Free-living physical activity and energy expenditure of rural children and adolescents in the Nandi region of Kenya

References

• Baggett CD, Stevens J, Catellier DJ, Evenson KR, McMurray RG, He K, Treuth MS. 2010. Compensation or displacement of physical activity in middle-school girls: the Trial of Activity for Adolescent Girls. Int J Obes 34:1193–9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandini LG, Schoeller DA, Dietz WH. 1990. Energy expenditure in obese and non-obese adolescents. Pediat Res 27:198–202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassett DR, Pucher J, Buehler R, Thompson DL, Crouter SE. 2008. Walking, cycling, and obesity rates in Europe, North America and Australia. J Phys Activ Health 5:795–814
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bénéfice E, Garnier D, Ndiaye G. 2001. High levels of habitual physical activity in West African adolescent girls and relationship to maturation, growth and nutritional status: results from a 3-year prospective study. Am J Hum Bio 13:808–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bratteby LE, Sandhagen B, Fan H, Samuelson G. 1997. A 7-day activity diary for assessment of daily energy expenditure validated by the doubly labeled water method in adolescents. Eur J Clin Nutr 51:585–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Church TS, Thomas DM, Tudor-Locke C, Katzmarzyk PT, Earnest CP, Rodarte RQ, Martin CK, et al. 2011. Trends over 5 decades in U.S. occupation-related physical activity and their associations with obesity. PLoS One 6:e19657
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies PS, Livingstone MBE, Prentice AM, Coward WA, Jagger SE, Stewart C, Strain JJ, Whitehead RG. 1991. Total energy expenditure during childhood and adolescence. Proc Nutr Soc 50:14A
   Google Scholar
• Djafarian K, Jackson DM, Milne E, Roger P, Speakman JR. 2010. Doubly-labeled water: multi- and two-point methods in young children. Int J Pediatr Obes 5:102–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dollman J, Norton K, Norton L. 2005. Evidence for secular trends in children’s physical activity behaviour. Br J Sport Med 39:892–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evenson KR, Cattellier D, Gill K, Ondrak K, McMurray RG. 2008. Calibration of two objective measures of PA for children. J Sports Sci 26:1557–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flegal KM, Caroll MD, Ogden CL, Curtin LR. 2010. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2008. JAMA 303:235–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall KD. 2010. Mathematical modelling of energy expenditure during tissue deposition. Br J Nutr 104:4–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry CJK. 2005. Basal metabolic rate studies in humans: measurement and development of new equations. Public Health Nutr 8:1133–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon S, Janz KF, Burns TL, Levy SM. 2011. Association between Light-Intensity Physical Activity and Adiposity in Childhood. Pediatr Exerc Sci 23:218–29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen HB, Chistensen DL, Nolan T, Søndergaard H. 2004. Body dimensions, exercise capacity and physical activity levels of adolescent Nandi boys in Western Kenya. Ann Hum Biol 31:159–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luke A, Douglas LR, Ebersole K, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Cao G, Schoeller DA, Adeyamo A, et al. 2009. Energy expenditure does not predict weight change in either Nigerian of African American women. Am J Clin Nutr 89:169–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malina RM, Little BB. 2008. Physical activity: The Present in the context of the past. Am J Human Biol 20:373–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metcalf B, Voss L, Jeffery A, Perkins J, Wilkin T. 2004. Physical activity cost of the school run: impact on school children of being driven to school. BMJ 329:832–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ojiambo RM, Easton C, Casajus JA, Konstabel K, Thairu K, Anjila E, Reilly JJ, Pitsiladis YP. 2012. Effect of urbanisation on objectively measured physical activity levels, sedentary behaviour and indices of adiposity in Kenyan adolescents. J Phys Activ Health 9:115–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onis M, Blössner M, Borgi E. 2010. Global prevalence and trends of overweight and obesity among preschool children. Am J Clin Nutr 92:1257–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onywera VO, Scott RA, Boit MK, Pitsiladis YP. 2006. Demographic characteristics of elite Kenyan endurance runners. J Sports Sci 24:414–22
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pontzer H, Raichlen DA, Wood BM, Mabulla AZ, Racette SB, Marlowe FW. 2012. Hunter gatherer energetics and human obesity. PLoS One 7:e40503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Development Core Team. 2011. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. ISBN 3-900051-07-0. Available online at: http://www.R-project.org/ (accessed June 27, 2013)
   Google Scholar
• Rowland TW. 1998. The biological basis of physical activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 30:392–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowlands AV. 2009. Methodological approaches for investigating the biological basis for physical activity in children. Pediatr Exerc Sci 21:273–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoeller DA, Ravussin E, Schultz Y, Acheson KJ, Baertschi P, Jequier E. 1986. Energy expenditure by doubly-labeled water: validation in humans and proposed calculation. Am J Physiol 250:R823–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speakman JR. 1997. Doubly-labelled water: theory and practice. London: Chapman and Hall
   Google Scholar
• Speakman JR, Krol E. 2005. Validation of the doubly-labelled water method in a small mammal. Physiol Biochem Zool 78:650–67
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Speakman JR, Nagy KA, Masman D, Mook WG, Poppitt SD, Strathearn GE, Racey PA. 1990. Interlaboratory comparison of different analytical techniques for the determination of O-18 abundance. Anal Chem 62:703–8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swinburn B, Sacks G, Ravussin E. 2009. Increased food energy supply is more than sufficient to explain the US epidemic of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 90:1453–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tappy L, Binnert C, Schneiter PH. 2003. Energy expenditure, physical activity and body-weight control. Proc Nutr Soc 62:663–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treuth MS, Figueroa-Colon R, Hunter GR, Weinsier RL, Butte NF, Goran MI. 1998. Energy expenditure and physical fitness in overweight vs non-overweight prepubertal girls. Int J Obes 22:440–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treuth MS, Sherwood N, Butte NF, McClanahan B, Obarzanek E, Zhou A, Ayers C, Adolph A, Jordan J, Jacobs DR, Rochon J. 2003. Validity and reliability of activity measures in African-American girls for GEMS. Med Sci Sports Exerc 35:532–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Lobstein T. 2006. Worldwide trends in childhood overweight and obesity. Int J Ped Obes 1:11–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weir JB. 1949. New methods for calculating metabolic rate with special reference to protein metabolism. J Physiol 109:1–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westerterp KR. 2003. Energy metabolism and body composition; general principles. Eur Resp Monogr 24:1–10
   Google Scholar
• Westerterp KR, Speakman JR. 2008. Physical activity energy expenditure has not declined since the 1980s and matches energy expenditures of wild mammals. Int J Obes 32:1256–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkin TJ, Mallam KM, Metcalf BS, Jeffery AN, Voss LD. 2006. Variation in physical activity lies with the child, not his environment: evidence for an ‘activitystat’ in young children. Int J Obes (Lond) 30:1050–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). 2000. 2007a. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic (WHO Technical Report Series 894). BMI for age GIRLS; 5 to 19 years (z-scores). Geneva: World Health Organization. Available online at: http://www.who.int/growthef/bmifa_girls_5_19years_z.pdf (accessed January 30, 2010)
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). 2007b. BMI for age BOYS; 5 to 19 years (z-scores) Geneva: World Health Organization. Available online at: http://www.who.int/growthef/bmifa_boys_5_19years_z.pdf (accessed January 30, 2010)
   Google Scholar