13,464
Views
441
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms in enterococcus

&
Pages 421-569 | Received 16 Apr 2012, Accepted 26 Jun 2012, Published online: 15 Aug 2012

References

  • Murray BE. The life and times of the Enterococcus. Clin Microbiol Rev 1990; 3:46 - 65; PMID: 2404568
  • Hidron AI, Edwards JR, Patel J, Horan TC, Sievert DM, Pollock DA, et al, National Healthcare Safety Network Team, Participating National Healthcare Safety Network Facilities. NHSN annual update: antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections: annual summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006-2007. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008; 29:996 - 1011; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/591861; PMID: 18947320
  • Rice LB, Lakticová V, Helfand MS, Hutton-Thomas R. In vitro antienterococcal activity explains associations between exposures to antimicrobial agents and risk of colonization by multiresistant enterococci. J Infect Dis 2004; 190:2162 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/425580; PMID: 15551215
  • Sava IG, Heikens E, Huebner J. Pathogenesis and immunity in enterococcal infections. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010; 16:533 - 40; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03213.x; PMID: 20569264
  • Zapun A, Contreras-Martel C, Vernet T. Penicillin-binding proteins and beta-lactam resistance. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2008; 32:361 - 85; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2007.00095.x; PMID: 18248419
  • Kohanski MA, Dwyer DJ, Hayete B, Lawrence CA, Collins JJ. A common mechanism of cellular death induced by bactericidal antibiotics. Cell 2007; 130:797 - 810; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2007.06.049; PMID: 17803904
  • Sifaoui F, Arthur M, Rice L, Gutmann L. Role of penicillin-binding protein 5 in expression of ampicillin resistance and peptidoglycan structure in Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:2594 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.45.9.2594-2597.2001; PMID: 11502534
  • Murray BE. Beta-lactamase-producing enterococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992; 36:2355 - 9; PMID: 1489177
  • Grayson ML, Eliopoulos GM, Wennersten CB, Ruoff KL, De Girolami PC, Ferraro MJ, et al. Increasing resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics among clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecium: a 22-year review at one institution. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35:2180 - 4; PMID: 1803989
  • Galloway-Peña JR, Nallapareddy SR, Arias CA, Eliopoulos GM, Murray BE. Analysis of clonality and antibiotic resistance among early clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecium in the United States. J Infect Dis 2009; 200:1566 - 73; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/644790; PMID: 19821720
  • Galloway-Peña JR, Rice LB, Murray BE. Analysis of PBP5 of early U.S. isolates of Enterococcus faecium: sequence variation alone does not explain increasing ampicillin resistance over time. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:3272 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00099-11; PMID: 21576454
  • Fontana R, Aldegheri M, Ligozzi M, Lopez H, Sucari A, Satta G. Overproduction of a low-affinity penicillin-binding protein and high-level ampicillin resistance in Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38:1980 - 3; PMID: 7811006
  • Jawetz E, Sonne M. Penicillin-streptomycin treatment of enterococcal endocarditis. A re-evaluation. N Engl J Med 1966; 274:710 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM196603312741304; PMID: 5908873
  • Bizzini A, Zhao C, Auffray Y, Hartke A. The Enterococcus faecalis superoxide dismutase is essential for its tolerance to vancomycin and penicillin. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 64:1196 - 202; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkp369; PMID: 19828491
  • Kohanski MA, Dwyer DJ, Collins JJ. How antibiotics kill bacteria: from targets to networks. Nat Rev Microbiol 2010; 8:423 - 35; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2333; PMID: 20440275
  • Krogstad DJ, Pargwette AR. Defective killing of enterococci: a common property of antimicrobial agents acting on the cell wall. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1980; 17:965 - 8; PMID: 6902640
  • Hodges TL, Zighelboim-Daum S, Eliopoulos GM, Wennersten C, Moellering RC Jr.. Antimicrobial susceptibility changes in Enterococcus faecalis following various penicillin exposure regimens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992; 36:121 - 5; PMID: 1590676
  • Zimmermann RA, Moellering RC Jr., Weinberg AN. Mechanism of resistance to antibiotic synergism in enterococci. J Bacteriol 1971; 105:873 - 9; PMID: 4994038
  • Moellering RC Jr., Weinberg AN. Studies on antibiotic syngerism against enterococci. II. Effect of various antibiotics on the uptake of 14 C-labeled streptomycin by enterococci. J Clin Invest 1971; 50:2580 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI106758; PMID: 5001959
  • Geraci JE, Martin WJ. Antibiotic therapy of bacterial endocarditis. VI. Subacute enterococcal endocarditis; clinical, pathologic and therapeutic consideration of 33 cases. Circulation 1954; 10:173 - 94; http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.10.2.173; PMID: 13182750
  • Costa Y, Galimand M, Leclercq R, Duval J, Courvalin P. Characterization of the chromosomal aac(6′)-Ii gene specific for Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37:1896 - 903; PMID: 8239603
  • Galimand M, Schmitt E, Panvert M, Desmolaize B, Douthwaite S, Mechulam Y, et al. Intrinsic resistance to aminoglycosides in Enterococcus faecium is conferred by the 16S rRNA m5C1404-specific methyltransferase EfmM. RNA 2011; 17:251 - 62; http://dx.doi.org/10.1261/rna.2233511; PMID: 21159796
  • Arias CA, Contreras GA, Murray BE. Management of multidrug-resistant enterococcal infections. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010; 16:555 - 62; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03214.x; PMID: 20569266
  • Singh KV, Weinstock GM, Murray BE. An Enterococcus faecalis ABC homologue (Lsa) is required for the resistance of this species to clindamycin and quinupristin-dalfopristin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46:1845 - 50; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.46.6.1845-1850.2002; PMID: 12019099
  • Portillo A, Ruiz-Larrea F, Zarazaga M, Alonso A, Martinez JL, Torres C. Macrolide resistance genes in Enterococcus spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:967 - 71; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.44.4.967-971.2000; PMID: 10722498
  • Bushby SR, Hitchings GH. Trimethoprim, a sulphonamide potentiator. Br J Pharmacol Chemother 1968; 33:72 - 90; PMID: 5301731
  • Zervos MJ, Schaberg DR. Reversal of the in vitro susceptibility of enterococci to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole by folinic acid. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1985; 28:446 - 8; PMID: 3935044
  • Grayson ML, Thauvin-Eliopoulos C, Eliopoulos GM, Yao JD, DeAngelis DV, Walton L, et al. Failure of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy in experimental enterococcal endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990; 34:1792 - 4; PMID: 2126691
  • Chenoweth CE, Robinson KA, Schaberg DR. Efficacy of ampicillin versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in a mouse model of lethal enterococcal peritonitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990; 34:1800 - 2; PMID: 2126692
  • Palmer KL, Kos VN, Gilmore MS. Horizontal gene transfer and the genomics of enterococcal antibiotic resistance. Curr Opin Microbiol 2010; 13:632 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2010.08.004; PMID: 20837397
  • Hegstad K, Mikalsen T, Coque TM, Werner G, Sundsfjord A. Mobile genetic elements and their contribution to the emergence of antimicrobial resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. Clin microbiol infect 2010; 16:541 - 54; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03226.x; PMID: 20569265
  • Wardal E, Sadowy E, Hryniewicz W. Complex nature of enterococcal pheromone-responsive plasmids. Polish J Microbiol 2010; 59:79 87
  • Périchon B, Courvalin P. VanA-type vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:4580 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00346-09; PMID: 19506057
  • Rice LB. Tn916 family conjugative transposons and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance determinants. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42:1871 - 7; PMID: 9687377
  • Murray BE, Mederski-Samaroj B. Transferable beta-lactamase. A new mechanism for in vitro penicillin resistance in Streptococcus faecalis. J Clin Invest 1983; 72:1168 - 71; http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI111042; PMID: 6411768
  • Fontana R, Ligozzi M, Pittaluga F, Satta G. Intrinsic penicillin resistance in enterococci. Microb Drug Resist 1996; 2:209 - 13; http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/mdr.1996.2.209; PMID: 9158761
  • Rice LB, Bellais S, Carias LL, Hutton-Thomas R, Bonomo RA, Caspers P, et al. Impact of specific pbp5 mutations on expression of beta-lactam resistance in Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:3028 - 32; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.48.8.3028-3032.2004; PMID: 15273117
  • Ono S, Muratani T, Matsumoto T. Mechanisms of resistance to imipenem and ampicillin in Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:2954 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.49.7.2954-2958.2005; PMID: 15980374
  • Rice LB, Carias LL, Rudin S, Lakticová V, Wood A, Hutton-Thomas R. Enterococcus faecium low-affinity pbp5 is a transferable determinant. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:5007 - 12; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.49.12.5007-5012.2005; PMID: 16304165
  • Clark C, McGhee P, Appelbaum PC, Kosowska-Shick K. Multistep resistance development studies of ceftaroline in gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:2344 - 51; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01602-10; PMID: 21343467
  • Arias CA, Singh KV, Panesso D, Murray BE. Evaluation of ceftobiprole medocaril against Enterococcus faecalis in a mouse peritonitis model. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 60:594 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkm237; PMID: 17606481
  • Arias CA, Singh KV, Panesso D, Murray BE. Time-kill and synergism studies of ceftobiprole against Enterococcus faecalis, including beta-lactamase-producing and vancomycin-resistant isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:2043 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00131-07; PMID: 17438057
  • Lascols C, Legrand P, Mérens A, Leclercq R, Muller-Serieys C, Drugeon HB, et al. In vitro antibacterial activity of ceftobiprole against clinical isolates from French teaching hospitals: proposition of zone diameter breakpoints. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2011; 37:235 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.11.035; PMID: 21295447
  • Henry X, Amoroso A, Coyette J, Joris B. Interaction of ceftobiprole with the low-affinity PBP 5 of Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:953 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00983-09; PMID: 19917749
  • Mederski-Samoraj BD, Murray BE. High-level resistance to gentamicin in clinical isolates of enterococci. J Infect Dis 1983; 147:751 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/147.4.751; PMID: 6404994
  • Ferretti JJ, Gilmore KS, Courvalin P. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the gene specifying the bifunctional 6′-aminoglycoside acetyltransferase 2″-aminoglycoside phosphotransferase enzyme in Streptococcus faecalis and identification and cloning of gene regions specifying the two activities. J Bacteriol 1986; 167:631 - 8; PMID: 3015884
  • Courvalin P, Carlier C, Collatz E. Plasmid-mediated resistance to aminocyclitol antibiotics in group D streptococci. J Bacteriol 1980; 143:541 - 51; PMID: 6259117
  • Chow JW. Aminoglycoside resistance in enterococci. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31:586 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/313949; PMID: 10987725
  • Chow JW, Zervos MJ, Lerner SA, Thal LA, Donabedian SM, Jaworski DD, et al. A novel gentamicin resistance gene in Enterococcus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41:511 - 4; PMID: 9055984
  • Mahbub Alam M, Kobayashi N, Ishino M, Sumi A, Kobayashi K, Uehara N, et al. Detection of a novel aph(2″) allele (aph[2″]-Ie) conferring high-level gentamicin resistance and a spectinomycin resistance gene ant(9)-Ia (aad 9) in clinical isolates of enterococci. Microb Drug Resist 2005; 11:239 - 47; http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/mdr.2005.11.239; PMID: 16201926
  • Tsai SF, Zervos MJ, Clewell DB, Donabedian SM, Sahm DF, Chow JW. A new high-level gentamicin resistance gene, aph(2″)-Id, in Enterococcus spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42:1229 - 32; PMID: 9593155
  • Hollingshead S, Vapnek D. Nucleotide sequence analysis of a gene encoding a streptomycin/spectinomycin adenylyltransferase. Plasmid 1985; 13:17 - 30; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-619X(85)90052-6; PMID: 2986186
  • Eliopoulos GM, Farber BF, Murray BE, Wennersten C, Moellering RC Jr.. Ribosomal resistance of clinical enterococcal to streptomycin isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1984; 25:398 - 9; PMID: 6326668
  • Trieu-Cuot P, Courvalin P. Nucleotide sequence of the Streptococcus faecalis plasmid gene encoding the 3′5″-aminoglycoside phosphotransferase type III. Gene 1983; 23:331 - 41; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1119(83)90022-7; PMID: 6313476
  • Carlier C, Courvalin P. Emergence of 4′,4″-aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase in enterococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990; 34:1565 - 9; PMID: 2171424
  • Farrell DJ, Mendes RE, Ross JE, Sader HS, Jones RN. LEADER Program results for 2009: an activity and spectrum analysis of linezolid using 6,414 clinical isolates from 56 medical centers in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:3684 - 90; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01729-10; PMID: 21670176
  • Arthur M, Courvalin P. Genetics and mechanisms of glycopeptide resistance in enterococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37:1563 - 71; PMID: 8215264
  • Gold HS. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci: mechanisms and clinical observations. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33:210 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/321815; PMID: 11418881
  • Reynolds PE, Depardieu F, Dutka-Malen S, Arthur M, Courvalin P. Glycopeptide resistance mediated by enterococcal transposon Tn1546 requires production of VanX for hydrolysis of D-alanyl-D-alanine. Mol Microbiol 1994; 13:1065 - 70; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1994.tb00497.x; PMID: 7854121
  • Reynolds PE, Arias CA, Courvalin P. Gene vanXYC encodes D,D -dipeptidase (VanX) and D,D-carboxypeptidase (VanY) activities in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus gallinarum BM4174. Mol Microbiol 1999; 34:341 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01604.x; PMID: 10564477
  • Arthur M, Depardieu F, Molinas C, Reynolds P, Courvalin P. The vanZ gene of Tn1546 from Enterococcus faecium BM4147 confers resistance to teicoplanin. Gene 1995; 154:87 - 92; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1119(94)00851-I; PMID: 7867956
