References
- Casadevall A, Perfect J. Cryptococcus neoformans. Washington DC: ASM, 1998.
- Heitman J, Kozel TR, Kwon-Chung KJ, Perferct JR, Casadevall A. Cryptococcus. From Human pathogen to model yeast. Washington DC: ASM Press, 2011.
- Park BJ, Wannemuehler KA, Marston BJ, Govender N, Pappas PG, Chiller TM. Estimation of the current global burden of cryptococcal meningitis among persons living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS 2009; 23: 525-30; PMID:19182676; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e328322ffac
- Vecchiarelli A, Pietrella D, Dottorini M, Monari C, Retini C, Todisco T, Bistoni F. Encapsulation of Cryptococcus neoformans regulates fungicidal activity and the antigen presentation process in human alveolar macrophages. Clin Exp Immunol 1994; 98: 217-23; PMID:7955525; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.1994.tb06128.x
- Chang YC, Kwon-Chung KJ. Complementation of a capsule-deficient mutation of Cryptococcus neoformans restores its virulence. Mol Cell Biol 1994; 14: 4912-9; PMID:8007987
- Zaragoza O, Rodrigues ML, De Jesus M, Frases S, Dadachova E, Casadevall A. The capsule of the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. Adv Appl Microbiol 2009; 68: 133-216; PMID:19426855; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2164(09)01204-0
- Nosanchuk JD, Valadon P, Feldmesser M, Casadevall A. Melanization of Cryptococcus neoformans in murine infection. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19: 745-50; PMID:9858597
- Williamson PR. Laccase and melanin in the pathogenesis of Cryptococcus neoformans. Front Biosci 1997; 2: e99-107; PMID:9342305
- Feldmesser M, Kress Y, Casadevall A. Dynamic changes in the morphology of Cryptococcus neoformans during murine pulmonary infection. Microbiology 2001; 147: 2355-65; PMID:11496012
- Zaragoza O, Garcia-Rodas R, Nosanchuk JD, Cuenca-Estrella M, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Casadevall A. Fungal cell gigantism during mammalian infection. PLOS Pathog 2010; 6: e1000945; PMID:20585557; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000945
- Okagaki LH, Strain AK, Nielsen JN, Charlier C, Baltes NJ, Chretien F, Heitman J, Dromer F, Nielsen K. Cryptococcal cell morphology affects host cell interactions and pathogenicity. PLOS Pathog 2010; 6: e1000953; PMID:20585559; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000953
- Diamond RD, Bennett JE. Growth of Cryptococcus neoformans within human macrophages in vitro. Infect Immun 1973; 7: 231-6; PMID:4697791
- Tucker SC, Casadevall A. Replication of Cryptococcus neoformans in macrophages is accompanied by phagosomal permeabilization and accumulation of vesicles containing polysaccharide in the cytoplasm. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99: 3165-70; PMID:11880650; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.052702799
- Apidianakis Y, Rahme LG, Heitman J, Ausubel FM, Calderwood SB, Mylonakis E. Challenge of Drosophila melanogaster with Cryptococcus neoformans and role of the innate immune response. Eukaryot Cell 2004; 3: 413-9; PMID:15075271; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/EC.3.2.413-419.2004
- Eshar D, Mayer J, Parry NM, Williams-Fritze MJ, Bradway DS. Disseminated, histologically confirmed Cryptococcus spp infection in a domestic ferret. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010; 236: 770-4; PMID:20367045; http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.236.7.770
- Kido N, Makimura K, Kamegaya C, Shindo I, Shibata E, Omiya T, Yamamoto Y. Long-term surveillance and treatment of subclinical cryptococcosis and nasal colonization by Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii species complex in captive koalas (Phascolarctes cinereus). Med Mycol 2012; 50: 291-8; PMID:21859391; http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13693786.2011.594967
- McGill S, Malik R, Saul N, Beetson S, Secombe C, Robertson I, Irwin P. Cryptococcosis in domestic animals in Western Australia: a retrospective study from 1995–2006. Med Mycol 2009; 47: 625-39; PMID:19306217; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13693780802512519
- Mylonakis E, Ausubel FM, Perfect JR, Heitman J, Calderwood SB. Killing of Caenorhabditis elegans by Cryptococcus neoformans as a model of yeast pathogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99: 15675-80; PMID:12438649; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.232568599
- Warpeha KM, Park YD, Williamson PR. Susceptibility of intact germinating Arabidopsis thaliana to human fungal pathogens Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79: 2979-88; PMID:23435895; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.03697-12
- Steenbergen JN, Shuman HA, Casadevall A. Cryptococcus neoformans interactions with amoebae suggest an explanation for its virulence and intracellular pathogenic strategy in macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98: 15245-50; PMID:11742090; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.261418798
- Steenbergen JN, Casadevall A. The origin and maintenance of virulence for the human pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. Microbes Infect 2003; 5: 667-75; PMID:12787743; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1286-4579(03)00092-3
- Cotter G, Doyle S, Kavanagh K. Development of an insect model for the in vivo pathogenicity testing of yeasts. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2000; 27: 163-9; PMID:10640612; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2000.tb01427.x
- Brennan M, Thomas DY, Whiteway M, Kavanagh K. Correlation between virulence of Candida albicans mutants in mice and Galleria mellonella larvae. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2002; 34: 153-7; PMID:12381467; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2002.tb00617.x
- Fuchs BB, O'Brien E, Khoury JB, Mylonakis E. Methods for using Galleria mellonella as a model host to study fungal pathogenesis. Virulence 2010; 1: 475-82; PMID:21178491; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/viru.1.6.12985
- Mukherjee K, Raju R, Fischer R, Vilcinskas A. Galleria mellonella as a model host to study gut microbe homeostasis and brain infection by the human pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 2013; 135: 27-39; PMID:23708825
- Mesa-Arango AC, Forastiero A, Bernal-Martinez L, Cuenca-Estrella M, Mellado E, Zaragoza O. The non-mammalian host Galleria mellonella can be used to study the virulence of the fungal pathogen Candida tropicalis and the efficacy of antifungal drugs during infection by this pathogenic yeast. Med Mycol 2013; 51:461-72; PMID:23170962
- Morton DB, Barnett RI, Chadwick JS. Structural alterations to Proteus mirabilis as a result of exposure to haemolymph from the larvae of Galleria mellonella. Microbios 1984; 39: 177-85; PMID:6374385
- Reeves EP, Messina CG, Doyle S, Kavanagh K. Correlation between gliotoxin production and virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus in Galleria mellonella. Mycopathologia 2004; 158: 73-9; PMID:15487324; http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MYCO.0000038434.55764.16
- Scorzoni L, de Lucas MP, Mesa-Arango AC, Fusco-Almeida AM, Lozano E, Cuenca-Estrella M, Mendes-Giannini MJ, Zaragoza O. Antifungal efficacy during Candida krusei infection in non-conventional models correlates with the yeast in vitro susceptibility profile. PLoS One 2013; 8: e60047; PMID:23555877; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060047
- St Leger RJ, Screen SE, Shams-Pirzadeh B. Lack of host specialization in Aspergillus flavus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66: 320-4; PMID:10618242; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.66.1.320-324.2000
- Thomaz L, Garcia-Rodas R, Guimaraes AJ, Taborda CP, Zaragoza O, Nosanchuk JD. Galleria mellonella as a model host to study Paracoccidioides lutzii and Histoplasma capsulatum. Virulence 2013; 4: 139-46; PMID:23302787; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/viru.23047
- Borghi E, Romagnoli S, Fuchs BB, Cirasola D, Perdoni F, Tosi D, Braidotti P, Bulfamante G, Morace G, Mylonakis E. Correlation between Candida albicans biofilm formation and invasion of the invertebrate host Galleria mellonella. Future Microbiol 2014; 9: 163-73; PMID:24571071; http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fmb.13.159
- Navarro-Velasco GY, Prados-Rosales RC, Ortiz-Urquiza A, Quesada-Moraga E, Di Pietro A. Galleria mellonella as model host for the trans-kingdom pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. Fungal Genet Biol 2011; 48: 1124-9; PMID:21907298; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2011.08.004
- Mylonakis E, Moreno R, El Khoury JB, Idnurm A, Heitman J, Calderwood SB, Ausubel FM, Diener A. Galleria mellonella as a model system to study Cryptococcus neoformans pathogenesis. Infect Immun 2005; 73: 3842-50; PMID:15972469; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.73.7.3842-3850.2005
- Garcia-Rodas R, Casadevall A, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Cuenca-Estrella M, Zaragoza O. Cryptococcus neoformans capsular enlargement and cellular gigantism during Galleria mellonella infection. PLOS One 2011; 6: e24485; PMID:21915338; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024485
- Desalermos A, Tan X, Muthiah R, Arvanitis M, Wang Y, Li D, Kourkoumpetis TK, Fuchs BB, Mylonakis E. A Multi-Host Approach for the Systematic Analysis of Virulence Factors in Cryptococcus neoformans. J Infect Dis 2015; 211:298-305; PMID:25114160
- Fuguet R, Vey A. Comparative analysis of the production of insecticidal and melanizing macromolecules by strains of Beauveria spp.: in vivo studies. J Invertebr Pathol 2004; 85: 152-67; PMID:15109898; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2004.03.001
- Tojo S, Naganuma F, Arakawa K, Yokoo S. Involvement of both granular cells and plasmatocytes in phagocytic reactions in the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella. J Insect Physiol 2000; 46: 1129-35; PMID:10817839; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1910(99)00223-1
- Mak P, Chmiel D, Gacek GJ. Antibacterial peptides of the moth Galleria mellonella. Acta Biochim Pol 2001; 48: 1191-5; PMID:11995991
- Hu K, Li J, Li B, Webster JM, Chen G. A novel antimicrobial epoxide isolated from larval Galleria mellonella infected by the nematode symbiont, Photorhabdus luminescens (Enterobacteriaceae). Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14: 4677-81; PMID:16644226; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2006.01.025
- Bergin D, Reeves EP, Renwick J, Wientjes FB, Kavanagh K. Superoxide production in Galleria mellonella hemocytes: identification of proteins homologous to the NADPH oxidase complex of human neutrophils. Infect Immun 2005; 73: 4161-70; PMID:15972506; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.73.7.4161-4170.2005
- Schuhmann B, Seitz V, Vilcinskas A, Podsiadlowski L. Cloning and expression of gallerimycin, an antifungal peptide expressed in immune response of greater wax moth larvae, Galleria mellonella. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2003; 53: 125-33; PMID:12811766; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.10091
- Garcia-Hermoso D, Dromer F, Janbon G. Cryptococcus neoformans capsule structure evolution in vitro and during murine infection. Infect Immun 2004; 72: 3359-65; PMID:15155641; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.72.6.3359-3365.2004
- Mowlds P, Barron A, Kavanagh K. Physical stress primes the immune response of Galleria mellonella larvae to infection by Candida albicans. Microbes Infect 2008; 10: 628-34; PMID:18457977; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2008.02.011
- Rueda C, Cuenca-Estrella M, Zaragoza O. Paradoxical growth of Candida albicans in the presence of caspofungin is associated with multiple cell wall rearrangements and decreased virulence. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58: 1071-83; PMID:24295973; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00946-13
- Mody CH, Syme RM. Effect of polysaccharide capsule and methods of preparation on human lymphocyte proliferation in response to Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect Immun 1993; 61: 464-9; PMID:8423074
- Blackstock R, Hall NK. Non-specific immunosuppression by Cryptococcus neoformans infection. Mycopathologia 1984; 86: 35-43; PMID:6234468; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00437227
- Gadebusch HH. Active immunization against Cryptococcus neoformans. J Infect Dis 1958; 102: 219-26; PMID:13549767; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/102.3.219
- Murphy JW, Cozad GC. Immunological unresponsiveness induced by cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide assayed by the hemolytic plaque technique. Infect Immun 1972; 5: 896-901; PMID:4564405
- Blackstock R. Cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide utilizes an antigen-presenting cell to induce a T-suppressor cell to secrete TsF. J Med Vet Mycol 1996; 34: 19-30; PMID:8786467; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02681219680000041
- Chiapello LS, Aoki MP, Rubinstein HR, Masih DT. Apoptosis induction by glucuronoxylomannan of Cryptococcus neoformans. Med Mycol 2003; 41: 347-53; PMID:12964728; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369378031000137260
- Garcia-Rodas R, Zaragoza O. Catch me if you can: phagocytosis and killing avoidance by Cryptococcus neoformans. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2012; 64: 147-61; PMID:22029633; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2011.00871.x
- Mcquiston T, del Poeta M. The interaction of Cryptococcus neoformans with host macrophages and neutrofils. Cryptococcus. From human pathogen to model host. In: Heitman J, Kozel TR, Kwon-Chung KJ, Perfect JR and Casadevall A., ed. Washington: ASM, 2011: 373-87.
- Ma H, Croudace JE, Lammas DA, May RC. Expulsion of live pathogenic yeast by macrophages. Curr Biol 2006; 16: 2156-60; PMID:17084701; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2006.09.032
- Alvarez M, Burn T, Luo Y, Pirofski LA, Casadevall A. The outcome of Cryptococcus neoformans intracellular pathogenesis in human monocytes. BMC Microbiol 2009; 9: 51; PMID:19265539; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-9-51
- Alvarez M, Casadevall A. Phagosome extrusion and host-cell survival after Cryptococcus neoformans phagocytosis by macrophages. Curr Biol 2006; 16: 2161-5; PMID:17084702; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2006.09.061
- Chrisman CJ, Alvarez M, Casadevall A. Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans by, and nonlytic exocytosis from, Acanthamoeba castellanii. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76: 6056-62; PMID:20675457; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00812-10
- Qin QM, Luo J, Lin X, Pei J, Li L, Ficht TA, de Figueiredo P. Functional analysis of host factors that mediate the intracellular lifestyle of Cryptococcus neoformans. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7: e1002078; PMID:21698225; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002078
- Vilcinskas A, Matha V, Götz P. Inhibition of phagocytic activity of plasmatocytes isolated from Galleria mellonella by entomogenous fungi and their secondary metabolites. J. Insect Physiol. 1997; 43: 475-83; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1910(96)00120-5
- Eisenman HC, Duong R, Chan H, Tsue R, McClelland EE. Reduced virulence of melanized Cryptococcus neoformans in Galleria mellonella. Virulence 2014; 5: 611-8; PMID:24846144; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/viru.29234
- Zaragoza O, Chrisman CJ, Castelli MV, Frases S, Cuenca-Estrella M, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Casadevall A. Capsule enlargement in Cryptococcus neoformans confers resistance to oxidative stress suggesting a mechanism for intracellular survival. Cell Microbiol 2008; 10: 2043-57; PMID:18554313; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-5822.2008.01186.x
- Zaragoza O, Taborda CP, Casadevall A. The efficacy of complement-mediated phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans is dependent on the location of C3 in the polysaccharide capsule and involves both direct and indirect C3-mediated interactions. Eur J Immunol 2003; 33: 1957-67; PMID:12884862; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200323848
- Chrisman CJ, Albuquerque P, Guimaraes AJ, Nieves E, Casadevall A. Phospholipids trigger Cryptococcus neoformans capsular enlargement during interactions with amoebae and macrophages. PLOS Pathog 2011; 7: e1002047; PMID:21637814; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002047
- McFadden DC, Fries BC, Wang F, Casadevall A. Capsule structural heterogeneity and antigenic variation in Cryptococcus neoformans. Eukaryot Cell 2007; 6: 1464-73; PMID:17601878; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/EC.00162-07
- Charlier C, Chretien F, Baudrimont M, Mordelet E, Lortholary O, Dromer F. Capsule structure changes associated with Cryptococcus neoformans crossing of the blood-brain barrier. Am J Pathol 2005; 166: 421-32; PMID:15681826; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9440(10)62265-1
- Garcia-Solache MA, Izquierdo-Garcia D, Smith C, Bergman A, Casadevall A. Fungal virulence in a lepidopteran model is an emergent property with deterministic features. MBio 2013; 4: e00100-13; PMID:23631914; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00100-13
- Freitak D, Schmidtberg H, Dickel F, Lochnit G, Vogel H, Vilcinskas A. The maternal transfer of bacteria can mediate trans-generational immune priming in insects. Virulence 2014; 5: 547-54; PMID:24603099; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/viru.28367
- Trevijano-Contador N, Zaragoza O. Expanding the use of alternative models to investigate novel aspects of immunity to microbial pathogens. Virulence 2014; 5: 454-6; PMID:24717215; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/viru.28775
- Perfect JR, Lang SD, Durack DT. Chronic cryptococcal meningitis: a new experimental model in rabbits. Am J Pathol 1980; 101: 177-94; PMID:7004196
- Byrnes EJ, 3rd, Li W, Lewit Y, Ma H, Voelz K, Ren P, Carter DA, Chaturvedi V, Bildfell RJ, May RC, Heitman J. Emergence and pathogenicity of highly virulent Cryptococcus gattii genotypes in the northwest United States. PLOS Pathog 2010; 6: e1000850; PMID:20421942; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000850
- Kwon-Chung KJ. Morphogenesis of Filobasidiella neoformans, the sexual state of Cryptococcus neoformans. Mycologia 1976; 68: 821-33; PMID:790172; http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3758800
- Chang YC, Wickes BL, Kwon-Chung KJ. Further analysis of the CAP59 locus of Cryptococcus neoformans: structure defined by forced expression and description of a new ribosomal protein-encoding gene. Gene 1995; 167: 179-83; PMID:8566774; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1119(95)00640-0
- Gillum AM, Tsay EY, Kirsch DR. Isolation of the Candida albicans gene for orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase by complementation of S. cerevisiae ura3 and E. coli pyrF mutations. Mol Gen Genet 1984; 198: 179-82; PMID:6394964; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00328721
- Zaragoza O, Casadevall A. Experimental modulation of capsule size in Cryptococcus neoformans. Biol Proced Online 2004; 6: 10-5; PMID:15103395; http://dx.doi.org/10.1251/bpo68
- Cherniak R, Valafar H, Morris LC, Valafar F. Cryptococcus neoformans chemotyping by quantitative analysis of 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of glucuronoxylomannans with a computer-simulated artificial neural network. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1998; 5: 146-59; PMID:9521136
- Garcia-Rodas R, Gonzalez-Camacho F, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Cuenca-Estrella M, Zaragoza O. The interaction between Candida krusei and murine macrophages results in multiple outcomes, including intracellular survival and escape from killing. Infect Immun 2011; 79: 2136-44; PMID:21422181; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00044-11
- Casadevall A, Mukherjee J, Scharff MD. Monoclonal antibody based ELISAs for cryptococcal polysaccharide. J Immunol Methods 1992; 154: 27-35; PMID:1401941; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(92)90209-C