4,778
Views
40
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review - Commissioned

On the dynamics of root canal infections—what we understand and what we don't

&
Pages 216-222 | Received 30 Sep 2014, Accepted 02 Nov 2014, Published online: 15 Apr 2015

References

  • Kakehashi S, Stanley HR, Fitzgerald RJ. The effects of surgical exposures of dental pulps in germ-free and conventional laboratory rats. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1965; 20:340-9; PMID:14342926
  • Reeves R, Stanley HR. The relationship of bacterial penetration and pulpal pathosis in carious teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1966; 22:59-65; PMID:5220026
  • Bergenholtz G. Micro-organisms from necrotic pulp of traumatized teeth. Odontol Revy 1974; 25:347-58; PMID:4155793
  • Sundqvist G. Bacteriological studies of necrotic dental pulps. [dissertation]. Umeå: University of Umeå; 1976.
  • Sindet-Pedersen S, Petersen JK, Götzsche PC. Incidence of pain conditions in dental practice in a Danish county. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1985; 13:244-6; PMID:3862509
  • Widström E, Pietila I, Nilsson B. Diagnosis and treatment of dental emergencies in two Finnish cities. Community Dent Health 1990; 7:173-8; PMID:2379092
  • Constante HM, Bastos JL, Peres KG, Peres MA. Socio-demographic and behavioural inequalities in the impact of dental pain among adults: a population-based study. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2012; 40:498-506; PMID:22607027; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.2012.00701.x
  • Shah AC, Leong KK, Lee MK, Allareddy V. Outcomes of hospitalizations attributed to periapical abscess from 2000 to 2008: a longitudinal trend analysis. J Endod 2013; 39:1104-10; PMID:23953280; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2013.04.042
  • Pau A, Croucher R, Marcenes W, Leung T. Development and validation of a dental pain-screening questionnaire. Pain 2005; 119:75-81; PMID:16297557; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2005.09.016
  • Miller J, Elwood PC, Swallow JN. Dental pain. An incidence study. Br Dent J 1975; 139:327-8; PMID:1058011
  • Michaelson PL, Holland GR. Is pulpitis painful? Int Endod J 2002; 35:829-32; PMID:12406376
  • Dummer PM, Hicks R, Huws D. Clinical signs and symptoms in pulp disease. Int Endod J 1980; 13:27-35; PMID:6935168
  • Hahn CL, Liewehr FR. Update on the adaptive immune responses of the dental pulp. J Endod 2007; 33:773-81; PMID:17804311; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2007.01.002
  • Hahn CL, Liewehr FR. Innate immune responses of the dental pulp to caries. J Endod 2007; 33:643-51; PMID:17509400; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2007.01.001
  • Wade WG. The oral microbiome in health and disease. Pharmacol Res 2013; 69:137-43; PMID:23201354; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2012.11.006
  • Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature 2012; 486:207-14; PMID:22699609; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11234
  • Dewhirst FE, Chen T, Izard J, Paster BJ, Tanner AC, Yu WH, Lakshmanan A, Wade WG. The human oral microbiome. J Bacteriol 2010; 192:5002-17; PMID:20656903; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.00542-10
  • Stephan RM. pH and dental caries. J Dent Res 1947; 26:340; PMID:20264622
  • Hojo S, Takahashi N, Yamada T. Acid profile in carious dentin. J Dent Res 1991; 70:182-6; PMID:1999556
  • Cameron CE. Cracked-tooth syndrome. J Am Dent Assoc 1964; 68:405-11; PMID:14128028
  • Nagaoka S, Miyazaki Y, Liu HJ, Iwamoto Y, Kitano M, Kawagoe M. Bacterial invasion into dentinal tubules of human vital and nonvital teeth. J Endod 1995; 21:70-3; PMID:7714440; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0099-2399(06)81098-8
  • Langeland K, Rodrigues H, Dowden W. Periodontal disease, bacteria, and pulpal histopathology. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1974; 37:257-70; PMID:4520855
  • Zehnder M, Gold SI, Hasselgren G. Pathologic interactions in pulpal and periodontal tissues. J Clin Periodontol 2002; 29:663-71; PMID:12390561; http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-051X.2002.290801.x
  • Seiler R, Spielman AI, Zink A, Ruhli F. Oral pathologies of the Neolithic Iceman, c.3,300 BC. Eur J Oral Sci 2013; 121:137-41; PMID:23659234; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eos.12037
  • Warfvinge J, Bergenholtz G. Healing capacity of human and monkey dental pulps following experimentally-induced pulpitis. Endod Dent Traumatol 1986; 2:256-62; PMID:3467971
  • Langeland K. Tissue response to dental caries. Endod Dent Traumatol 1987; 3:149-71; PMID:3326722
  • Wahlgren J, Salo T, Teronen O, Luoto H, Sorsa T, Tjäderhane L. Matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) in pulpal and periapical inflammation and periapical root-canal exudates. Int Endod J 2002; 35:897-904; PMID:12453017; http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2591.2002.00587.x
  • Nair PNR. Apical periodontitis: a dynamic encounter between root canal infection and host response. Periodontol 2000 1997; 13:121-48; PMID:9567926; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0757.1997.tb00098.x
  • Sathorn C, Parashos P, Messer HH. How useful is root canal culturing in predicting treatment outcome? J Endod 2007; 33:220-25; PMID:17320700; 10.1016/j.joen.2006.11.006
  • Miller WD. The Microorgansims of the Human Mouth. Philadelphia: SS White and Co.; 1890
  • Korzen BH, Krakow AA, Green DB. Pulpal and periapical tissue responses in conventional and monoinfected gnotobiotic rats. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1974; 37:783-802; PMID:4524385
  • Byström A, Happonen RP, Sjögren U, Sundqvist G. Healing of periapical lesions of pulpless teeth after endodontic treatment with controlled asepsis. Endod Dent Traumatol 1987; 3:58-63; PMID:3472880
  • Aranki A, Syed SA, Kenney EB, Freter R. Isolation of anaerobic bacteria from human gingiva and mouse cecum by means of a simplified glove box procedure. Appl Microbiol 1969; 17:568-76; PMID:4890748
  • Hoshino E. Predominant obligate anaerobes in human carious dentin. J Dent Res 1985; 64:1195-8; PMID:3861648
  • Möller ÅJR. Microbiological examination of root canals and periapical tissues of human teeth. Methodological studies. Odontol Tidskr 1966; 74:Suppl:1-380; PMID:5335186
  • Edwardsson S. Bacteriological studies on deep areas of carious dentine. Odontol Revy Suppl 1974; 32:1-143; PMID:4614155
  • Fabricius L, Dahlén G, Holm SE, Möller ÅJR. Influence of combinations of oral bacteria on periapical tissues of monkeys. Scand J Dent Res 1982; 90:200-6; PMID:7051261
  • Sundqvist G. Associations between microbial species in dental root canal infections. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1992; 7:257-62; PMID:1494447
  • Nair PNR, Luder HU. Wurzelkanal und periapikale Flora: eine licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 1985; 95:992-1003; PMID:3865361
  • Fabricius L, Dahlén G, Öhman AE, Moller ÅJR. Predominant indigenous oral bacteria isolated from infected root canals after varied times of closure. Scand J Dent Res 1982; 90:134-44; PMID:6951255
  • Thilo BE, Baehni P, Holz J. Dark-field observation of the bacterial distribution in root canals following pulp necrosis. J Endod 1986; 12:202-5; PMID:3459804; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0099-2399(86)80155-8
  • Siqueira JFJ, Rocas IN. Diversity of endodontic microbiota revisited. J Dent Res 2009; 88:969-81; PMID:19828883; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002203-4509346549
  • Baumgartner JC, Falkler WAJ. Bacteria in the apical 5 mm of infected root canals. J Endod 1991; 17:380-3; PMID:1809801
  • Dougherty WJ, Bae KS, Watkins BJ, Baumgartner JC. Black-pigmented bacteria in coronal and apical segments of infected root canals. J Endod 1998; 24:356-8; PMID:9641113; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0099-2399(98)80134-9
  • Brown LRJ, Rudolph CEJ. Isolation and identification of microorganisms from unexposed canals of pulp-involved teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1957; 10:1094-9; PMID:13465123
  • Siqueira JFJ, Rocas IN, Souto R, de Uzeda M, Colombo AP. Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization analysis of endodontic infections. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2000; 89:744-8; PMID:10846131
  • Rocas IN, Siqueira JFJ, Santos KR, Coelho AM. "Red complex" (Bacteroides forsythus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Treponema denticola) in endodontic infections: a molecular approach. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001; 91:468-71; PMID:11312465; http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/moe.2001.114379
  • Munson MA, Pitt-Ford T, Chong B, Weightman A, Wade WG. Molecular and cultural analysis of the microflora associated with endodontic infections. J Dent Res 2002; 81:761-6; PMID:12407091; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910208101108
  • Rocas IN, Siqueira JFJ, Aboim MC, Rosado AS. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of bacterial communities associated with failed endodontic treatment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004; 98:741-9; PMID:15583550; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1079210404006183
  • Siqueira JFJ, Rocas IN, Rosado AS. Investigation of bacterial communities associated with asymptomatic and symptomatic endodontic infections by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis fingerprinting approach. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2004; 19:363-70; PMID:15491461; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-302x.2004.00170.x
  • Siqueira JFJ, Rocas IN, Cunha CD, Rosado AS. Novel bacterial phylotypes in endodontic infections. J Dent Res 2005; 84:565-9; PMID:15914596; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910508400615
  • Siqueira JFJ, Rocas IN. Molecular detection and identification of Synergistes phylotypes in primary endodontic infections. Oral Dis 2007; 13:398-401; PMID:17577326; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-0825.2006.01301.x
  • Vianna ME, Conrads G, Gomes BP, Horz HP. Quantification and characterization of Synergistes in endodontic infections. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2007; 22:260-5; PMID:17600538; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-302X.2007.00353.x
  • Li L, Hsiao WW, Nandakumar R, Barbuto SM, Mongodin EF, Paster BJ, Fraser-Liggett CM, Fouad AF. Analyzing endodontic infections by deep coverage pyrosequencing. J Dent Res 2010; 89:980-4; PMID:20519493; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002203-4510370026
  • Siqueira JFJ, Alves FR, Rocas IN. Pyrosequencing analysis of the apical root canal microbiota. J Endod 2011; 37:1499-503; PMID:22000451; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2011.08.012
  • Fredericks DN, Relman DA. Sequence-based identification of microbial pathogens: a reconsideration of Koch's postulates. Clin Microbiol Rev 1996; 9:18-33; PMID:8665474
  • Sundqvist GK, Eckerbom MI, Larsson AP, Sjögren UT. Capacity of anaerobic bacteria from necrotic dental pulps to induce purulent infections. Infect Immun 1979; 25:685-93; PMID:489126
  • Sundqvist G. Taxonomy, ecology, and pathogenicity of the root canal flora. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1994; 78:522-30; PMID:7800383
  • Haapasalo M, Ranta H, Ranta K, Shah H. Black-pigmented Bacteroides spp. in human apical periodontitis. Infect Immun 1986; 53:149-53; PMID: 3721577
  • Kaufman B, Spångberg L, Barry J, Fouad AF. Enterococcus spp. in endodontically treated teeth with and without periradicular lesions. J Endod 2005; 31:851-6; PMID:16306816
  • Zehnder M, Guggenheim B. The mysterious appearance of enterococci in filled root canals. Int Endod J 2009; 42:277-87; PMID:19220511; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2008.01537.x
  • Rocas IN, Siqueira JFJ. Detection of novel oral species and phylotypes in symptomatic endodontic infections including abscesses. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005; 250:279-85; PMID:16099112; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2005.07.017
  • Santos AL, Siqueira JFJ, Rocas IN, Jesus EC, Rosado AS, Tiedje JM. Comparing the bacterial diversity of acute and chronic dental root canal infections. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28088; PMID:22132218; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028088
  • Hsiao WW, Li KL, Liu Z, Jones C, Fraser-Liggett CM, Fouad AF. Microbial transformation from normal oral microbiota to acute endodontic infections. BMC Genomics 2012; 13: 345; PMID:;22839737; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-13-345
  • Baumgartner JC, Falkler WAJ, Beckerman T. Experimentally induced infection by oral anaerobic microorganisms in a mouse model. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1992; 7:253-6; PMID:1408362
  • Hahn CL, Falkler WAJ, Minah GE. Microbiological studies of carious dentine from human teeth with irreversible pulpitis. Arch Oral Biol 1991; 36:147-53; PMID:2059163
  • Hahn CL, Liewehr FR. Relationships between caries bacteria, host responses, and clinical signs and symptoms of pulpitis. J Endod 2007; 33:213-9; PMID:17320699; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2006.11.008
  • Ørstavik D. Time-course and risk analyses of the development and healing of chronic apical periodontitis in man. Int Endod J 1996; 29:150-5; PMID:9206419
  • Kirkevang LL, Vaeth M, Hörsted-Bindslev P, Wenzel A. Longitudinal study of periapical and endodontic status in a Danish population. Int Endod J 2006; 39:100-7; PMID:16454789; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2006.01051.x
  • Kirkevang LL, Vaeth M, Wenzel A. Ten-year follow-up of root filled teeth: a radiographic study of a Danish population. Int Endod J 2014; 47:980-8; PMID:24392750; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/iej.12245
  • Elad S, Raber-Durlacher JE, Brennan MT et al. Basic oral care for hematology-oncology patients and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients: a position paper from the joint task force of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer/International Society of Oral Oncology (MASCC/ISOO) and the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT). Support Care Cancer 2014; 23:223-36; PMID:25189149; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-014-2378-x
  • Slots J, Sabeti M, Simon JH. Herpesviruses in periapical pathosis: an etiopathogenic relationship? Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003; 96:327-31; PMID:12973289; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1079210403003524
  • Tjäderhane LS, Pajari UH, Ahola RH, Backman TK, Hietala EL, Larmas MA. Leaving the pulp chamber open for drainage has no effect on the complications of root canal therapy. Int Endod J 1995; 28:82-5; PMID:7665205
  • Whitworth JM. Apparent periapical repair without operative intervention: a case report and discussion. Int Endod J 2000; 33:286-9; PMID:11307449
  • Hajishengallis G, Lamont RJ. Beyond the red complex and into more complexity: the polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis (PSD) model of periodontal disease etiology. Mol Oral Microbiol 2012; 27:409-19; PMID:23134607; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-1014.2012.00663.x
  • Marsh PD. Are dental diseases examples of ecological catastrophes? Microbiology 2003; 149:279-94; PMID:12624191
  • Marsh PD. Dental plaque: biological significance of a biofilm and community life-style. J Clin Periodontol 2005; 32 Suppl 6:7-15; PMID:16128825; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.2005.00790.x
  • Marsh PD, Devine DA. How is the development of dental biofilms influenced by the host? J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38 Suppl 11:28-35; PMID:21323701; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.2010.01673.x
  • Fouad AF, Burleson J. The effect of diabetes mellitus on endodontic treatment outcome: data from an electronic patient record. J Am Dent Assoc 2003; 134:43-51; quiz 117-8; PMID:12555956
  • Marending M, Peters OA, Zehnder M. Factors affecting the outcome of orthograde root canal therapy in a general dentistry hospital practice. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2005; 99:119-24; PMID:15599359; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2004.06.065
  • Hajishengallis G. The inflammophilic character of the periodontitis-associated microbiota. Mol Oral Microbiol 2014; 29(6):248-57; PMID:24976068; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/omi.12065
  • Schaudinn C, Carr G, Gorur A, Jaramillo D, Costerton JW, Webster P. Imaging of endodontic biofilms by combined microscopy (FISH/cLSM - SEM). J Microsc 2009; 235:124-7; PMID:19659906; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.2009.03201.x
  • Fernandes Cdo C, Rechenberg DK, Zehnder M, Belibasakis GN. Identification of Synergistetes in endodontic infections. Microb Pathog 2014; 73:1-6; PMID:24837500; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2014.05.001
  • Ricucci D, Siqueira JFJ. Biofilms and apical periodontitis: study of prevalence and association with clinical and histopathologic findings. J Endod 2010; 36:1277-88; PMID:20647081; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2010.04.007
  • Carr GB, Schwartz RS, Schaudinn C, Gorur A, Costerton JW. Ultrastructural examination of failed molar retreatment with secondary apical periodontitis: an examination of endodontic biofilms in an endodontic retreatment failure. J Endod 2009; 35:1303-9; PMID:19720237; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2009.05.035

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.