Higher than expected estradiol levels in aromatase inhibitor-treated, postmenopausal breast cancer patients

References

• Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group. Effects of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy for early breast cancer on recurrence and 15-year survival: an overview of the randomised trials. Lancet 2005;365:1687–717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin NU Winer EP. Advances in adjuvant endocrine therapy for postmenopausal women.J Clin Oncol 2008;26:798–805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castelo-Branco C, Cancelo MJ, Villero J, Nohales F, Julia MD. Management of post-menopausal vaginal atrophy and atrophic vaginitis. Maturitas 2005;52(Suppl 1):S46–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales L, Neven P, Timmerman D, . Acute effects of tamoxifen and third-generation aromatase inhibitors on menopausal symptoms of breast cancer patients. Anticancer Drugs 2004;15:753–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mourits MJ, Bockermann I, de Vries EG, . Tamoxifen effects on subjective and psychosexual well-being, in a randomised breast cancer study comparing high-dose and standard-dose chemotherapy. Br J Cancer 2002;86:1546–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whelan TJ, Goss PE, Ingle JN, . Assessment of quality of life in MA.17: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of letrozole after 5 years of tamoxifen in postmenopausal women. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:6931–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cella D, Fallowfield L, Barker P, Cuzick J, Locker G, Howell A. Quality of life of postmenopausal women in the ATAC (‘Arimidex’, tamoxifen, alone or in combination) trial after completion of 5 years’ adjuvant treatment for early breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006;100:273–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumgart J, Nilsson K, Stavreus-Evers A, . Urogenital disorders in women with adjuvant endocrine therapy after early breast cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011;204:26.e1-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones SE, Cantrell J, Vukelja S, . Comparison of menopausal symptoms during the first year of adjuvant therapy with either exemestane or tamoxifen in early breast cancer: report of a Tamoxifen Exemestane Adjuvant Multicenter trial substudy. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:4765–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suckling J, Lethaby A, Kennedy R. Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;4:CD001500
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• The role of local vaginal estrogen for treatment of vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women: 2007 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause 2007;14:355–69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmberg L, Anderson H. HABITS (hormonal replacement therapy after breast cancer – is it safe?), a randomised comparison: trial stopped. Lancet 2004;363;453–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachmann G, Lobo RA, Gut R, Nachtigall L, Notelovitz M. Efficacy of low-dose estradiol vaginal tablets in the treatment of atrophic vaginitis: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2008;111:67–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson K, Heimer G. Low-dose oestradiol in the treatment of urogenital oestrogen deficiency – a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study. Maturitas 1992;15:121–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendall A, Dowsett M, Folkerd E, Smith I. Caution: Vaginal estradiol appears to be contraindicated in postmenopausal women on adjuvant aromatase inhibitors. Ann Oncol 2006;17:584–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowsett M, Cuzick J, Howell A, Jackson I. Pharmacokinetics of anastrozole and tamoxifen alone, and in combination, during adjuvant endocrine therapy for early breast cancer in postmenopausal women: a sub-protocol of the ‘Arimidex and tamoxifen alone or in combination’ (ATAC) trial. Br J Cancer 2001;85:317–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geisler J, Haynes B, Anker G, Dowsett M, Lonning PE. Influence of letrozole and anastrozole on total body aromatization and plasma estrogen levels in postmenopausal breast cancer patients evaluated in a randomized, cross-over study. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:751–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geisler J, Ekse D, Helle H, Duong NK, Lonning PE. An optimised, highly sensitive radioimmunoassay for the simultaneous measurement of estrone, estradiol and estrone sulfate in the ultra-low range in human plasma samples. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008;109:90–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soules MR, Sherman S, Parrott E, . Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop (STRAW). J Womens Health Gend Based Med 2001;10:843–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ankarberg-Lindgren C, Norjavaara E. A purification step prior to commercial sensitive immunoassay is necessary to achieve clinical usefulness when quantifying serum 17beta-estradiol in prepubertal children. Eur J Endocrinol 2008; 158:117–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ankarberg-Lindgren C, Norjavaara E. Twenty-four hours secretion pattern of serum estradiol in healthy prepubertal and pubertal boys as determined by a validated ultra-sensitive extraction RIA. BMC Endocr Disord 2008;8:10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kushnir MM, Rockwood AL, Yue B, Meikle AW. High sensitivity measurement of estrone and estradiol in serum and plasma using LC-MS/MS. Methods Mol Biol 2010;603:219–28
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kushnir MM, Rockwood AL, Bergquist J, . High-sensitivity tandem mass spectrometry assay for serum estrone and estradiol. Am J Clin Pathol 2008;129:530–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kushnir MMBlamires TRockwood AL . Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, and testosterone with pediatric and adult reference intervals. Clin Chem 2010;56:1138–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanczyk FZJurow J Hsing AW. Limitations of direct immunoassays for measuring circulating estradiol levels in postmenopausal women and men in epidemiologic studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010;19:903–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornbleet PJ Gochman N. Incorrect least-squares regression coefficients in method-comparison analysis. Clin Chem 1979;25:432–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingle JNBuzdar AUSchaid DJ . Variation in anastrozole metabolism and pharmacodynamics in women with early breast cancer. Cancer Res 2010;70:3278–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruber CJTschugguel WSchneeberger C Huber JC. Production and actions of estrogens. N Engl J Med 2002;346:340–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lum SSWoltering EAFletcher WS Pommier RF. Changes in serum estrogen levels in women during tamoxifen therapy. Am J Surg 1997;173:399–402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu WJ Desta Z Flockhart DA. Tamoxifen metabolites as active inhibitors of aromatase in the treatment of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012;131:473–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair IA. Analysis of estrogens in serum and plasma from postmenopausal women: past present, and future. Steroids 2010;75:297–306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JS Ettinger BStanczyk FZ . Comparison of methods to measure low serum estradiol levels in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:3791–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geisler J. Breast cancer tissue estrogens and their manipulation with aromatase inhibitors and inactivators. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2003;86:245–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonning PE Geisler J. Aromatase inhibitors: assessment of biochemical efficacy measured by total body aromatase inhibition and tissue estrogen suppression. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008;108:196–202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonning PE, Geisler J. Evaluation of plasma and tissue estrogen suppression with third-generation aromatase inhibitors: of relevance to clinical understanding? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010;118:288–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar