3,196
Views
82
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Palm oil and palmitic acid: a review on cardiovascular effects and carcinogenicity

&
Pages 648-659 | Published online: 14 Feb 2013

References

  • Alexander DD, Morimoto LM, Mink PJ, Lowe KA. 2010. Summary and meta-analysis of prospective studies of animal fat intake and breast cancer. Nutr Res Rev. 23:169–179.
  • Alkhenizan A, Hafez K. 2007. The role of vitamin E in the prevention of cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Saudi Med. 27:409–414.
  • Al-Shahib W, Marshall RJ. 2003. The fruit of the date palm: its possible use as the best food for the future?. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 54:247–259.
  • Arain MA, Abdul Qadeer A. 2010. Systematic review on ‘vitamin E and prevention of colorectal cancer’. Pak J Pharm Sci. 23:125–130.
  • Aranceta J, Perez-Rodrigo C. 2012. Recommended dietary reference intakes, nutritional goals and dietary guidelines for fat and fatty acids: a systematic review. Br J Nutr. 107 Suppl. 2: S8–S22.
  • Armstrong B, Doll R. 1975. Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in different countries, with special reference to dietary practices. Int J Cancer. 15:617–631.
  • Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL, Spiegelman D, Stampfer M, Willett WC. 1996. Dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease in men: cohort follow up study in the United States. BMJ. 313:84–90.
  • Bautista LE, Herran OF, Serrano C. 2001. Effects of palm oil and dietary cholesterol on plasma lipoproteins: results from a dietary crossover trial in free-living subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr. 55:748–754.
  • Berry SE, Woodward R, Yeoh C, Miller GJ, Sanders TA. 2007. Effect of interesterification of palmitic acid-rich triacylglycerol on postprandial lipid and factor VII response. Lipids. 42:315–323.
  • Bidoli E, Talamini R, Zucchetto A, Bosetti C, Negri E, Lenardon O, . 2009. Dietary vitamins E and C and prostate cancer risk. Acta Oncol. 48:890–894.
  • Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Simonetti RG, Gluud C. 2004. Antioxidant supplements for prevention of gastrointestinal cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 364:1219–1228.
  • Bonanome A, Grundy SM. 1988. Effect of dietary stearic acid on plasma cholesterol and lipoprotein levels. N Engl J Med. 318:1244–1248.
  • Bravi F, Polesel J, Bosetti C, Talamini R, Negri E, Dal Maso L, . 2011. Dietary intake of selected micronutrients and the risk of pancreatic cancer: an Italian case-control study. Ann Oncol. 22:202–206.
  • Carnielli VP, Luijendijk IH, Van Goudoever JB, Sulkers EJ, Boerlage AA, Degenhart HJ, Sauer PJ. 1996. Structural position and amount of palmitic acid in infant formulas: effects on fat, fatty acid, and mineral balance. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 23:553–560.
  • Carroll KK. 1991. Dietary fats and cancer. Am J Clin Nutr. 53:1064S–1067S.
  • Cater NB, Heller HJ, Denke MA. 1997. Comparison of the effects of medium-chain triacylglycerols, palm oil, and high oleic acid sunflower oil on plasma triacylglycerol fatty acids and lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 65:41–45.
  • Choudhury N, Tan L, Truswell AS. 1995. Comparison of palmolein and olive oil: effects on plasma lipids and vitamin E in young adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 61:1043–1051.
  • Clandinin MT, Cook SL, Konard SD, French MA. 2000. The effect of palmitic acid on lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 51:S61–S71.
  • Clandinin MT, Cook SL, Konrad SD, Goh YK, French MA. 1999. The effect of palmitic acid on lipoprotein cholesterol levels and endogenous cholesterol synthesis in hyperlipidemic subjects. Lipids. 34 Suppl.: S121–S124.
  • Clifton PM. 2011. Palm oil and LDL cholesterol. Am J Clin Nutr. 94:1392–1393.
  • Crowe FL, Key TJ, Appleby PN, Travis RC, Overvad K, Jakobsen MU, . 2008. Dietary fat intake and risk of prostate cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr. 87:1405–1413.
  • Cuesta C, Rodenas S, Merinero MC, Rodriguez-Gil S, Sanchez-Muniz FJ. 1998. Lipoprotein profiles and serum peroxide levels of aged women consuming palmolein or oleic acid-rich sunflower oil diets. Eur J Clin Nutr. 52:675–683.
  • Denke MA, Grundy SM. 1992. Comparison of effects of lauric acid and palmitic acid on plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Am J Clin Nutr. 56:895–898.
