The mutated staphylococcal H35A α-toxin inhibits adhesion and invasion of Staphylococcus aureus and group A streptococci

References

• Steinberg JP, Clark CC, Hackman BO. Nosocomial and community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus bacteremias from 1980 to 1993: impact of intravascular devices and methicillin resistance. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 23:255 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/23.2.255; PMID: 8842259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Eiff C, Becker K, Machka K, Stammer H, Peters G, Study Group. Nasal carriage as a source of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:11 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200101043440102; PMID: 11136954
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowy FD. Staphylococcus aureus infections. N Engl J Med 1998; 339:520 - 32; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199808203390806; PMID: 9709046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens DL. Invasive group A streptococcus infections. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14:2 - 11; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/14.1.2; PMID: 1571429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayles KW, Wesson CA, Liou LE, Fox LK, Bohach GA, Trumble WR. Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus escapes the endosome and induces apoptosis in epithelial cells. Infect Immun 1998; 66:336 - 42; PMID: 9423876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cue D, Dombek PE, Lam H, Cleary PP. Streptococcus pyogenes serotype M1 encodes multiple pathways for entry into human epithelial cells. Infect Immun 1998; 66:4593 - 601; PMID: 9746555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flock JI, Fröman G, Jönsson K, Guss B, Signäs C, Nilsson B, et al. Cloning and expression of the gene for a fibronectin-binding protein from Staphylococcus aureus. EMBO J 1987; 6:2351 - 7; PMID: 2822388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rambukkana A, Salzer JL, Yurchenco PD, Tuomanen EI. Neural targeting of Mycobacterium leprae mediated by the G domain of the laminin-α2 chain. Cell 1997; 88:811 - 21; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81927-3; PMID: 9118224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster TJ, Höök M. Surface protein adhesins of Staphylococcus aureus. Trends Microbiol 1998; 6:484 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0966-842X(98)01400-0; PMID: 10036727
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz-Linek U, Werner JM, Pickford AR, Gurusiddappa S, Kim JH, Pilka ES, et al. Pathogenic bacteria attach to human fibronectin through a tandem beta-zipper. Nature 2003; 423:177 - 81; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01589; PMID: 12736686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agerer F, Michel A, Ohlsen K, Hauck CR. Integrin-mediated invasion of Staphylococcus aureus into human cells requires Src family protein-tyrosine kinases. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:42524 - 31; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M302096200; PMID: 12893831
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang B, Yurecko RS, Dedhar S, Cleary PP. Integrin-linked kinase is an essential link between integrins and uptake of bacterial pathogens by epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol 2006; 8:257 - 66; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-5822.2005.00618.x; PMID: 16441436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menzies BE, Kourteva I. Staphylococcus aureus α-toxin induces apoptosis in endothelial cells. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2000; 29:39 - 45; PMID: 10967259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haslinger B, Strangfeld K, Peters G, Schulze-Osthoff K, Sinha B. Staphylococcus aureus α-toxin induces apoptosis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells: role of endogenous tumour necrosis factor-α and the mitochondrial death pathway. Cell Microbiol 2003; 5:729 - 41; http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1462-5822.2003.00317.x; PMID: 12969378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kielian T, Cheung A, Hickey WF. Diminished virulence of an alpha-toxin mutant of Staphylococcus aureus in experimental brain abscesses. Infect Immun 2001; 69:6902 - 11; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.69.11.6902-6911.2001; PMID: 11598065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kernodle DS, Voladri RK, Menzies BE, Hager CC, Edwards KM. Expression of an antisense hla fragment in Staphylococcus aureus reduces alpha-toxin production in vitro and attenuates lethal activity in a murine model. Infect Immun 1997; 65:179 - 84; PMID: 8975909
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji Y, Marra A, Rosenberg M, Woodnutt G. Regulated antisense RNA eliminates alpha-toxin virulence in Staphylococcus aureus infection. J Bacteriol 1999; 181:6585 - 90; PMID: 10542157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bubeck Wardenburg J, Patel RJ, Schneewind O. Surface proteins and exotoxins are required for the pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. Infect Immun 2007; 75:1040 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01313-06; PMID: 17101657
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayer AS, Ramos MD, Menzies BE, Yeaman MR, Shen AJ, Cheung AL. Hyperproduction of alpha-toxin by Staphylococcus aureus results in paradoxically reduced virulence in experimental endocarditis: a host defense role for platelet microbicidal proteins. Infect Immun 1997; 65:4652 - 60; PMID: 9353046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadowska B, Bonar A, von Eiff C, Proctor RA, Chmiela M, Rudnicka W, et al. Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus, isolated from airways of cystic fibrosis patients, and their small colony variants. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2002; 32:191 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2002.tb00553.x; PMID: 11934563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang X, Ji Y. Alpha-toxin interferes with integrin-mediated adhesion and internalization of Staphylococcus aureus by epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol 2006; 8:1656 - 68; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00740.x; PMID: 16984420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang X, Ji Y. Involvement of alpha5beta1-integrin and TNF-alpha in Staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin-induced death of epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol 2007; 9:1809 - 21; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.00917.x; PMID: 17359518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menzies BE, Kernodle DS. Site-directed mutagenesis of the alpha-toxin gene of Staphylococcus aureus: role of histidines in toxin activity in vitro and in a murine model. Infect Immun 1994; 62:1843 - 7; PMID: 8168947
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang X, Yan M, Ji Y. The H35A mutated alpha-toxin interferes with cytotoxicity of staphylococcal alpha-toxin. Infect Immun 2009; 77:977 - 83; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00920-08; PMID: 19103771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoshima I, Inoshima N, Wilke GA, Powers ME, Frank KM, Wang Y, et al. A Staphylococcus aureus pore-forming toxin subverts the activity of ADAM10 to cause lethal infection in mice. Nat Med 2011; 17:1310 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm.2451; PMID: 21926978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy AD, Bubeck Wardenburg J, Gardner DJ, Long D, Whitney AR, Braughton KR, et al. Targeting of alpha-hemolysin by active or passive immunization decreases severity of USA300 skin infection in a mouse model. J Infect Dis 2010; 202:1050 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/656043; PMID: 20726702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang X, Yu C, Sun J, Liu H, Landwehr C, Holmes D, et al. Inactivation of a two-component signal transduction system, SaeRS, eliminates adherence and attenuates virulence of Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 2006; 74:4655 - 65; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00322-06; PMID: 16861653
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar