An Update on Vitamin D and B Deficiency in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Diabetic Neuropathy: A Narrative Review

References

• Shaw J , ZimmetP. The epidemiology of diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Rev.7, 245–252 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Skljarevski V , MalikRA. Clinical diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy. In: Diabetic Neuropathy: Clinical Management. VevesA ( Ed.). Humana Press, NJ, USA (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Holick MF . Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med, 357(3), 266–281 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alam U , NajamO, Al-HimdaniSet al. Marked vitamin D deficiency in patients with diabetes in the UK: ethnic and seasonal differences and an association with dyslipidaemia. Diabet. Med.29(10), 1343–1345 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmoy T , MoenSM. Assessing vitamin D in the central nervous system. Acta Neurol. Scand. Suppl. (190), 88–92 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alam U , Arul-DevahV, JavedS, MalikRA. Vitamin D and diabetic complications: true or false prophet?Diabetes Ther.7(1), 11–26 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riaz S , MalcangioM, MillerM, TomlinsonDR. A vitamin D(3) derivative (CB1093) induces nerve growth factor and prevents neurotrophic deficits in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Diabetologia42(11), 1308–1313 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jehan F , NeveuI, BarbotN, BinderupL, BrachetP, WionD. MC903 an analogue of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, increases the synthesis of nerve growth factor. Eur. J. Pharmacol.208(2), 189–191 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellweg R , WohrleM, HartungHD, StrackeH, HockC, FederlinK. Diabetes mellitus-associated decrease in nerve growth factor levels is reversed by allogeneic pancreatic islet transplantation. Neurosci. Lett.125(1), 1–4 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faradji V , SoteloJ. Low serum levels of nerve growth factor in diabetic neuropathy. Acta. Neuro. Scandinavica81(5), 402–406 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anand P , TerenghiG, WarnerG, KopelmanP, Williams-ChestnutRE, SinicropiDV. The role of endogenous nerve growth factor in human diabetic neuropathy. Nat. Med.2(6), 703–707 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y , ChiangYH, SuTPet al. Vitamin D(3) attenuates cortical infarction induced by middle cerebral arterial ligation in rats. Neuropharmacology39(5), 873–880 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naveilhan P , NeveuI, BaudetCet al. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulates the expression of the low-affinity neurotrophin receptor. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res.41(1–2), 259–268 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chao MV . The p75 neurotrophin receptor. J. Neurobiol.25(11), 1373–1385 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abbott CA , MalikRA, van RossER, KulkarniJ, BoultonAJ. Prevalence and characteristics of painful diabetic neuropathy in a large community-based diabetic population in the U.K. Diabetes Care34(10), 2220–2224 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tahrani AA , BallA, ShepherdL, RahimA, JonesAF, BatesA. The prevalence of vitamin D abnormalities in South Asians with Type 2 diabetes mellitus in the UK. Int. J. Clin. Pract.64(3), 351–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrmann M , SullivanDR, VeillardA-Set al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D: a predictor of macrovascular and microvascular complications in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care38(3), 521–528 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soderstrom LH , JohnsonSP, DiazVA, MainousAG3rd. Association between vitamin D and diabetic neuropathy in a nationally representative sample: results from 2001-2004 NHANES. Diabet. Med.29(1), 50–55 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shehab D , Al-JarallahK, MojiminiyiOA, Al MohamedyH, AbdellaNA. Does vitamin D deficiency play a role in peripheral neuropathy in Type 2 diabetes?Diabet. Med.29(1), 43–49 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glover M , GloverJ, MortonRA. Provitamin D(3) in tissues and the conversion of cholesterol to 7-dehydrocholesterol in vivo. Biochem. J.51(1), 1–9 (1952).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skalli S , MullerM, PradinesS, HalimiS, Wion-BarbotN. Vitamin D deficiency and peripheral diabetic neuropathy. Eur. J. Int. Med.23(2), e67–68 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmadieh H , AzarST, LakkisN, ArabiA. Hypovitaminosis D in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a relation to disease control and complications. ISRN Endocrinol.2013, 641098 (2013).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lv WS , ZhaoWJ, GongSLet al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and peripheral neuropathy in patients with Type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Endocrinol. Invest.38(5), 513–518 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qu G-B , WangL-L, TangX, WuW, SunY-H. The association between vitamin D level and diabetic peripheral neuropathy in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: An update systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Endocrinol. Invest.9(Supplement C), 25–31 (2017).
   Google Scholar
• Esteghamati A , FotouhiA, Faghihi-KashaniSet al. Non-linear contribution of serum vitamin D to symptomatic diabetic neuropathy: A case-control study. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract.111(Supplement C), 44–50 (2016).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alamdari A , MozafariR, TafakhoriAet al. An inverse association between serum vitamin D levels with the presence and severity of impaired nerve conduction velocity and large fiber peripheral neuropathy in diabetic subjects. Neurol. Sci.36(7), 1121–1126 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen CS , FleischerJ, VistisenD, RidderstråleM, JensenJS, J⊘rgensenME. High and low vitamin D level is associated with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Diabet. Med.34(3), 364–371 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zygmunt A , StanczykJ. Methods of evaluation of autonomic nervous system function. Archi. Med. Sci.6(1), 11–18 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell DSH . Reversal of the symptoms of diabetic neuropathy through correction of vitamin D deficiency in a Type 1 diabetic patient. Case Rep. Endocrin.2012, 3 (2012).