  • Ebong PE, Owu DU, Isong EU. 1999. Influence of palm oil (Elaesis guineensis) on health. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 53:209–222.
  • Edem DO. 2002. Palm oil: biochemical, physiological, nutritional, hematological, and toxicological aspects: a review. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 57:319–341.
  • Edionwe AO, Kies C. 2001. Comparison of palm and mixtures of refined palm and soybean oils on serum lipids and fecal fat and fatty acid excretions of adult humans. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 56:157–165.
  • FAO-WHO. 2010. Fats and fatty acids in human nutrition report of an expert consultation. Rome: FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 91.
  • Fay MP, Freedman LS, Clifford CK, Midthune DN. 1997. Effect of different types and amounts of fat on the development of mammary tumors in rodents: a review. Cancer Res. 57:3979–3988.
  • French MA, Sundram K, Clandinin MT. 2002. Cholesterolaemic effect of palmitic acid in relation to other dietary fatty acids. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 11 Suppl. 7: S401–S407.
  • Fulan H, Changxing J, Baina WY, Wencui Z, Chunqing L, Fan W, . 2011. Retinol, vitamins A, C, and E and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Cancer Causes Control. 22:1383–1396.
  • Gillman MW, Cupples LA, Millen BE, Ellison RC, Wolf PA. 1997. Inverse association of dietary fat with development of ischemic stroke in men. JAMA. 278:2145–2150.
  • Hayes KC, Pronczuk A. 2010. Replacing trans fat: the argument for palm oil with a cautionary note on interesterification. J Am Coll Nutr. 29:253S–284S.
  • Hooper L, Summerbell CD, Thompson R, Sills D, Roberts FG, Moore HJ, Davey Smith G. 2012. Reduced or modified dietary fat for preventing cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 5:CD002137.
  • Hornstra G, van Houwelingen AC, Kester AD, Sundram K. 1991. A palm oil-enriched diet lowers serum lipoprotein(a) in normocholesterolemic volunteers. Atherosclerosis. 90:91–93.
  • Howard BV, Van Horn L, Hsia J, Manson JE, Stefanick ML, Wassertheil-Smoller S, . 2006. Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial. JAMA. 295:655–666.
  • Innis SM, Dyer RA, Lien EL. 1997. Formula containing randomized fats with palmitic acid (16:0) in the 2-position increases 16:0 in the 2-position of plasma and chylomicron triglycerides in formula-fed piglets to levels approaching those of piglets fed sow's milk. J Nutr. 127:1362–1370.
  • Karupaiah T, Sundram K. 2007. Effects of stereospecific positioning of fatty acids in triacylglycerol structures in native and randomized fats: a review of their nutritional implications. Nutr Metab (Lond). 4:16.
  • Karupaiah T, Tan CH, Chinna K, Sundram K. 2011. The chain length of dietary saturated fatty acids affects human postprandial lipemia. J Am Coll Nutr. 30:511–521.
  • Kelly FD, Sinclair AJ, Mann NJ, Turner AH, Raffin FL, Blandford MV, Pike MJ. 2002. Short-term diets enriched in stearic or palmitic acids do not alter plasma lipids, platelet aggregation or platelet activation status. Eur J Clin Nutr. 56:490–499.
  • Keys A, Menotti A, Aravanis C, Blackburn H, Djordevic BS, Buzina R, . 1984. The seven countries study: 2,289 deaths in 15 years. Prev Med. 13:141–154.
  • Keys A, Menotti A, Karvonen MJ, Aravanis C, Blackburn H, Buzina R, . 1986. The diet and 15-year death rate in the seven countries study. Am J Epidemiol. 124:903–915.
  • Khosla P, Sundram K. 2010. A supplement on palm oil – why?. J Am Coll Nutr. 29:237S–239S.
  • Koletzko B. 1992. Trans fatty acids may impair biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturates and growth in man. Acta Paediatr. 81:302–306.
  • Kritchevsky D. 2000. Overview: dietary fat and atherosclerosis. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 9:141–145.
  • Kromhout D, Keys A, Aravanis C, Buzina R, Fidanza F, Giampaoli S, . 1989. Food consumption patterns in the 1960s in seven countries. Am J Clin Nutr. 49:889–894.
  • Kuriki K, Wakai K, Hirose K, Matsuo K, Ito H, Suzuki T, . 2006. Risk of colorectal cancer is linked to erythrocyte compositions of fatty acids as biomarkers for dietary intakes of fish, fat, and fatty acids. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 15:1791–1798.
  • Kushi L, Giovannucci E. 2002. Dietary fat and cancer. Am J Med. 113 Suppl. 9B: 63S–70S.
  • Kushi LH, Lew RA, Stare FJ, Ellison CR, el Lozy M, Bourke G, . 1985. Diet and 20-year mortality from coronary heart disease. The Ireland-Boston Diet-Heart Study. N Engl J Med. 312:811–818.
  • Ladeia AM, Costa-Matos E, Barata-Passos R, Costa Guimaraes A. 2008. A palm oil-rich diet may reduce serum lipids in healthy young individuals. Nutrition. 24:11–15.
  • Liu L, Zhuang W, Wang RQ, Mukherjee R, Xiao SM, Chen Z, . 2011. Is dietary fat associated with the risk of colorectal cancer? A meta-analysis of 13 prospective cohort studies. Eur J Nutr. 50:173–184.
  • Martinez-Ortiz JA, Fung TT, Baylin A, Hu FB, Campos H. 2006. Dietary patterns and risk of nonfatal acute myocardial infarction in Costa Rican adults. Eur J Clin Nutr. 60:770–777.
  • Marzuki A, Arshad F, Razak TA, Jaarin K. 1991. Influence of dietary fat on plasma lipid profiles of Malaysian adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr. 53:1010S–1014S.
  • McNamara DJ. 2010. Palm oil and health: a case of manipulated perception and misuse of science. J Am Coll Nutr. 29:240S–244S.
  • Menotti A, Keys A, Aravanis C, Blackburn H, Dontas A, Fidanza F, . 1989. Seven countries study. First 20-year mortality data in 12 cohorts of six countries. Ann Med. 21:175–179.
  • Mensink RP. 2008. Effects of products made from a high-palmitic acid, trans-free semiliquid fat or a high-oleic acid, low-trans semiliquid fat on the serum lipoprotein profile and on C-reactive protein concentrations in humans. Eur J Clin Nutr. 62:617–624.
  • Mensink RP, Katan MB. 1990. Effect of dietary trans fatty acids on high-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in healthy subjects. N Engl J Med. 323:439–445.
  • Mensink RP, Katan MB. 1992. Effect of dietary fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins. A meta-analysis of 27 trials. Arterioscler Thromb. 12:911–919.
  • Mensink RP, Zock PL, Kester AD, Katan MB. 2003. Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 77:1146–1155.
  • Micha R, Mozaffarian D. 2010. Saturated fat and cardiometabolic risk factors, coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes: a fresh look at the evidence. Lipids. 45:893–905.
  • Mozaffarian D. 2011. The great fat debate: taking the focus off of saturated fat. J Am Diet Assoc. 111:665–666.
  • Mozaffarian D, Katan MB, Ascherio A, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. 2006. Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 354:1601–1613.
  • Mozaffarian D, Micha R, Wallace S. 2010. Effects on coronary heart disease of increasing polyunsaturated fat in place of saturated fat: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS Med. 7:e1000252.
  • Mozaffarian D, Rimm EB, Herrington DM. 2004. Dietary fats, carbohydrate, and progression of coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 80:1175–1184.
  • Mukherjee S, Mitra A. 2009. Health effects of palm oil. J Hum Ecol.. 26:197–203.
  • Muller H, Jordal O, Kierulf P, Kirkhus B, Pedersen JI. 1998. Replacement of partially hydrogenated soybean oil by palm oil in margarine without unfavorable effects on serum lipoproteins. Lipids. 33:879–887.
  • Myung SK, Ju W, Kim SC, Kim H. 2011. Vitamin or antioxidant intake (or serum level) and risk of cervical neoplasm: a meta-analysis. BJOG. 118:1285–1291.
  • Negri E, Franceschi S, Bosetti C, Levi F, Conti E, Parpinel M, La Vecchia C. 2000. Selected micronutrients and oral and pharyngeal cancer. Int J Cancer. 86:122–127.
  • Negri E, La Vecchia C, Franceschi S, D'Avanzo B, Talamini R, Parpinel M, . 1996. Intake of selected micronutrients and the risk of breast cancer. Int J Cancer. 65:140–144.
  • Nesaretnam K, Guthrie N, Chambers AF, Carroll KK. 1995. Effect of tocotrienols on the growth of a human breast cancer cell line in culture. Lipids. 30:1139–1143.
  • Nesaretnam K, Meganathan P, Veerasenan SD, Selvaduray KR. 2012. Tocotrienols and breast cancer: the evidence to date. Genes Nutr. 7:3–9.
  • Nestel P, Clifton P, Noakes M. 1994. Effects of increasing dietary palmitoleic acid compared with palmitic and oleic acids on plasma lipids of hypercholesterolemic men. J Lipid Res. 35:656–662.
  • Ng TK, Hassan K, Lim JB, Lye MS, Ishak R. 1991. Nonhypercholesterolemic effects of a palm-oil diet in Malaysian volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr. 53:1015S–1020S.
  • Ng TK, Hayes KC, DeWitt GF, Jegathesan M, Satgunasingam N, Ong AS, Tan D. 1992. Dietary palmitic and oleic acids exert similar effects on serum cholesterol and lipoprotein profiles in normocholesterolemic men and women. J Am Coll Nutr. 11:383–390.
  • Oguntibeju OO, Esterhuyse AJ, Truter EJ. 2009. Red palm oil: nutritional, physiological and therapeutic roles in improving human wellbeing and quality of life. Br J Biomed Sci. 66:216–222.
  • Ong AS, Goh SH. 2002. Palm oil: a healthful and cost-effective dietary component. Food Nutr Bull. 23:11–22.
  • Papaioannou D, Cooper KL, Carroll C, Hind D, Squires H, Tappenden P, Logan RF. 2011. Antioxidants in the chemoprevention of colorectal cancer and colorectal adenomas in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Colorectal Dis. 13:1085–1099.
  • Pedersen JI, Muller H, Seljeflot I, Kirkhus B. 2005. Palm oil versus hydrogenated soybean oil: effects on serum lipids and plasma haemostatic variables. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 14:348–357.
  • Pelucchi C, Tramacere I, Bertuccio P, Tavani A, Negri E, La Vecchia C. 2009. Dietary intake of selected micronutrients and gastric cancer risk: an Italian case-control study. Ann Oncol. 20:160–165.
  • Read WW, Sarrif A. 1965. Human milk lipids. I. Changes in fatty acid composition of early colostrum. Am J Clin Nutr. 17:177–179.
  • Sanchez-Muniz FJ, Merinero MC, Rodriguez-Gil S, Ordovas JM, Rodenas S, Cuesta C. 2002. Dietary fat saturation affects apolipoprotein AII levels and HDL composition in postmenopausal women. J Nutr. 132:50–54.
  • Scholtz SC, Pieters M, Oosthuizen W, Jerling JC, Bosman MJ, Vorster HH. 2004. The effect of red palm olein and refined palm olein on lipids and haemostatic factors in hyperfibrinogenaemic subjects. Thromb Res. 113:13–-25.
  • Schwab US, Maliranta HM, Sarkkinen ES, Savolainen MJ, Kesaniemi YA, Uusitupa MI. 1996. Different effects of palmitic and stearic acid-enriched diets on serum lipids and lipoproteins and plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity in healthy young women. Metabolism. 45:143–149.
  • Schwab US, Niskanen LK, Maliranta HM, Savolainen MJ, Kesaniemi YA, Uusitupa MI. 1995. Lauric and palmitic acid-enriched diets have minimal impact on serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations and glucose metabolism in healthy young women. J Nutr. 125:466–473.
  • Siri-Tarino PW, Sun Q, Hu FB, Krauss RM. 2010. Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies evaluating the association of saturated fat with cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 91:535–546.
  • Snook JT, Park S, Williams G, Tsai YH, Lee N. 1999. Effect of synthetic triglycerides of myristic, palmitic, and stearic acid on serum lipoprotein metabolism. Eur J Clin Nutr. 53:597–605.
  • Stratton J, Godwin M. 2011. The effect of supplemental vitamins and minerals on the development of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fam Pract. 28:243–252.
  • Sundram K, French MA, Clandinin MT. Exchanging partially hydrogenated fat for palmitic acid in the diet increases LDL-cholesterol and endogenous cholesterol synthesis in normocholesterolemic women. Eur J Nutr. 2003b; 42:188–194.
  • Sundram K, Hayes KC, Siru OH. 1994. Dietary palmitic acid results in lower serum cholesterol than does a lauric-myristic acid combination in normolipemic humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 59:841–846.
  • Sundram K, Hornstra G, von Houwelingen AC, Kester AD. 1992. Replacement of dietary fat with palm oil: effect on human serum lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins. Br J Nutr. 68:677–692.
  • Sundram K, Ismail A, Hayes KC, Jeyamalar R, Pathmanathan R. 1997. Trans (elaidic) fatty acids adversely affect the lipoprotein profile relative to specific saturated fatty acids in humans. J Nutr. 127:514S–520S.
  • Sundram K, Karupaiah T, Hayes KC. 2007. Stearic acid-rich interesterified fat and trans-rich fat raise the LDL/HDL ratio and plasma glucose relative to palm olein in humans. Nutr Metab (Lond). 4:3.
  • Sundram K, Sambanthamurthi R, Tan YA. Palm fruit chemistry and nutrition. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2003a; 12:355–362.
  • Temme EH, Mensink RP, Hornstra G. 1996. Comparison of the effects of diets enriched in lauric, palmitic, or oleic acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins in healthy women and men. Am J Clin Nutr. 63:897–903.
  • Theodoratou E, McNeill G, Cetnarskyj R, Farrington SM, Tenesa A, Barnetson R, . 2007. Dietary fatty acids and colorectal cancer: a case-control study. Am J Epidemiol. 166:181–195.
  • Tholstrup T, Hjerpsted J, Raff M. 2011. Palm olein increases plasma cholesterol moderately compared with olive oil in healthy individuals. Am J Clin Nutr. 94:1426–1432.
  • Tholstrup T, Marckmann P, Jespersen J, Sandstrom B. 1994. Fat high in stearic acid favorably affects blood lipids and factor VII coagulant activity in comparison with fats high in palmitic acid or high in myristic and lauric acids. Am J Clin Nutr. 59:371–377.
  • Tholstrup T, Sandstrom B, Bysted A, Holmer G. 2001. Effect of 6 dietary fatty acids on the postprandial lipid profile, plasma fatty acids, lipoprotein lipase, and cholesterol ester transfer activities in healthy young men. Am J Clin Nutr. 73:198–208.
  • Truswell AS. 2000. Comparing palmolein with different predominantly monounsaturated oils: effect on plasma lipids. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 51 Suppl.: S73–S77.
  • Tsubura A, Yuri T, Yoshizawa K, Uehara N, Takada H. 2009. Role of fatty acids in malignancy and visual impairment: epidemiological evidence and experimental studies. Histol Histopathol. 24:223–234.
  • Turner LB. 2011. A meta-analysis of fat intake, reproduction, and breast cancer risk: an evolutionary perspective. Am J Hum Biol. 23:601–608.
  • Utarwuthipong T, Komindr S, Pakpeankitvatana V, Songchitsomboon S, Thongmuang N. 2009. Small dense low-density lipoprotein concentration and oxidative susceptibility changes after consumption of soybean oil, rice bran oil, palm oil and mixed rice bran/palm oil in hypercholesterolaemic women. J Int Med Res. 37:96–104.
  • Vega-Lopez S, Ausman LM, Jalbert SM, Erkkila AT, Lichtenstein AH. 2006. Palm and partially hydrogenated soybean oils adversely alter lipoprotein profiles compared with soybean and canola oils in moderately hyperlipidemic subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 84:54–62.
  • Verschuren WM, Jacobs DR, Bloemberg BP, Kromhout D, Menotti A, Aravanis C, . 1995. Serum total cholesterol and long-term coronary heart disease mortality in different cultures. Twenty-five-year follow-up of the seven countries study. JAMA. 274:131–136.
  • World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/ACIR). 2007. Food, nutrition, physical activity and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. Washington, DC: AICR.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). 2003. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases. Geneva: WHO1–104 Technical Report Series 916.
  • Willett WC. 2011. The great fat debate: total fat and health. J Am Diet Assoc. 111:660–662.
  • Zhang J, Ping W, Chunrong W, Shou CX, Keyou G. 1997. Nonhypercholesterolemic effects of a palm oil diet in Chinese adults. J Nutr. 127:509S–513S.
  • Zhang J, Wang CR, Xue AN, Ge KY. 2003. Effects of red palm oil on serum lipids and plasma carotenoids level in Chinese male adults. Biomed Environ Sci. 16:348–354.
  • Zock PL, de Vries JH, Katan MB. 1994. Impact of myristic acid versus palmitic acid on serum lipid and lipoprotein levels in healthy women and men. Arterioscler Thromb. 14:567–575.
  • Zock PL, Katan MB. 1992. Hydrogenation alternatives: effects of trans fatty acids and stearic acid versus linoleic acid on serum lipids and lipoproteins in humans. J Lipid Res. 33:399–410.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.