Epidemiology of severe sepsis

References

• Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J, Clermont G, Carcillo J, Pinsky MR. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care. Crit Care Med 2001; 29:1303 - 10; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200107000-00002; PMID: 11445675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HCUP Facts and Figures, 2006: Statistics on Hospital-Based Care in the United States. Rockville (MD)2008. Available at: http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/factsandfigures/2008/TOC_2008.jsp
   Google Scholar
• American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference: definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. Crit Care Med 1992; 20:864 - 74; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-199206000-00025; PMID: 1597042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, Abraham E, Angus D, Cook D, Cohen J, Opal SM, Vincent JL, Ramsay G, SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS. 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Crit Care Med 2003; 31:1250 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000050454.01978.3B; PMID: 12682500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent JL, de Mendonça A, Cantraine F, Moreno R, Takala J, Suter PM, Sprung CL, Colardyn F, Blecher S. Use of the SOFA score to assess the incidence of organ dysfunction/failure in intensive care units: results of a multicenter, prospective study. Working group on “sepsis-related problems” of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Crit Care Med 1998; 26:1793 - 800; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-199811000-00016; PMID: 9824069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin GS, Mannino DM, Eaton S, Moss M. The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:1546 - 54; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa022139; PMID: 12700374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ollendorf DA, Fendrick AM, Massey K, Williams GR, Oster G. Is sepsis accurately coded on hospital bills?. Value Health 2002; 5:79 - 81; http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-4733.2002.52013.x; PMID: 11918823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar G, Kumar N, Taneja A, Kaleekal T, Tarima S, McGinley E, Jimenez E, Mohan A, Khan RA, Whittle J, et al, Milwaukee Initiative in Critical Care Outcomes Research Group of Investigators. Nationwide trends of severe sepsis in the 21st century (2000-2007). Chest 2011; 140:1223 - 31; http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.11-0352; PMID: 21852297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindenauer PK, Lagu T, Shieh MS, Pekow PS, Rothberg MB. Association of diagnostic coding with trends in hospitalizations and mortality of patients with pneumonia, 2003-2009. JAMA 2012; 307:1405 - 13; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.384; PMID: 22474204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman JE, Kramer AA, Knaus WA. Changes in hospital mortality for United States intensive care unit admissions from 1988 to 2012. Crit Care 2013; 17:R81; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc12695; PMID: 23622086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barochia AV, Cui X, Vitberg D, Suffredini AF, O’Grady NP, Banks SM, Minneci P, Kern SJ, Danner RL, Natanson C, et al. Bundled care for septic shock: an analysis of clinical trials. Crit Care Med 2010; 38:668 - 78; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181cb0ddf; PMID: 20029343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angus DC, van der Poll T. Severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 2013; 369:840 - 51; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1208623; PMID: 23984731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller RR 3rd, Dong L, Nelson NC, Brown SM, Kuttler KG, Probst DR, Allen TL, Clemmer TP, Intermountain Healthcare Intensive Medicine Clinical Program. Multicenter implementation of a severe sepsis and septic shock treatment bundle. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 188:77 - 82; http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201212-2199OC; PMID: 23631750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urtecho J, Snapp M, Sperling M, Maltenfort M, Vibbert M, Athar MK, McBride W, Moussouttas M, Bell R, Jallo J, et al. Hospital mortality in primary admissions of septic patients with status epilepticus in the United States*. Crit Care Med 2013; 41:1853 - 62; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e31828a3994; PMID: 23782964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storgaard M, Hallas J, Gahrn-Hansen B, Pedersen SS, Pedersen C, Lassen AT. Short- and long-term mortality in patients with community-acquired severe sepsis and septic shock. Scand J Infect Dis 2013; 45:577 - 83; http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365548.2013.786836; PMID: 23596977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponce de León-Rosales SP, Molinar-Ramos F, Domínguez-Cherit G, Rangel-Frausto MS, Vázquez-Ramos VG. Prevalence of infections in intensive care units in Mexico: a multicenter study. Crit Care Med 2000; 28:1316 - 21; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200005000-00010; PMID: 10834672