  • Ribeiro T, Santos S, Marques MI, Gilmore M, de Fátima Silva Lopes M. Identification of a new gene, vanV, in vanB operons of Enterococcus faecalis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2011; 37:554 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.01.024; PMID: 21482081
  • Arthur M, Molinas C, Courvalin P. The VanS-VanR two-component regulatory system controls synthesis of depsipeptide peptidoglycan precursors in Enterococcus faecium BM4147. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:2582 - 91; PMID: 1556077
  • Gagnon S, Lévesque S, Lefebvre B, Bourgault AM, Labbé AC, Roger M. vanA-containing Enterococcus faecium susceptible to vancomycin and teicoplanin because of major nucleotide deletions in Tn1546. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 66:2758 - 62; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkr379; PMID: 21926081
  • Choi HJ, Nam D, Peck KR, Song JH, Shin D, Ko KS. Loss of vancomycin resistance not completely dependent on the Tn1546 element in Enterococcus faecium isolates. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 69:105 - 10; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2010.08.030; PMID: 21146722
  • Fines M, Perichon B, Reynolds P, Sahm DF, Courvalin P. VanE, a new type of acquired glycopeptide resistance in Enterococcus faecalis BM4405. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43:2161 - 4; PMID: 10471558
  • Lebreton F, Depardieu F, Bourdon N, Fines-Guyon M, Berger P, Camiade S, et al. D-Ala-d-Ser VanN-type transferable vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:4606 - 12; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00714-11; PMID: 21807981
  • McKessar SJ, Berry AM, Bell JM, Turnidge JD, Paton JC. Genetic characterization of vanG, a novel vancomycin resistance locus of Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:3224 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.44.11.3224-3228.2000; PMID: 11036060
  • Xu X, Lin D, Yan G, Ye X, Wu S, Guo Y, et al. vanM, a new glycopeptide resistance gene cluster found in Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:4643 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01710-09; PMID: 20733041
  • Werner G, Freitas AR, Coque TM, Sollid JE, Lester C, Hammerum AM, et al. Host range of enterococcal vanA plasmids among Gram-positive intestinal bacteria. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 66:273 - 82; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkq455; PMID: 21131318
  • Foucault ML, Courvalin P, Grillot-Courvalin C. Fitness cost of VanA-type vancomycin resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:2354 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01702-08; PMID: 19332680
  • Weigel LM, Clewell DB, Gill SR, Clark NC, McDougal LK, Flannagan SE, et al. Genetic analysis of a high-level vancomycin-resistant isolate of Staphylococcus aureus. Science 2003; 302:1569 - 71; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1090956; PMID: 14645850
  • de Niederhäusern S, Bondi M, Messi P, Iseppi R, Sabia C, Manicardi G, et al. Vancomycin-resistance transferability from VanA enterococci to Staphylococcus aureus. Curr Microbiol 2011; 62:1363 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00284-011-9868-6; PMID: 21234755
  • Zhu W, Murray PR, Huskins WC, Jernigan JA, McDonald LC, Clark NC, et al. Dissemination of an Enterococcus Inc18-Like vanA plasmid associated with vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:4314 - 20; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00185-10; PMID: 20660665
  • Leclercq R, Dutka-Malen S, Duval J, Courvalin P. Vancomycin resistance gene vanC is specific to Enterococcus gallinarum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992; 36:2005 - 8; PMID: 1416893
  • Navarro F, Courvalin P. Analysis of genes encoding D-alanine-D-alanine ligase-related enzymes in Enterococcus casseliflavus and Enterococcus flavescens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38:1788 - 93; PMID: 7986009
  • Arias CA, Courvalin P, Reynolds PE. vanC cluster of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus gallinarum BM4174. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:1660 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.44.6.1660-1666.2000; PMID: 10817725
  • Guardabassi L, Christensen H, Hasman H, Dalsgaard A. Members of the genera Paenibacillus and Rhodococcus harbor genes homologous to enterococcal glycopeptide resistance genes vanA and vanB. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:4915 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.48.12.4915-4918.2004; PMID: 15561881
  • Guardabassi L, Agersø Y. Genes homologous to glycopeptide resistance vanA are widespread in soil microbial communities. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006; 259:221 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00270.x; PMID: 16734783
  • Patel R, Piper K, Cockerill FR 3rd, Steckelberg JM, Yousten AA. The biopesticide Paenibacillus popilliae has a vancomycin resistance gene cluster homologous to the enterococcal VanA vancomycin resistance gene cluster. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:705 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.44.3.705-709.2000; PMID: 10681342
  • Stinear TP, Olden DC, Johnson PD, Davies JK, Grayson ML. Enterococcal vanB resistance locus in anaerobic bacteria in human faeces. Lancet 2001; 357:855 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04206-9; PMID: 11265957
  • Tsvetkova K, Marvaud JC, Lambert T. Analysis of the mobilization functions of the vancomycin resistance transposon Tn1549, a member of a new family of conjugative elements. J Bacteriol 2010; 192:702 - 13; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.00680-09; PMID: 19966009
  • Galloway-Peña J, Roh JH, Latorre M, Qin X, Murray BE. Genomic and SNP analyses demonstrate a distant separation of the hospital and community-associated clades of Enterococcus faecium. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30187; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030187; PMID: 22291916
  • McDonald LC, Rossiter S, Mackinson C, Wang YY, Johnson S, Sullivan M, et al. Quinupristin-dalfopristin-resistant Enterococcus faecium on chicken and in human stool specimens. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:1155 - 60; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa010805; PMID: 11642231
  • Raad II, Hanna HA, Hachem RY, Dvorak T, Arbuckle RB, Chaiban G, et al. Clinical-use-associated decrease in susceptibility of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium to linezolid: a comparison with quinupristin-dalfopristin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:3583 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.48.9.3583-3585.2004; PMID: 15328133
  • Hammerum AM, Flannagan SE, Clewell DB, Jensen LB. Indication of transposition of a mobile DNA element containing the vat(D) and erm(B) genes in Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:3223 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.45.11.3223-3225.2001; PMID: 11600385
  • Jensen LB, Hammerum AM, Aarestrup FM. Linkage of vat(E) and erm(B) in streptogamin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates from Europe. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:2231 - 2; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.44.8.2231-2232.2000; PMID: 11023445
  • Jensen LB, Hammerum AM, Aerestrup FM, van den Bogaard AE, Stobberingh EE. Occurrence of satA and vgb genes in streptogramin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates of animal and human origins in the Netherlands. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42:3330 - 1; PMID: 10049241
  • Bozdogan B, Leclercq R. Effects of genes encoding resistance to streptogramins A and B on the activity of quinupristin-dalfopristin against Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43:2720 - 5; PMID: 10543753
  • Bozdogan B, Leclercq R, Lozniewski A, Weber M. Plasmid-mediated coresistance to streptogramins and vancomycin in Enterococcus faecium HM1032. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43:2097 - 8; PMID: 10484759
  • Hershberger E, Donabedian S, Konstantinou K, Zervos MJ. Quinupristin-dalfopristin resistance in gram-positive bacteria: mechanism of resistance and epidemiology. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38:92 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/380125; PMID: 14679454
  • Jung YH, Shin ES, Kim O, Yoo JS, Lee KM, Yoo JI, et al. Characterization of two newly identified genes, vgaD and vatH, [corrected] conferring resistance to streptogramin A in Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:4744 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00798-09; PMID: 20713681
  • Meka VG, Gold HS. Antimicrobial resistance to linezolid. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39:1010 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/423841; PMID: 15472854
  • Pogue JM, Paterson DL, Pasculle AW, Potoski BA. Determination of risk factors associated with isolation of linezolid-resistant strains of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007; 28:1382 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/523276; PMID: 17994519
  • Lee ZM, Bussema C 3rd, Schmidt TM. rrnDB: documenting the number of rRNA and tRNA genes in bacteria and archaea. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 37:Database issue D489 - 93; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkn689; PMID: 18948294
  • Marshall SH, Donskey CJ, Hutton-Thomas R, Salata RA, Rice LB. Gene dosage and linezolid resistance in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46:3334 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.46.10.3334-3336.2002; PMID: 12234875
  • Mendes RE, Deshpande LM, Castanheira M, DiPersio J, Saubolle MA, Jones RN. First report of cfr-mediated resistance to linezolid in human staphylococcal clinical isolates recovered in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:2244 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00231-08; PMID: 18391032
  • Bourgeois-Nicolaos N, Massias L, Couson B, Butel MJ, Andremont A, Doucet-Populaire F. Dose dependence of emergence of resistance to linezolid in Enterococcus faecalis in vivo. J Infect Dis 2007; 195:1480 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/513876; PMID: 17436228
  • Biedenbach DJ, Farrell DJ, Mendes RE, Ross JE, Jones RN. Stability of linezolid activity in an era of mobile oxazolidinone resistance determinants: results from the 2009 Zyvox® Annual Appraisal of Potency and Spectrum program. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 68:459 - 67; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2010.09.018; PMID: 21094428
  • Prystowsky J, Siddiqui F, Chosay J, Shinabarger DL, Millichap J, Peterson LR, et al. Resistance to linezolid: characterization of mutations in rRNA and comparison of their occurrences in vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:2154 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.45.7.2154-2156.2001; PMID: 11408243
  • Long KS, Poehlsgaard J, Kehrenberg C, Schwarz S, Vester B. The Cfr rRNA methyltransferase confers resistance to Phenicols, Lincosamides, Oxazolidinones, Pleuromutilins, and Streptogramin A antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:2500 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00131-06; PMID: 16801432
  • Toh SM, Xiong L, Arias CA, Villegas MV, Lolans K, Quinn J, et al. Acquisition of a natural resistance gene renders a clinical strain of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus resistant to the synthetic antibiotic linezolid. Mol Microbiol 2007; 64:1506 - 14; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05744.x; PMID: 17555436
  • Liu Y, Wang Y, Wu C, Shen Z, Schwarz S, Du X, et al. First Report of the Multidrug Resistance gene cfr in Enterococcus faecalis of Animal origin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:1650 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.06091-11; PMID: 22203597
  • Cantón R, Ruiz-Garbajosa P, Chaves RL, Johnson AP. A potential role for daptomycin in enterococcal infections: what is the evidence?. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 65:1126 - 36; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkq087; PMID: 20363805
  • Crank CW, Scheetz MH, Brielmaier B, Rose WE, Patel GP, Ritchie DJ, et al. Comparison of outcomes from daptomycin or linezolid treatment for vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bloodstream infection: A retrospective, multicenter, cohort study. Clin Ther 2010; 32:1713 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2010.09.008; PMID: 21194593
  • Poutsiaka DD, Skiffington S, Miller KB, Hadley S, Snydman DR. Daptomycin in the treatment of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium bacteremia in neutropenic patients. J Infect 2007; 54:567 - 71; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2006.11.007; PMID: 17188750
  • Kelesidis T, Humphries R, Uslan DZ, Pegues DA. Daptomycin nonsusceptible enterococci: an emerging challenge for clinicians. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 52:228 - 34; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciq113; PMID: 21288849
  • Lakey JH, Ptak M. Fluorescence indicates a calcium-dependent interaction between the lipopeptide antibiotic LY146032 and phospholipid membranes. Biochemistry 1988; 27:4639 - 45; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00413a009; PMID: 2844233
  • Alborn WE Jr., Allen NE, Preston DA. Daptomycin disrupts membrane potential in growing Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35:2282 - 7; PMID: 1666494
  • Silverman JA, Perlmutter NG, Shapiro HM. Correlation of daptomycin bactericidal activity and membrane depolarization in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:2538 - 44; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.47.8.2538-2544.2003; PMID: 12878516
  • Silverman JA, Oliver N, Andrew T, Li T. Resistance studies with daptomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:1799 - 802; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.45.6.1799-1802.2001; PMID: 11353628
  • Friedman L, Alder JD, Silverman JA. Genetic changes that correlate with reduced susceptibility to daptomycin in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:2137 - 45; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00039-06; PMID: 16723576
  • Palmer KL, Daniel A, Hardy C, Silverman J, Gilmore MS. Genetic basis for daptomycin resistance in enterococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:3345 - 56; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00207-11; PMID: 21502617
  • Arias CA, Panesso D, McGrath DM, Qin X, Mojica MF, Miller C, et al. Genetic basis for in vivo daptomycin resistance in enterococci. N Engl J Med 2011; 365:892 - 900; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1011138; PMID: 21899450
  • Cai Y, Wang R, Liang B, Bai N, Liu Y. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness and safety of tigecycline for treatment of infectious disease. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:1162 - 72; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01402-10; PMID: 21173186
  • Kresken M, Leitner E, Seifert H, Peters G, von Eiff C. Susceptibility of clinical isolates of frequently encountered bacterial species to tigecycline one year after the introduction of this new class of antibiotics: results of the second multicentre surveillance trial in Germany (G-TEST II, 2007). Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 28:1007 - 11; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10096-009-0725-5; PMID: 19296137
  • Werner G, Gfrörer S, Fleige C, Witte W, Klare I. Tigecycline-resistant Enterococcus faecalis strain isolated from a German intensive care unit patient. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 61:1182 - 3; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkn065; PMID: 18285315
  • Cordina C, Hill R, Deshpande A, Hood J, Inkster T. Tigecycline-resistant Enterococcus faecalis associated with omeprazole use in a surgical patient. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67:1806 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dks122; PMID: 22454491
  • Tsai HY, Liao CH, Chen YH, Lu PL, Huang CH, Lu CT, et al. Trends in susceptibility of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium to tigecycline, daptomycin, and linezolid and molecular epidemiology of the isolates: results from the Tigecycline In Vitro Surveillance in Taiwan (TIST) study, 2006 to 2010. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:3402 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00533-12; PMID: 22491684
  • McAleese F, Petersen P, Ruzin A, Dunman PM, Murphy E, Projan SJ, et al. A novel MATE family efflux pump contributes to the reduced susceptibility of laboratory-derived Staphylococcus aureus mutants to tigecycline. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:1865 - 71; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.49.5.1865-1871.2005; PMID: 15855508
  • Francioli P, Ruch W, Stamboulian D. Treatment of streptococcal endocarditis with a single daily dose of ceftriaxone and netilmicin for 14 days: a prospective multicenter study. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21:1406 - 10; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/21.6.1406; PMID: 8749624
  • Gavaldà J, Cardona PJ, Almirante B, Capdevila JA, Laguarda M, Pou L, et al. Treatment of experimental endocarditis due to Enterococcus faecalis using once-daily dosing regimen of gentamicin plus simulated profiles of ampicillin in human serum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40:173 - 8; PMID: 8787901
  • Houlihan HH, Stokes DP, Rybak MJ. Pharmacodynamics of vancomycin and ampicillin alone and in combination with gentamicin once daily or thrice daily against Enterococcus faecalis in an in vitro infection model. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000; 46:79 - 86; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/46.1.79; PMID: 10882693
  • López P, Gavaldà J, Martin MT, Almirante B, Gomis X, Azuaje C, et al. Efficacy of teicoplanin-gentamicin given once a day on the basis of pharmacokinetics in humans for treatment of enterococcal experimental endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:1387 - 93; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.45.5.1387-1393.2001; PMID: 11302800
  • Fantin B, Carbon C. Importance of the aminoglycoside dosing regimen in the penicillin-netilmicin combination for treatment of Enterococcus faecalis-induced experimental endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990; 34:2387 - 91; PMID: 2128443
  • Marangos MN, Nicolau DP, Quintiliani R, Nightingale CH. Influence of gentamicin dosing interval on the efficacy of penicillin-containing regimens in experimental Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997; 39:519 - 22; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/39.4.519; PMID: 9145826
  • Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS, Fowler VG Jr., Bolger AF, Levison ME, et al, Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association, Infectious Diseases Society of America. Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Circulation 2005; 111:e394 - 434; http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.165564; PMID: 15956145
  • Furustrand Tafin U, Majic I, Zalila Belkhodja C, Betrisey B, Corvec S, Zimmerli W, et al. Gentamicin improves the activities of daptomycin and vancomycin against Enterococcus faecalis in vitro and in an experimental foreign-body infection model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:4821 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00141-11; PMID: 21807979
  • Gavaldá J, Onrubia PL, Gómez MT, Gomis X, Ramírez JL, Len O, et al. Efficacy of ampicillin combined with ceftriaxone and gentamicin in the treatment of experimental endocarditis due to Enterococcus faecalis with no high-level resistance to aminoglycosides. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 52:514 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkg360; PMID: 12917251
  • Miro JM, Cervera C, Garcia-de-la-Maria C, Del Rio A, Armero Y, Mestres CA, et al. Success of ampicillin plus ceftriaxone rescue therapy for a relapse of Enterococcus faecalis native-valve endocarditis and in vitro data on double beta-lactam activity. Scand J Infect Dis 2008; 40:968 - 72; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00365540802398945; PMID: 18767002
  • Euba G, Lora-Tamayo J, Murillo O, Pedrero S, Cabo J, Verdaguer R, et al. Pilot study of ampicillin-ceftriaxone combination for treatment of orthopedic infections due to Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:4305 - 10; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00444-09; PMID: 19667290
  • Tascini C, Doria R, Leonildi A, Martinelli C, Menichetti F. Efficacy of the combination ampicillin plus ceftriaxone in the treatment of a case of enterococcal endocarditis due to Enterococcus faecalis highly resistant to gentamicin: efficacy of the “ex vivo” synergism method. J Chemother 2004; 16:400 - 3; PMID: 15332717
  • Farina C, Russello G, Chinello P, Pasticci MB, Raglio A, Ravasio V, et al, Italian Infective Endocarditis Study Group (SEI). In vitro activity effects of twelve antibiotics alone and in association against twenty-seven Enterococcus faecalis strains isolated from Italian patients with infective endocarditis: high in vitro synergistic effect of the association ceftriaxone-fosfomycin. Chemotherapy 2011; 57:426 - 33; http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000330458; PMID: 22122863
  • Brandt CM, Rouse MS, Laue NW, Stratton CW, Wilson WR, Steckelberg JM. Effective treatment of multidrug-resistant enterococcal experimental endocarditis with combinations of cell wall-active agents. J Infect Dis 1996; 173:909 - 13; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/173.4.909; PMID: 8603970
  • Pasticci MB, Mencacci A, Moretti A, Palladino N, Maria Lapalorcia L, Bistoni F, et al. In vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Ampicillin-Ceftriaxone and Ampicillin-Ertapenem Combinations Against Clinical Isolates of Enterococcus faecalis with High Levels of Aminoglycoside Resistance. Open Microbiol J 2008; 2:79 - 84; http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874285800802010079; PMID: 19088915
  • Moellering RC, Linden PK, Reinhardt J, Blumberg EA, Bompart F, Talbot GH, Synercid Emergency-Use Study Group. The efficacy and safety of quinupristin/dalfopristin for the treatment of infections caused by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 44:251 - 61; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/44.2.251; PMID: 10473233
  • Chong YP, Lee SO, Song EH, Lee EJ, Jang EY, Kim SH, et al. Quinupristin-dalfopristin versus linezolid for the treatment of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium bacteraemia: efficacy and development of resistance. Scand J Infect Dis 2010; 42:491 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365541003699623; PMID: 20524781
  • Bérenger R, Bourdon N, Auzou M, Leclercq R, Cattoir V. In vitro activity of new antimicrobial agents against glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecium clinical isolates from France between 2006 and 2008. Med Mal Infect 2011; 41:405 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medmal.2010.12.013; PMID: 21550192
  • Arias CA, Torres HA, Singh KV, Panesso D, Moore J, Wanger A, et al. Failure of daptomycin monotherapy for endocarditis caused by an Enterococcus faecium strain with vancomycin-resistant and vancomycin-susceptible subpopulations and evidence of in vivo loss of the vanA gene cluster. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45:1343 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/522656; PMID: 17968832
  • Baltch AL, Ritz WJ, Bopp LH, Michelsen PB, Smith RP. Antimicrobial activities of daptomycin, vancomycin, and oxacillin in human monocytes and of daptomycin in combination with gentamicin and/or rifampin in human monocytes and in broth against Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:1559 - 62; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00973-06; PMID: 17283190
  • Cilli F, Aydemir S, Tunger A. In vitro activity of daptomycin alone and in combination with various antimicrobials against Gram-positive cocci. J Chemother 2006; 18:27 - 32; PMID: 16572890
  • Snydman DR, McDermott LA, Jacobus NV. Evaluation of in vitro interaction of daptomycin with gentamicin or beta-lactam antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococci by FIC index and timed-kill curves. J Chemother 2005; 17:614 - 21; PMID: 16433191
  • Pankey G, Ashcraft D, Patel N. In vitro synergy of daptomycin plus rifampin against Enterococcus faecium resistant to both linezolid and vancomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:5166 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.49.12.5166-5168.2005; PMID: 16304195
  • Entenza JM, Moreillon P. Tigecycline in combination with other antimicrobials: a review of in vitro, animal and case report studies. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009; 34:8 - , e1-9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.11.006; PMID: 19162449
  • Jacqueline C, Caillon J, Le Mabecque V, Miègeville AF, Ge Y, Biek D, et al. In vivo activity of a novel anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus cephalosporin, ceftaroline, against vancomycin-susceptible and -resistant Enterococcus faecalis strains in a rabbit endocarditis model: a comparative study with linezolid and vancomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:5300 - 2; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00984-09; PMID: 19752276
  • Kak V, You I, Zervos MJ, Kariyama R, Kumon H, Chow JW. In-vitro synergistic activity of the combination of ampicillin and arbekacin against vancomycin-and high-level gentamicin-resistant Enterococcus faecium with the aph(2″)-Id gene. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2000; 37:297 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0732-8893(00)00155-3; PMID: 10974585