The Dysphoria of Heroin Addiction

References

• Mintz J., O'Brien C. P., Woody G., et al. Depression in treated narcotic addicts, ex-addicts, nonaddicts, and suicide attempters: Validation of a very brief depression scale. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse 1979; 6: 385–396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorus W., Senay E. C. Depression, demographic dimensions, and drug abuse. Am. J. Psychiatry 1980; 137: 699–704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulmer R. H., Lapidus L. B. A study of professed reasons for beginning and continuing heroin use. Int. J. Addict. 1980; 15: 631–645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rounsaville B. J., Weissman M. M., Crits-Christoph L., et al. Diagnosis and symptoms of depression in opiate addicts: Course and relationship to treatment outcome. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1982; 39: 151–156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maddux J. F., Desmond D. P., Costello R. Depression in opioid users varies with substance use status. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse 1987; 13: 375–385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirin S. M., Meyer R. E., McNamee H. B. Psychopathology and mood during heroin use. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1976; 33: 1503–1508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rounsaville B. J., Weissman M. M., Kleber H. D., et al. Heterogeneity of psychiatric diagnosis in treated opiate addicts. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1982; 39: 161–166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khantzian E. J., Treece C. DSM-III psychiatric diagnosis of narcotic addicts. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1985; 42: 1067–1071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirin S. M., Weiss R. D., Michael J., et al. Psychopathology in substance abusers: Diagnosis and treatment. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse 1988; 14: 139–157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dackis C. A., Gold M. S. Opiate addiction and depression: Cause or effect?. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1983; 11: 105–109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blatt S. J., Rounsaville B., Eyre S. L., et al. The psychodynamics of opiate addiction. J. New. Ment. Dis. 1984; 172: 342–352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khantzian E. J. The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: Focus on heroin and cocaine dependence. Am. J. Psychiatry 1985; 142: 1259–1264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleber H. D., Gold M. S. Use of psychotropic drugs in the treatment of methadone maintained narcotic addicts. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1978; 331: 81–98
   Google Scholar
• Rounsaville B. J., Kosten T. R., Kleber H. D. The antecedents and benefits of achieving abstinence in opioid addicts: A 2.5 year follow-up study. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse 1987; 13: 213–229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Himmelsbach C. K. The morphine abstinence syndrome, its nature and treatment. Ann. Intern. Med. 1941; 15: 829–839
   Google Scholar
• Haertzen C. A., Hooks N. T. Changes in personality and subjective experience associated with the chronic administration and withdrawal of opiates. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 1969; 148: 606–614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haertzen C. A., Meketon M. J., Hooks N. T. Subjective experiences produced by the withdrawal of opiates. Br. J. Addict 1970; 65: 245–255
   Google Scholar
• Bickel W. K., Stitzer M. L., Liebson I. A., et al. Acute physical dependence in man: Effects of naloxone after brief morphine exposure. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1988; 244: 126–132
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heishman S., Stitzer M. Acute opioid physical dependence in humans: Naloxone dose response effects. NIDA Res. Monogr. Ser 1988; 81: 195–201
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grevert P., Goldstein A. Endorphins: Naloxone fails to alter experimental pain or mood in humans. Science 1978; 199: 1093–1095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd. ed. APA, Washington, DC 1980
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd. ed. revised. APA, Washington, DC 1987
   Google Scholar
• McNair D. M., Lorr M., Droppleman L. F. EITs Manual for the Profile of Mood States. Educational and Industrial Testing Service, San Diego 1971
   Google Scholar
• Handelsman L., Cochrane K. J., Aronson M. I., et al. Two new rating scales for opiate withdrawal. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse 1987; 13: 293–308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AMA Council on Mental Health and Committee on Alcohol and Drug Dependence. Treatment of morphint-type dependence by withdrawal methods. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1972; 219: 1611–1615
   Google Scholar
• Wikler A. Dynamics of drug dependence. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1973; 28: 611–616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer R. E. Conditioning phenomena and the problem of relapse in opioid addicts and alcoholics. NIDA Res. Monogr. Ser. 1988; 84: 161–179
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Teasdale J. D. Conditioned abstinence in narcotic addicts. Int. J. Addict. 1973; 8: 273–292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien C. P., Childress A. R., McLellan A. T., et al. Types of conditioning found in drug-dependent humans. NIDA Res. Monogr. Ser 1988; 84: 4461
   Google Scholar
• Childress A. R., McLellan A. T., Ehrman R., et al. Classically conditioned responses in opioid and cocaine dependence: A role in relapse?. NIDA Res. Monogr. Ser. 1988; 84: 25–43
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rounsaville B. J. The role of psychopathology in the familial transmission of drug abuse. NIDA Res. Monogr. Ser. 1988; 89: 108–119
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bigelow G. E., Brooner R. K., McCaul M. E., et al. Biological vulnerability: Treatment implications/applications. NIDA Res. Monogr. Ser. 1988; 89: 165–173
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dackis C. A., Pottash A. L.C., Gold M. S., et al. The dexamethasone suppression test for major depression among opiate addicts. Am. J. Psychiarry 1984; 141: 810–811
   PubMedGoogle Scholar