Abuse of Benzodiazepines: The Problems and the Solutions

References

• Johanson CE, Uhlenhuth EH. Drug preference and mood in humans: Diazepam. Psychopharmacology 1980; 71: 269–273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Wit H, Uhlenhuth EH, Hedeker D. Lack of preference for diazepam in anxious volunteers. Archives of General Psychiatry 1986; 43: 533–541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IMS America Ltd. National Prescription Audit 1987
   Google Scholar
• DuPont RL. Benzodiazepines: The Social Issues–A Guide for the Physician. Institute for Behavior and Health, Inc., Rockville, MD 1986
   Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration. Seventh Annual Review of Drug Utilization in the U.S.- 1985
   Google Scholar
• Robins LN, Helzer JE, Weissman MM. Lifetime prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders in three sites. Airchives of General Psychiatry 1984; 41: 949–958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers JK, Weissman MM, Tischler GL. Six-month prevalence of psychiatric disorders in three communities. Archives of General Psychiatry 1984; 41: 959–967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro S, Skinner EA, Kessler LG. Utilization of health and mental health services. Archives of General Psychiatry 1984; 41: 971–978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods JH, Katz JL, Winger G. Abuse liability of benzodiazepines. Pharmacological Review 1987; 39, (in press)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Health and Human Services. Sedatives and anti-anxiety agents. Drug Abuse and Drug Abuse Research. DHHS Publication No. (ADM) 87-1486, The Second Triennial Report to Congress from the Secretary, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD 1987; 163–181
   Google Scholar
• Petursson H, Lader MH. Dependence on Tranquilizers. Maudsley Monograph No. 28, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1984
   Google Scholar
• Kemper N, Poser W, Poser S. Benzodiazepin-abhaengigkeit. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 1980; 105: 1707–1712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hippius HE, Ruther F. Benzodiazepin, Mittel edr ersten Wahl. Munchener Medizinische Wochenschrift 1982
   Google Scholar
• van Oefele K, Wolf B, Ruther T. Poster presentation at 4th International Cong. Sleep Res., Bologna, Italy 1983, 18-22 July
   Google Scholar
• Binder W, Kornhuber HH, Waiblinger G. Benzodiazepin-Sucht, unsere iatrogene Seuche: 157 Faelle von Benzodiazepin-Abhaengigkeit. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart-New York 1984, Oeff. Gesunch.-Wes.
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths RR, Sannerud CA. Abuse of and dependence on benzodiazepines and other anxiolytic/sedative drugs. Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation of Progress, H Meltzer, BS Bunney, JT Coyle. Raven Press, New York 1987
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths RR, Roache JD. Abuse liability of benzodiazepines: A review of human studies evaluating subjective and/or reinforcing effects. The Benzodiazepines: Current Standards for Medical Practice, R. Smith DE Wesson. MTP Press Ltd., LancasterEngland 1985; 209–225
   Google Scholar
• Johanson CE, Uhlenhuth EH. Drug preference in humans. Federation Proceedings 1982; 41: 228–233
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Wit H, Johanson CE, Uhlenhuth EH. Reinforcing properties of lorazepam in normal volunteer subjects. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 1984; 13: 31–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Wit H, Uhlenhuth EH, Johanson CE. Lack of preference for flurazepam in normal volunteers. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 1984; 21: 865–869
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollister LE, Bennett JL, Kimbell I. Diazepam in newly admitted schizophrenics. Diseases of the Nervous System 1963; 24: 746–750
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petursson H, Lader MH. Benzodiazepine dependence. British Journal of Addictions 1981; 76: 133–145
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petursson H, Lader MH. Withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine treatment. British Medical Journal 1981; 283: 643–645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellor CS, Jain VK. Diazepam withdrawal syndrome: Its prolonged and changing nature. Canada Medical Association Journal 1982; 127: 1093–1096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks J. An international overview. The Benzodiazepines: Current Standards of Medical Practice, DR. Smith DE Wesson. MTP Press Ltd., LancasterEngland 1985; 67–86
   Google Scholar
• Marks J. The Benzodiazepines: Use, Overuse, Misuse, Abuse. University Park Press, Baltimore 1978
   Google Scholar
• Malcolm H., Dr. Lader 1987, personal communication
   Google Scholar
• Busto U, Sellers EM, Naranjo CA. Withdrawal reaction after long-term use of benzodiazepines. The New England Journal of Medicine 1986; 315: 854–859
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton RR, Voss HL, LoScuito LA. Main Findings: 1985 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD 1987
   Google Scholar
• National Institute on Drug Abuse Statistical Series. Annual Data 1985, Series 1, Number 5: Data from the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN). Rockville, Maryland 1986
   Google Scholar
• Mellinger GD, Baiter MB. Prevalence and patterns of use of psychotherapeutic drugs: Results from a 1979 national survey of American adults. Epidemiological Impact of Psychotropic Drugs, G Tognoni, C Bellantuono, M. Lader. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1981; 117–135
   Google Scholar
• Baiter MB. The use of psychotherapeutic medications: An epidemiological perspective. Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation, H Meltzer, BS Bunney, JT Coyle. Raven Press, New York 1987
   Google Scholar
• Ball JC. Research notes: The reliability and validity of interview data obtained from 59 narcotic drug addicts. The American Journal of Sociology 1967; 72: 650–654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonito AJ, Nurco DN, Shaffer JW. The veridicality of addicts' self-reports in social research. The International Journal of the Addictions 1976; 11: 718–724
   Google Scholar
• Stephens RC. The truthfulness of addict respondents in research projects. The International Journal of the Addictions 1972; 7: 549–558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston LD, O'Malley PM, Bachman JG. National Trends in Drug Use and Related Factors Among American High School Students and Young Adults, 1975-1986. DHHS Publication No. (ADM) 87-1535, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD 1987
   Google Scholar
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. Treatment Outcome Prospective Study (TOPS) of Drug Abuse Treatment Patients 1986
   Google Scholar
• Craddock SG, Bray RM, Hubbard RL. Drug Use Before and During Drug Abuse Treatment: 1979-1981 TOPS Admission Cohorts. Treatment Research Monograph Series, DHHS Publication No. (ADM) 85-1387, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD 1985
   Google Scholar
• Hubbard RL, Bray RM, Craddock SG. Issues in the assessment of multiple drug use among drug treatment clients. Strategies for Research on Drugs of Abuse, M Braude, HM. Rockville Ginzburg. National Institute on Drug Abuse, Maryland 1986
   Google Scholar
• Ball JC, Corty E, Petroski PE. “Characteristics of 633 Patients in Methadone Maintenance Treatment in Three United States Cities–45 Preliminary Tables.” Methadone Research Project. University of Maryland School of Medicine. 1986
   Google Scholar
• John C. Ball, Dr. Principal Investigator, Methadone Research Project. Personal communication 1986, December 8
   Google Scholar
• Ball JC, Shaffer JW, Nurco DN. The day-to-day criminality of heroin addicts in Baltimore: A study in the continuity of offence rates. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 1983; 12: 119–142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaffer JW, Nurco DN, Ball JC. The frequency of nonnarcotic drug use and its relationship to criminal activity among narcotic addicts. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1985; 26: 558–566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stitzer JL, Griffiths RR, McLellan AT. Diazepam use among methadone maintenance patients: Patterns and dosages. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 1981; 8: 189–199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busto U, Simpkins J, Sellers EM. Objective determination of benzodiazepine use and abuse in alcoholics. British Journal of Addiction 1983; 48: 429–435
   Google Scholar
• Christie KA, Burke JD, Rae DS. Mental Disorders and Young Adults: Early Onset and Increased Risk of Drug Abuse. Presented at American Public Health Association. Las Vegas, NV 1986
   Google Scholar
• Ayd FJ. Oxazepam: An overview. Diseases of the Nervous System 1975; 36: 14–16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fouks L, Pinalie B, Porcheron JB. The clinical activity of oxazepam. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Supplementum 1978; 274: 99–103
   Google Scholar
• Bailey HR, Davies E, Morrison U. Oxazepam in the treatment of anxiety associated with depression: Results of treatment in 1600 cases (studies in depression, VI). Current Medical Research and Opinion 1981; 7: 156–163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabre LF, Harris RT. Clinical considerations in the abuse of antianxiety and antidepressant drugs. Hypnotics–Methods of Development and Evaluation, F Kagan, T Harwood, K Rickels. Spectrum Publications, Inc., New York 1975
   Google Scholar
• Bliding A. The abuse potential of benzodiazepines with special reference to oxazepam. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Supplementum 1978; 274: 111–116
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths RR, McLeod DR, Bigelow GE. Relative abuse liability of diazepam and oxazepam: Behavioral and subjective dose effects. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 1984; 84: 147–154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths RR, McLeod DR, Bigelow GE. Comparison of diazepam and oxazepam: Preference, liking, and extent of abuse. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 1984; 229: 501–508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman U, Griffiths RR. Relative abuse of diazepam and oxazepam: Prescription forgeries and theft/loss reports in Sweden. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 1986; 16: 293–301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Letter from Edgar H. Adams, Acting Director, Division of Epidemiology and Statistical Analysis. National Institute on Drug Abuse 1987, April 8
   Google Scholar
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. DA WN 10-Year Trends (1976-1985), (In press)
   Google Scholar
• Rickels K, Case WG, Schweizer A. Low dose dependence in chronic benzodiazepine users: A preliminary report of 119 patients. Pharmacology Bulletin 1986; 22: 407–415
   Google Scholar
• Drug Enforcement Administration. Warning to Health Care Professionals: Don't be Deceived by a Drug Addict. 1976
   Google Scholar
• Missouri Task Force on Misuse, Abuse and Diversion of Prescription Drugs. “Scam of the Month” and “Professional Awareness Programs”. Jefferson City, MO 1985
   Google Scholar
• American Medical Association. Prescribing Controlled Drugs. Chicago, IL 1986, 21 U.S.C. Sec. 824(a)(4)
   Google Scholar
• Chi K. Prescription drug abuse control. The Wisconsin approach. Innovations 1983; 6, Council of State Governments, April
   Google Scholar
• PADS. A look at prescription drug abuse. Ohio State Medical Journal January, 1986; 33–38
   PubMedGoogle Scholar