade restores adult hippocampal neurogenesis.Science302(5651), 1760–1765 (2003).
  • De Simoni MG , PeregoC, RavizzaTet al.: Inflammatory cytokines and related genes are induced in the rat hippocampus by limbic status epilepticus.Eur. J. Neurosci.12(7), 2623–2633 (2000).
  • Vezzani A , ContiM, De Luigi Aet al.: Interleukin-1β immunoreactivity and microglia are enhanced in the rat hippocampus by focal kainate application: functional evidence for enhancement of electrographic seizures. J. Neurosci.19(12), 5054–5065 (1999).
  • Vezzani A , MonetaD, ContiMet al.: Powerful anticonvulsant action of IL-1 receptor antagonist on intracerebral injection and astrocytic overexpression in mice.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA97(21), 11534–11539 (2000).
  • Ye ZC , SontheimerH: Cytokine modulation of glial glutamate uptake: a possible involvement of nitric oxide.Neuroreport7(13), 2181–2185 (1996).
  • Kamikawa H , HoriT, NakaneH, AouS, TashiroN: IL-1β increases norepinephrine level in rat frontal cortex: involvement of prostanoids, NO, and glutamate.Am. J. Physiol.275(3 Pt 2), R803–R810 (1998).
  • Wang S , ChengQ, MalikS, YangJ: Interleukin-1β inhibits γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor current in cultured hippocampal neurons.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.292(2), 497–504 (2000).
  • Sayyah M , BeheshtiS, ShokrgozarMAet al.: Antiepileptogenic and anticonvulsant activity of interleukin-1 β in amygdala-kindled rats. Exp. Neurol.191(1), 145–153 (2005).
  • De Sarro G , RotirotiD, AudinoMG, GratteriS, NisticoG: Effects of interleukin-2 on various models of experimental epilepsy in DBA/2 mice.Neuroimmunomodulation1(6), 361–369 (1994).
  • Nistico G , De Sarro G: Behavioral and electrocortical spectrum power effects after microinfusion of lymphokines in several areas of the rat brain. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.621, 119–134 (1991).
  • Samland H , Huitron-ResendizS, MasliahE, CriadoJ, HenriksenSJ, CampbellIL: Profound increase in sensitivity to glutamatergic- but not cholinergic agonist-induced seizures in transgenic mice with astrocyte production of IL-6.J. Neurosci. Res.73(2), 176–187 (2003).
  • Balosso S , RavizzaT, PeregoCet al.: Tumor necrosis factor-α inhibits seizures in mice via p75 receptors.Ann. Neurol.57(6), 804–812 (2005).
  • Bezzi P , DomercqM, BrambillaLet al.: CXCR4-activated astrocyte glutamate release via TNFα: amplification by microglia triggers neurotoxicity. Nat. Neurosci.4(7), 702–710 (2001).
  • Ralevic V , BurnstockG: Receptors for purines and pyrimidines.Pharmacol. Rev.50(3), 413–492 (1998).
  • Narimatsu E , AokiM: Transient depression of excitatory synaptic transmission induced by adenosine uptake inhibition in rat hippocampal slices.Brain Res.862(1–2), 284–287 (2000).
  • Seubert CN , MoreyTE, MartynyukAE, CucchiaraRF, DennisDM: Midazolam selectively potentiates the A2A – but not A1 – receptor-mediated effects of adenosine: role of nucleoside transport inhibition and clinical implications.Anesthesiology92(2), 567–577 (2000).
  • Wallenstein MC : Attenuation of penicillin models of epilepsy by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.Exp. Neurol.98(1), 152–160 (1987).
  • Baik EJ , KimEJ, LeeSH, MoonC: Cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitors aggravate kainic acid induced seizure and neuronal cell death in the hippocampus.Brain Res.843(1–2), 118–129 (1999).
  • Kunz T , OliwEH: Nimesulide aggravates kainic acid-induced seizures in the rat.Pharmacol. Toxicol.88(5), 271–276 (2001).