   Google Scholar
• Lee P , ChenR. Vitamin D as an analgesic for patients with Type 2 diabetes and neuropathic pain. Arch. Intern. Med.168(7), 771–772 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Basit A , BasitKA, FawwadAet al. Vitamin D for the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy. BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care4(1), (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gewandter JS , DworkinRH, TurkDCet al. Research designs for proof-of-concept chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. Pain155(9), 1683–1695 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valensi P , Le DevehatC, RichardJLet al. A multicenter, double-blind, safety study of QR-333 for the treatment of symptomatic diabetic peripheral neuropathy. A preliminary report. J. Diabetes Complications19(5), 247–253 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shehab D , Al-JarallahK, AbdellaN, MojiminiyiOA, Al MohamedyH. Prospective evaluation of the effect of short-term oral vitamin D supplementation on peripheral neuropathy in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Med. Princ. Pract.24(3), 250–256 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKelvey L , ShortenGD, O'KeeffeGW. Nerve growth factor-mediated regulation of pain signalling and proposed new intervention strategies in clinical pain management. J. Neurochem.124(3), 276–289 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Osteoporosis Society (2018). https://nos.org.uk/for-health-professionals/professional-development/osteoporosis-resources-for-primary-care/investigation/how-should-gps-assess-vitamin-d-deficiency/.
   Google Scholar
• Zhu Y , HeZ-Y, LiuH-N. Meta-analysis of the relationship between homocysteine, vitamin B12, folate, and multiple sclerosis. J. Clin. Neurosci.18(7), 933–938 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alam U , AsgharO, MalikRA. Are vitamin D and B deficiency relevant to the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetic neuropathy?Future Neurol.7(3), 235–238 (2012).
   Google Scholar
• Ambrosch A , DierkesJ, LobmannRet al. Relation between homocysteinaemia and diabetic neuropathy in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet. Med.18(3), 185–192 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molina M , GonzalezR, FolgadoJet al. [Correlation between plasma concentrations of homocysteine and diabetic polyneuropathy evaluated with the Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus]. Med. Clin.141(9), 382–386 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez R , PedroT, Martinez-HervasSet al. Plasma homocysteine levels are independently associated with the severity of peripheral polyneuropathy in Type 2 diabetic subjects. JPNS17(2), 191–196 (2012).
   Google Scholar
• Cohen JA , JeffersBW, StablerS, SchrierRW, EstascioR. Increasing homocysteine levels and diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Auton. Neurosci.87(2–3), 268–273 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russo GT , FrisoS, JacquesPFet al. Age and gender affect the relation between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T genotype and fasting plasma homocysteine concentrations in the Framingham Offspring Study Cohort. J. Nutr.133(11), 3416–3421 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russo GT , Di BenedettoA, GiordaCet al. Correlates of total homocysteine plasma concentration in Type 2 diabetes. Eur. J. Clin.34(3), 197–204 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Yigit S , KarakusN, InanirA. Association of MTHFR gene C677T mutation with diabetic peripheral neuropathy and diabetic retinopathy. Mol. Vis.19, 1626–1630 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu S , HanY, HuQet al. Effects of common polymorphisms in the MTHFR and ACE genes on diabetic peripheral neuropathy progression: a meta-analysis. Mol. Neurobiol.54(4), 2435–2444 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buysschaert M , DramaisAS, WallemacqPE, HermansMP. Hyperhomocysteinemia in Type 2 diabetes: relationship to macroangiopathy, nephropathy, and insulin resistance. Diabetes Care23(12), 1816–1822 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russo GT , GiandaliaA, RomeoELet al. Diabetic neuropathy is not associated with homocysteine, folate, vitamin B12 levels, and MTHFR C677T mutation in Type 2 diabetic outpatients taking metformin. J. Endocrino. Invest.39(3), 305–314 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornalley PJ , Babaei-JadidiR, Al AliHet al. High prevalence of low plasma thiamine concentration in diabetes linked to a marker of vascular disease. Diabetologia50(10), 2164–2170 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du X , EdelsteinD, BrownleeM. Oral benfotiamine plus alpha-lipoic acid normalises complication-causing pathways in Type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia51(10), 1930–1932 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ting RZ-W , SzetoCC, ChanMH-M, MaKK, ChowKM. Risk factors of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients receiving metformin. Arch. Intern. Med.166(18), 1975–1979 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wile DJ , TothC. Association of metformin, elevated homocysteine, and methylmalonic acid levels and clinically worsened diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Diabetes Care33(1), 156–161).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen CS , JensenJS, RidderstråleM, VistisenD, J⊘rgensenME, FleischerJ. Vitamin B12 deficiency is associated with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in patients with Type 2 diabetes. J. Diabetes Complications31(1), 202–208 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Y , LaiMS, LuCJ. Effectiveness of vitamin B12 on diabetic neuropathy: systematic review of clinical controlled trials. Acta Neurol. Taiwan14(2), 48–54 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ang CD , AlviarMJ, DansALet al. Vitamin B for treating peripheral neuropathy. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (3), CD004573 (2008).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar