58
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

How significant are environmental estrogens to women?

&
Pages 229-242 | Received 27 Jan 1998, Accepted 30 May 1998, Published online: 03 Jul 2009

References

  • Turner K. J., Sharpe R. M. Environmental estrogens - present understanding. Rev Reprod. 1997; 2: 69–73
  • Sharpe R. M., Skakkebaek N. E. Are estrogens involved in falling sperm counts and disorders in the male reproductive tract?. Lancet 1993; 341: 1392–5
  • Toppari J., Larsen J. C., Christiansen C., et al. Male reproductive health and environmental xenoestrogens. Environ Health Perspect 1996; 104(Suppl 4)741–803
  • Wolff M. S., Toniolo P. G., Leel E. W., Rivera M., Dubin N. Blood levels of organochlorine residues and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993; 85: 648–52
  • Cassidy A. Physiological effects of phytoestrogens in relation to cancer and other human health risks. Proc Nutr Soc. 1996; 55: 399–417
  • Miksicek R. J. Commonly occurring plant flavonoids have estrogenic activity. Mol Pharmacol. 1993; 44: 37–43
  • Gehm B. D., McAndrews J. M., Chien P. Y., Jameson J. L. Resveratrol, a polyphenols compound found in grapes and wine, is an agonist for the estrogen receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 14138–43
  • Jobling S., Reynolds T., White R., Parker M. G., Sumpter J. P. A variety of environmentally persistent chemicals, including some phthalate plasticizers, are weakly oestrogenic. Environ Health Perspect. 1995; 103: 582–7
  • Guillette LJ, Jr, Arnold S. F., McLachlan J. A. Ecosystems and embryos - is there a scientific basis for concern?. Anim Reprod Sci 1996; 42: 13–24
  • Soto A. M., Lin T. M., Justica H., Silvia R. M., Sonnenschein C. An ‘in culture’ bioassay to assess the estrogenicity of xenobiotics: E-screen. Chemically Induced Alterations in Sexual and Functional Development: The Wildlife/Human Connection, T. Colborn, C. Clements. Princeton Scientific Publishing Co., Princeton, NJ 1992; 295–309
  • Routledge E. J., Sumpter J. P. Estrogenic activity of surfactants and some of their degradation products assessed using a recombinant yeast screen. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1996; 15: 241–58
  • White R., Jobling S., Hoare S. A., Sumpter J. P., Parker M. G. Environmentally persistent alkyl-phenolic compounds are estrogenic. Endocrinology 1994; 135: 175–82
  • Milligan S. R., Balasubramanian A. V., Kalita J. C. Relative potency of xenobiotic oestrogens in an acutein vivo, mammalian assay. Environ Health Perspect. 1998; 106: 23–6
  • Martin L., Pollard J. W., Fagg B. Oestriol, oestradiol 17β and the proliferation and death of uterine cells. J Endocrinol 1976; 69: 103–15
  • Kuiper GGJM, Enmark E., Peltohuikki M., Nilsson S., Gustaffson J. A. Cloning of a novel estrogen receptor expressed in rat prostate and ovary. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 5925–30
  • Paech K., Webb P., Kuiper GGJM, et al. Differential ligand activation of estrogen receptors ERa and ERβ at API sites. Science 1997; 277: 1508–10
  • Kuiper GGJM, Carlsson B., Grandien K., et al. Comparison of the ligand binding specificity and transcript tissue distribution of estrogen receptors α and β. Endocrinology 1997; 138: 863–70
  • Kuiper GGJM, Nilsson S., Gustaffson J. A. Characteristics and function of the novel estrogen receptor p. Hormones and Signalling, B. W. O'Malley. Academic Press, New York 1998; 1: 89–112
  • Tetsuka M., Anderson R. A., Hillier S. G. Distribution of messenger RNA's encoding oestrogen receptor isoforms in female reproductive tissues. J Endocrinol 1997; 152(Suppl)20
  • Brandenberger A. W., Tee M. K., Lee J. Y., Chao V., Jaffe R. B. Tissue distribution of estrogen receptors α (ERα) and β (ERβ) mRNA in the midgestational human fetus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 3509–12
  • Cowley S. M., Hoare S., Mosselman S., Parker M. G. Estrogen receptors α and β form hetero-dimers on DNA. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 19858–62
  • Safe S., Krishnan V. Chlorinated hydrocarbons: estrogens and antiestrogens. Toxicol Lett. 1995; 82: 731–6
  • Krishnan V., Porter W., Santostefano M., Wang X., Safe S. Molecular mechanism of inhibition of estrogen induced cathepsin D gene expression by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in MCF7 cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1995; 15: 6710–19
  • Tran D. Q., Klotz D. M., Ladlie B. L., Ide C. F., McLachlan J. A., Arnold S. F. Inhibition of progesterone receptor activity in yeast by synthetic chemicals. Biochetn Biophys Res Commun. 1996; 229: 518–23
  • Leblanc G. A., Bain L. J., Wilson V. S. Pesticides: multiple mechanisms of demasculinization. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1997; 126: 1–5
  • Milligan S. R., Khan O., Nash M. Competitive binding of xenobiotic oestrogens to rat a fetoprotein and to sex steroid binding proteins in human and rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)plasma. Gen Comp Endocrin 1998, in press
  • Wang C., Makela T., Hase T., Adlercreutz H., Kurzer M. Lignans and flavonoids inhibit aromatase enzyme in human preadipocytes. J Steroid Biochem. 1994; 50: 205–12
  • Evans BAJ, Griffiths K., Morton M. S. Inhibition of 5a-reductase in genital skin fibroblasts and prostate tissue by dietary lignans and iso-flavonoids. J Endocrinol 1995; 147: 295–302
  • Makela S., Poutanen M., Lehtimaki J., Kostian M. L., Santti R., Vihko R. Estrogen-specific 17β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase type 1 (E.C. 1.1.1.62) as a possible target for the action of phytoestrogens. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1995; 208: 51–9
  • Pathak D., Pathak K., Singla A. K. Flavonoids as medicinal agents - recent advances. Fitoterapia. 1991; 62: 371–89
  • Schubétt W., Eriksson U., Edgar B., Cullberg G., Hedner T. Flavonoids in grapefruit juice inhibit thein vitrometabolism of 17β-oestradiol. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinetics. 1995; 20: 219–24
  • Divi R. L., Doerge D. R. Inhibition of thyroid peroxidase by dietary flavonoids. Chem Res Toxicol. 1996; 9: 16–23
  • Fontecave M., Lepoivre M., Elleingand E., Gerez C., Guittet O. Resveratrol, a remarkable inhibitor of rebonucleotide reductase. FEBS Lett. 1998; 421: 277–9
  • Belguendouz L., Fremont L., Gozzelino M. T. Interaction of transresveratrol with plasma lipoproteins. Biochem Pharmacol. 1998; 55: 811–16
  • Adlercreutz H., Markkanen H., Watanabe S. Plasma concentrations of phyto-oestrogens in Japenese men. Lancet. 1993; 342: 1209–10
  • Wang TTY, Sathyamoorthy N., Phang J. M. Molecular effects of genistein on estrogen receptor mediated pathways. Carcinogenesis. 1996; 17: 271–5
  • McLnerney E. M., Tsai M. J., O'Malley B. W., Katzenellenbogen B. S. Analysis of estrogen receptor transcriptional enhancement by a nuclear hormone receptor coactivator. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 10069–73
  • Setchell KDR, Adlercreutz H. Mammalian lignans and phyto-oestrogens. Recent studies on their formation, metabolism and biological role in health and disease. Role of the Gut Flora in Toxicity and Cancer, I.R. Rowland. Academic Press, London 1988; 315–45
  • Ruh M. F., Zacharewsi T., Connor K., Howell J., Chen I., Safe S. Naringenin: a weakly estrogenic bioflavonoid that exhibits antiestrogenic activity. Biochem Pharmacol. 1995; 50: 1485–93
  • Arnold S. F., Klotz D. M., Vonier P. M., Collins B. M., Guillette LJ, Jr, McLachlan J. A. Synergistic activation of human estrogen receptor by combinations of environmental chemicals. Science 1996; 272: 1489–92
  • Ramamoorthy K., Wang F., Chen I. C., et al. Potency of combined estrogenic pesticides [Letter]. Science 1997; 275: 405–6
  • Ashby J., Lefevre P. A., Odum J., Harris C. A., Routledge E. J., Sumpter JP. Synergy between synthetic estrogens?. Nature (London) 1997; 485: 494
  • McLachlan JA. Synergistic effect of environmental estrogens: report withdrawn. Science 1997; 277: 459
  • Setchell KDR. Overview of isoflavone structure, metabolism and pharmacokinetics. Am J Clin Nutr 1998, in press
  • Safe S. H. Environmental and dietary estrogens and human health: is there a problem?. Environ Health Persp 1995; 103: 346–51
  • Jones A. E., Price K. R., Fenwick G. R. Development and application of a HPLC method for the analysis of phytoestrogens. J Sci Food Agr. 1989; 46: 357–64
  • Nagata C., Takatsuka N., Kurisu Y., Shimizu H. Decreased serum total cholesterol concentration is associated with high intake of soy products in Japanese men and women. J Nutr 1998; 128: 209–13
  • Thompson L. U., Robb P., Serraino M., Cheug F. Mammalian lignan production from various foods. Nutr Cancer. 1991; 16: 43–52
  • Adlercreutz H., Fotsis T., Bannwart C., et al. Determination of urinary lignans and phytoestrogen metabolites, potential antioestrogens and anticarcinogens, in the urine of women on various habitual diets. J Steroid Biochem 1986; 25: 791–7
  • Cassidy A. Plant oestrpgens and their relation to hormonal status in women. PhD thesis. Cambridge University. 1991
  • Cassidy A., Bingham S., Setchell K. Biological effects of isoflavones present in soy in premenopausal women: implications for the prevention of breast cancer. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994; 60: 333–40
  • Cassidy A., Bingham S., Setchell K. Biological effects of isoflavones in young women - importance of the chemical composition of soya products. Br J Nutr. 1995; 74: 587–601
  • Xu X., Wang H. J., Murphy P. A., Cook L., Henrich S. Daidzein is a more bioavailable soymilk isoflavone than is genistein in adult women. J Nutr 1994; 124: 825–32
  • Setchell KDR, Bordello S. P., Hulme P., Kirk D. N., Axelson M. Non-steroidal oestrogens of dietary origin: possible roles in hormone dependent disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 1984; 40: 569–78
  • Sharman M., Read W. A., Castle L., Gilbert J. Levels of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and total phthalate esters in milk, cream, butter and cheese. Food Add Contam. 1994; 11: 375–85
  • Brotons J. A., Olea-Serrano M. F., Villalobos M., Pedraza V., Olea N. Xenooestrogens released from lacquer coatings in food cans. Environ Health Perspect. 1995; 103: 608–12
  • Olea N., Pulgar R., Perez P., et al. Estrogenicity of resin-based composites and sealants used in dentistry. Environ Health Perspect 1996; 104: 298–305
  • Nimrod A. C., Benson W. H. Environmental estrogenic effects of alkylphenol ethoxylates. Crit Rev Toxicol. 1996; 26: 335–64
  • Lewis S. K., Lech J. J. Uptake, disposition, and persistence of nonylphenol from water in rainbow trout. (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Xenobiotica 1996; 26: 813–19
  • Dewailly E., Ayotte P., Bruneau S., Laliberte C., Muir DCG, Norstrom R. J. Inuit exposure to organochlorines through the aquatic food chain in Arctic Quebec. Environ Health Perspect. 1993; 101: 618–20
  • O'Malley M. Clinical evaluation of pesticide exposure and poisonings. Lancet. 1997; 349: 1161–6
  • Cooper R. I., Kavlok R. J. Endocrine disruptors and reproductive development: a weight-of-evidence overview. J Endocrinol 1997; 152: 159–66
  • Jacobs D. M., Tang M. X., Stern Y., et al. Cognitive function in nondemented older women who took estrogen after menopause. Neurology 1998; 50: 368–73
  • Tang M. X., Jacobs D., Stern Y., et al. Effect of oestrogen during menopause on risk and age at onset of Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 1996; 348: 429–32
  • Lu LJW, Anderson K. E., Grady J. J., Nagamani M. Effects of soya consumption for one month on steroid hormones in premenopausal women -implications for breast cancer risk reduction. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prevention 1996; 5: 63–70
  • Cassidy A., Faughnan M., Hughes R., et al. Endocrine-modifying effects of phytoestrogens in postmenopausal women and elderly men. Am J Clin Nutr 1998, in press
  • Wilcox G., Wahlqvist M. L., Burger H. G., Medley G. Oestrogen effects of plant derived foods in postmenopausal women. Br Med J. 1990; 301: 905–6
  • Gavaler J. S., Van Thiel D. H., Galvao-Teles A. Oestrogenic responses in normal postmenopausal women to administration of the phytoestrogens in bourbon whiskey. Hepatology 1991; 14: 87
  • Baird D. D., Umbach D. M., Lansdell L., et al. Dietary intervention study to assess estrogenicity of dietary soy among postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 1685–90
  • Murkies A. L., Lombard C., Strauss BJG, Wilcox G., Burger H. G., Morton M. S. Dietary flour supplementation decreases postmenopausal hot flushes - effect of soy and wheat. Maturitas. 1995; 21: 189–95
  • Brzezinski A., Adlercreutz H., Shaoul R., et al. Short-term effects of phytoestrogen-rich diet on postmenopausal women. Menopause 1997; 4: 89–94
  • Albertazzi P., Pansini F., Bonaccorsi G., Zanotti L., Forini E., de Aloysio P. The effect of dietary soya supplementation on hot flushes. Obstet Gynecol. 1998; 91: 6–11
  • Sturdee D. W. Clinical symptoms of oestrogen deficiency. Curr Obstet Gynaecol. 1997; 7: 190–6
  • Stampfer M. J., Colditz G. A., Willett W. C., et al. Postmenopausal estrogen therapy and cardiovascular disease. Ten-year follow-up from the Nurses' Health Study. N EnglJ Med 1991; 325: 756–62
  • Sarrel P. M. Ovarian hormones and the circulation. Maturitas. 1990; 12: 287–98
  • O'Brien T., Nguyen T. T. Lipids and lipoproteins in women. Mayo Clin Proc. 1997; 72: 235–44
  • Sirtori C. R., Even R., Lovati M. R. Soyabean diet and plasma cholesterol: from therapy to molecular mechanisms. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1993; 676: 188–201
  • Arjmandi B. H., Khan D. A., Juma S. S., Svanborg A. The ovarian hormone deficiency induced hypercholesterolemia is reversed by soy protein and the synthetic isoflavone, ipriflavone. Nutr Res. 1997; 17: 885–94
  • Anthony M. S., Clarkson T. B., Hughes CL, Jr, Morgan T. M., Burke G. L. Soybean isoflavones improve cardiovascular risk factors without affecting the reproductive system of peri-pubertal rhesus monkeys. J Nutr 1996; 126: 43–50
  • Magness R. R., Rosenfield C. R. Local and systemic oestradiol 17β: effects on uterine and systemic vasodilation. AmJ Physiol. 1989; 256: E536–42
  • Farhat M. Y., Lavigne M. C., Ramwell P. W. The vascular protective effects of estrogen. FASEB J. 1996; 10: 615–24
  • Honore E. K., Williams J. K., Anthony M. S., Clarkson T. B. Soy isoflavones enhance coronary vascular reactivity in atherosclerotic female macaques. Fertil Steril. 1997; 67: 148–54
  • Fotsis T., Peper M., Adlercreutz H., et al. Genistein, a dietary derived inhibitor of angio-genesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA 1993; 90: 2690–4
  • Jaggers D. C., Collins W. P., Milligan S. R. Potent inhibitory effects of steroids in anin vitromodel of angiogenesis. J Endocrinol 1996; 150: 457–64
  • Sargeant P., Farndale R. W., Sage S. O. The tyrosine kinase inhibitors methyl 2,5-dihydroxy-cinnimate and genistein reduce thrombin-evoked tyrosine phophorylation and Ca2* entry in human platelets. FEBSLett. 1993; 315: 242–6
  • Wilcox J. N., Blumenthal B. F. Thrombotic mechanisms in atherosclerosis: potential impactolsoyprotein J. Nutr 1995; 125: 631s–8s
  • Ruiz-Larrea M. B., Mohan A. R., Paganga G., Miller N. J., Bolwell G. P., Rice-Evans C. A. Antioxidant activity of phytoestrogenic isoflavones. Free Rad Res. 1997; 26: 63–70
  • Tobias J. H., Cook D. G., Chambers T. J., Dalzell N. A comparison of bone mineral density between Caucasian, Asian and Afro-Caribbean women. Clin Sci. 1994; 87: 587–91
  • Ho S. C. Body measurements, bone mass and fractures - does the Easter differ from the West?. Clin Orthop 1996; 323: 75–80
  • Kao P. C., P'eng FK. How to reduce the risk factors of osteoporosis in Asia. Chung Hua I Hsueh Tsa Chih Taipei. 1995; 55: 209–13
  • Anderson J. J., Ambrose W. W., Garner S. C. Orally dosed genistein from soy and prevention of cancellous bone loss in two ovarectomised rat models (Abstract). J Nutr 1995; 125: 799
  • Arjmandi B. H., Alekel L., Hollis B. W., et al. Dietary soybean protein prevents bone loss in an ovarectomised rat model of osteoporosis. JNutr 1996; 126: 161–7
  • Tsutsumi N., Kawashima K., Nagata H., Ujiie A., Endo H. Effects of KCA-012 on bone metabolism in organ culture. Jpn J Pharmacol 1995; 67: 169–71
  • Yoshida K., Tsukamoto T., Torii H., et al. Metabolism of ipriflavone TC-80; in rats. Radioisotopes 1985; 34: 612–17
  • Cheng S. L., Zhang S. F., Nelson T. L., Warlow P. M., Civitelli R. Stimulation of human osteoblast differentiation and function by ipriflavone and its metabolites. Calcif Tissue Int. 1994; 55: 356–62
  • Brandi M. L. New treatment strategies: ipriflavone, strontium, vitamin D metabolites and analogs. Am J Med. 1993; 95(suppl 5A)69S–74S
  • Melis G. B., Paoletti A. M., Bartolini R., et al. Ipriflavone and low doses of estrogens in the prevention of bone mineral loss in climacterium. Bone Miner 1992; 19(Suppl 1)S49–56
  • Blair H. C., Jordan S. E., Peterson T. G., Barnes S. Variable effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors on avian osteoclastic activity and reduction in bone loss in ovarectomised rats. J Cell Biochetn. 1996; 61: 630–7
  • Manolagas S. C., Jilka R. Bone marrow, cytokines and bone remodelling. N Engl J Med. 1995; 332: 305–11
  • Erdman J. W., Stillman R. J., Lee K. F. Short-term effects of soybean isoflavones on bone in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 1998, in press
  • Pansini F., Bonaccorsi G., Albertazzi P., et al. Soy phytoestrogens and bone. Presented at theProceedings of North American Menopause Society. 1997, abstr 44
  • Colerangle J. B., Roy D. Exposure of environmental estrogenic compound nonylphenol to Nobel rat alters cell cycle kinetics in the mammary gland. Endocrine. 1996; 4: 115–22
  • Hunter D. J., Hankinson S. E., Laden F., et al. Plasma organochlorine levels and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 1253–8
  • Ingram D., Sanders K., Kolybaba M., Lopez D. Case-control study of phyto-oestrogens and breast cancer. Lancet. 1997; 350: 990–4
  • Petrakis N. L., Barnes S., King E. B., et al. Stimulatory influence of soy protein isolate on breast secretion in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prevention 1996; 5: 785–94
  • Henderson B. E., Ross R. K., Judd H. L., Krailo M. D., Pike M. C. Do regular ovulatory cycles increase breast cancer risk?. Cancer 1985; 56: 1206–8
  • Ferguson DJP, Anderson T. J. Morphological evaluation of cell turnover in relation to the menstrual cycle in the ‘resting’ human breast. Br J Cancer. 1981; 44: 177–81
  • Anderson T. J., Ferguson DJP, Raab G. M. Cell turnover in the ‘resting’ human breast: influence of parity, contraceptive pill, age and laterality. BrJ Cancer. 1982; 46: 376–82

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.