  • Roberts AJ , KeithLD: Sensitivity of the circadian rhythm of kainic acid-induced convulsion susceptibility to manipulations of corticosterone levels and mineralocorticoid receptor binding.Neuropharmacology33(9), 1087–1093 (1994).
  • Tan NC , MulleyJC, SchefferIE: Genetic dissection of the common epilepsies.Curr. Opin. Neurol.19(2), 157–163 (2006).
  • Minassian BA , IanzanoL, MelocheMet al.: Mutation spectrum and predicted function of laforin in Lafora's progressive myoclonus epilepsy.Neurology55(3), 341–346 (2000).
  • Colmers WF , LukowiakK, PittmanQJ: Presynaptic action of neuropeptide Y in area CA1 of the rat hippocampal slice.J. Physiol.383, 285–99 (1987).
  • Greber S , SchwarzerC, SperkG: Neuropeptide Y inhibits potassium-stimulated glutamate release through Y2 receptors in rat hippocampal slices in vitro.Br. J. Pharmacol.113(3), 737–740 (1994).
  • Zini S , RoisinMP, LangelU, BartfaiT, Ben-AriY: Galanin reduces release of endogenous excitatory amino acids in the rat hippocampus.Eur. J. Pharmacol.245(1), 1–7 (1993).
  • Haberman RP , SamulskiRJ, McCownTJ: Attenuation of seizures and neuronal death by adeno-associated virus vector galanin expression and secretion.Nat. Med.9(8), 1076–1080 (2003).
  • Richichi C , LinEJ, StefaninDet al.: Anticonvulsant and antiepileptogenic effects mediated by adeno-associated virus vector neuropeptide Y expression in the rat hippocampus.J. Neurosci.24(12), 3051–3059 (2004).
  • Donsante A , VoglerC, MuzyczkaNet al.: Observed incidence of tumorigenesis in long-term rodent studies of rAAV vectors.Gene Ther.8(17), 1343–1346 (2001).
  • Schwarze SR , HoA, Vocero-AkbaniA, DowdySF: In vivo protein transduction: delivery of a biologically active protein into the mouse.Science285(5433), 1569–1572 (1999).
  • Andrade DM , SchererSW, MinassianBA: Protein therapy for Unverricht–Lundborg disease using cystatin B transduction by TAT-PTD Is it that simple?Epilepsy Res. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j-eplepsyres.2006.07.009 (2006) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Shi N , PardridgeWM: Noninvasive gene targeting to the brain.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA97(13), 7567–7572 (2000).
  • Huber A , PadrunV, DeglonN, AebischerP, MohlerH, BoisonD: Grafts of adenosine-releasing cells suppress seizures in kindling epilepsy.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA98(13), 7611–7616 (2001).
  • Guttinger M , PadrunV, PralongWF, BoisonD: Seizure suppression and lack of adenosine A1 receptor desensitization after focal long-term delivery of adenosine by encapsulated myoblasts.Exp. Neurol.193(1), 53–64 (2005).
  • Bouffard DY , OhkawaT, KijimaHet al.: Oligonucleotide modulation of multidrug resistance.Eur. J. Cancer32A(6), 1010–1018 (1996).
  • Schierhout G , RobertsI: Anti-epileptic drugs for preventing seizures following acute traumatic brain injury.Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.4, CD000173 (2001).
  • Dichter MA : Models of epileptogenesis in adult animals available for antiepileptogenesis drug screening.Epilepsy Res.68(1), 31–35 (2006).
  • Stefan H , Lopes da Silva FH, Loscher Wet al.: Epileptogenesis and rational therapeutic strategies. Acta Neurol. Scand.113(3), 139–155 (2006).
  • Ho DY , SaydamTC, FinkSL, Lawrence MS, Sapolsky RM: Defective herpes simplex virus vectors expressing the rat brain glucose transporter protect cultured neurons from necrotic insults. J. Neurochem.65(2), 842–850 (1995).
  • Lawrence MS , HoDY, DashR, Sapolsky RM: Herpes simplex virus vectors overexpressing the glucose transporter gene protect against seizure-induced neuron loss. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA92(16), 7247–7251 (1995).
  • Meier TJ , HoDY, SapolskyRM: Increased expression of calbindin D28k via herpes simplex virus amplicon vector decreases calcium ion mobilization and enhances neuronal survival after hypoglycemic challenge.J. Neurochem.69(3), 1039–1047 (1997).
  • Meier TJ , HoDY, ParkTS, SapolskyRM: Gene transfer of calbindin D28k cDNA via herpes simplex virus amplicon vector decreases cytoplasmic calcium ion response and enhances neuronal survival following glutamatergic challenge but not following cyanide.J. Neurochem.71(3), 1013–1023 (1998).
  • Fink SL , ChangLK, HoDY, SapolskyRM: Defective herpes simplex virus vectors expressing the rat brain stress-inducible heat shock protein 72 protect cultured neurons from severe heat shock.J. Neurochem.68(3), 961–969 (1997).
  • Yenari MA , FinkSL, SunGHet al.: Gene therapy with HSP72 is neuroprotective in rat models of stroke and epilepsy.Ann. Neurol.44(4), 584–591 (1998).
  • Jia WW , WangY, QiangD, TufaroF, RemingtonR, CynaderM: A BCL-2 expressing viral vector protects cortical neurons from excitotoxicity even when administered several hours after the toxic insult.Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res.42(2), 350–353 (1996).
  • Xu D , BureauY, McIntyreDCet al.: Attenuation of ischemia-induced cellular and behavioral deficits by X chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein overexpression in the rat hippocampus.J. Neurosci.19(12), 5026–5033 (1999).
  • Antonawich FJ , FederoffHJ, DavisJN: BCL-2 transduction, using a herpes simplex virus amplicon, protects hippocampal neurons from transient global ischemia.Exp. Neurol.156(1), 130–137 (1999).
  • Spencer EM , ChandlerKE, HaddleyKet al.: Regulation and role of REST and REST4 variants in modulation of gene expression in in vivo and in vitro in epilepsy models. Neurobiol. Dis.24(1), 41–52 (2006).
  • Loscher W , SchmidtD: New horizons in the development of antiepileptic drugs: innovative strategies.Epilpesy Res.69, 183–272 (2006).
  • Sisodiya SM , HeffernanJ, SquierMV: Over-expression of P-glycoprotein in malformations of cortical development.Neuroreport10(16), 3437–3441 (1999).
  • Sisodiya SM , LinWR, HardingBN, SquierMV, ThomM: Drug resistance in epilepsy: expression of drug resistance proteins in common causes of refractory epilepsy.Brain125(Pt 1), 22–31 (2002).
  • Dombrowski SM , DesaiSY, MarroniMet al.: Overexpression of multiple drug resistance genes in endothelial cells from patients with refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia42(12), 1501–1506 (2001).
  • Aronica E , GorterJA, JansenGHet al.: Expression and cellular distribution of multidrug transporter proteins in two major causes of medically intractable epilepsy: focal cortical dysplasia and glioneuronal tumors.Neuroscience118(2), 417–429 (2003).
  • Aronica E , GorterJA, RamkemaMet al.: Expression and cellular distribution of multidrug resistance-related proteins in the hippocampus of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.Epilepsia45(5), 441–451 (2004)
  • Sisodiya SM , LinWR, SquierMV, Thom M: Multidrug-resistance protein 1 in focal cortical dysplasia. Lancet357, 42–43 (2001).
  • Aronica E , GorterJA, RedekerSet al.: Localization of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) in microvessel endothelium of human control and epileptic brain.Epilepsia46(6), 849–57 (2005).
  • Sisodiya SM , MartinianL, SchefferGLet al.: Major vault protein, a marker of drug resistance, is upregulated in refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia44(11), 1388–1396 (2003).
  • Sisodiya SM , MartinianL, SchefferGLet al.: Vascular colocalization of P-glycoprotein, multidrug-resistance associated protein 1, breast cancer resistance protein and major vault protein in human epileptogenic pathologies. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol.32(1), 51–63 (2006).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.