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Gestel A, Bakker J, Veraart CP, van Hout BA. Prevalence and incidence of severe sepsis in Dutch intensive care units. Crit Care 2004; 8:R153 - 62; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc2858; PMID: 15312213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linde-Zwirble WT, Angus DC. Severe sepsis epidemiology: sampling, selection, and society. Crit Care 2004; 8:222 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc2917; PMID: 15312201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angus DC, Pereira CA, Silva E. Epidemiology of severe sepsis around the world. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2006; 6:207 - 12; http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187153006777442332; PMID: 16787296
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Esteban A, Frutos-Vivar F, Ferguson ND, Peñuelas O, Lorente JA, Gordo F, Honrubia T, Algora A, Bustos A, García G, et al. Sepsis incidence and outcome: contrasting the intensive care unit with the hospital ward. Crit Care Med 2007; 35:1284 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000260960.94300.DE; PMID: 17414725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angus DC, Sirio CA, Clermont G, Bion J. International comparisons of critical care outcome and resource consumption. Crit Care Clin 1997; 13:389 - 407; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0749-0704(05)70317-1; PMID: 9107515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaieski DF, Edwards JM, Kallan MJ, Carr BG. Benchmarking the incidence and mortality of severe sepsis in the United States. Crit Care Med 2013; 41:1167 - 74; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e31827c09f8; PMID: 23442987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finfer S, Bellomo R, Lipman J, French C, Dobb G, Myburgh J. Adult-population incidence of severe sepsis in Australian and New Zealand intensive care units. Intensive Care Med 2004; 30:589 - 96; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-004-2157-0; PMID: 14963646
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brun-Buisson C, Doyon F, Carlet J, French Bacteremia-Sepsis Study Group. Bacteremia and severe sepsis in adults: a multicenter prospective survey in ICUs and wards of 24 hospitals. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154:617 - 24; http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.154.3.8810595; PMID: 8810595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent JL, Sakr Y, Sprung CL, Ranieri VM, Reinhart K, Gerlach H, Moreno R, Carlet J, Le Gall JR, Payen D, Sepsis Occurrence in Acutely Ill Patients Investigators. Sepsis in European intensive care units: results of the SOAP study. Crit Care Med 2006; 34:344 - 53; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000194725.48928.3A; PMID: 16424713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman G, Silva E, Vincent JL. Has the mortality of septic shock changed with time. Crit Care Med 1998; 26:2078 - 86; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-199812000-00045; PMID: 9875924
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reacher MH, Shah A, Livermore DM, Wale MC, Graham C, Johnson AP, Heine H, Monnickendam MA, Barker KF, James D, et al. Bacteraemia and antibiotic resistance of its pathogens reported in England and Wales between 1990 and 1998: trend analysis. BMJ 2000; 320:213 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7229.213; PMID: 10642227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlet J, Ben Ali A, Chalfine A. Epidemiology and control of antibiotic resistance in the intensive care unit. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2004; 17:309 - 16; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.qco.0000136927.29802.68; PMID: 15241074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peres-Bota D, Rodriguez H, Dimopoulos G, DaRos A, Mélot C, Struelens MJ, Vincent JL. Are infections due to resistant pathogens associated with a worse outcome in critically ill patients?. J Infect 2003; 47:307 - 16; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0163-4453(03)00100-2; PMID: 14556755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleason TG, Crabtree TD, Pelletier SJ, Raymond DP, Karchmer TB, Pruett TL, Sawyer RG. Prediction of poorer prognosis by infection with antibiotic-resistant gram-positive cocci than by infection with antibiotic-sensitive strains. Arch Surg 1999; 134:1033 - 40; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.134.10.1033; PMID: 10522842
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Garmendia JL, Ortiz-Leyba C, Garnacho-Montero J, Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Monterrubio-Villar J, Gili-Miner M. Mortality and the increase in length of stay attributable to the acquisition of Acinetobacter in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 1999; 27:1794 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-199909000-00015; PMID: 10507600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent JL, Rello J, Marshall J, Silva E, Anzueto A, Martin CD, Moreno R, Lipman J, Gomersall C, Sakr Y, et al, EPIC II Group of Investigators. International study of the prevalence and outcomes of infection in intensive care units. JAMA 2009; 302:2323 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1754; PMID: 19952319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen J, Cristofaro P, Carlet J, Opal S. New method of classifying infections in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2004; 32:1510 - 26; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000129973.13104.2D; PMID: 15241096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rangel-Frausto MS. The epidemiology of bacterial sepsis. [vii.] Infect Dis Clin North Am 1999; 13:299 - 312, vii; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5520(05)70076-3; PMID: 10340168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esper AM, Moss M, Lewis CA, Nisbet R, Mannino DM, Martin GS. The role of infection and comorbidity: Factors that influence disparities in sepsis. Crit Care Med 2006; 34:2576 - 82; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000239114.50519.0E; PMID: 16915108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moss M. Epidemiology of sepsis: race, sex, and chronic alcohol abuse. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41:Suppl 7 S490 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/432003; PMID: 16237652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayr FB, Yende S, Linde-Zwirble WT, Peck-Palmer OM, Barnato AE, Weissfeld LA, Angus DC. Infection rate and acute organ dysfunction risk as explanations for racial differences in severe sepsis. JAMA 2010; 303:2495 - 503; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.851; PMID: 20571016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendu ML, Zager S, Gibbons FK, Christopher KB. Relationship between neighborhood poverty rate and bloodstream infections in the critically ill. Crit Care Med 2012; 40:1427 - 36; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e318241e51e; PMID: 22511126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sørensen TI, Nielsen GG, Andersen PK, Teasdale TW. Genetic and environmental influences on premature death in adult adoptees. N Engl J Med 1988; 318:727 - 32; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198803243181202; PMID: 3347221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterer GW, Bruns AH. Genetic risk of acute pulmonary infections and sepsis. Expert Rev Respir Med 2010; 4:229 - 38; http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/ers.10.13; PMID: 20406089
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferwerda B, Alonso S, Banahan K, McCall MB, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Ramakers BP, Mouktaroudi M, Fain PR, Izagirre N, Syafruddin D, et al. Functional and genetic evidence that the Mal/TIRAP allele variant 180L has been selected by providing protection against septic shock. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:10272 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0811273106; PMID: 19509334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferwerda B, McCall MB, Alonso S, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Mouktaroudi M, Izagirre N, Syafruddin D, Kibiki G, Cristea T, Hijmans A, et al. TLR4 polymorphisms, infectious diseases, and evolutionary pressure during migration of modern humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:16645 - 50; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0704828104; PMID: 17925445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henckaerts L, Nielsen KR, Steffensen R, Van Steen K, Mathieu C, Giulietti A, Wouters PJ, Milants I, Vanhorebeek I, Langouche L, et al. Polymorphisms in innate immunity genes predispose to bacteremia and death in the medical intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2009; 37:192 - 201, e1-3; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e31819263d8; PMID: 19050632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padkin A, Goldfrad C, Brady AR, Young D, Black N, Rowan K. Epidemiology of severe sepsis occurring in the first 24 hrs in intensive care units in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Crit Care Med 2003; 31:2332 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000085141.75513.2B; PMID: 14501964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danai PA, Sinha S, Moss M, Haber MJ, Martin GS. Seasonal variation in the epidemiology of sepsis. Crit Care Med 2007; 35:410 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000253405.17038.43; PMID: 17167351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro RA, Angus DC, Hong SY, Lee C, Weissfeld LA, Clermont G, Rosengart MR. Light and the outcome of the critically ill: an observational cohort study. Crit Care 2012; 16:R132; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc11437; PMID: 22827924
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams MD, Braun LA, Cooper LM, Johnston J, Weiss RV, Qualy RL, Linde-Zwirble W. Hospitalized cancer patients with severe sepsis: analysis of incidence, mortality, and associated costs of care. Crit Care 2004; 8:R291 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc2893; PMID: 15469571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katzmarzyk PT, Reeder BA, Elliott S, Joffres MR, Pahwa P, Raine KD, Kirkland SA, Paradis G. Body mass index and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer and all-cause mortality. Can J Public Health 2012; 103:147 - 51; PMID: 22530540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falagas ME, Kompoti M. Obesity and infection. Lancet Infect Dis 2006; 6:438 - 46; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70523-0; PMID: 16790384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arabi YM, Dara SI, Tamim HM, Rishu AH, Bouchama A, Khedr MK, Feinstein D, Parrillo JE, Wood KE, Keenan SP, et al, The Cooperative Antimicrobial Therapy of Septic Shock (CATSS) Database Research Group. Clinical characteristics, sepsis interventions and outcomes in the obese patients with septic shock: an international multicenter cohort study. Crit Care 2013; 17:R72; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc12680; PMID: 23594407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Solh AA. Clinical approach to the critically ill, morbidly obese patient. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 169:557 - 61; http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200309-1256CC; PMID: 14982823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coquet I, Pavie J, Palmer P, Barbier F, Legriel S, Mayaux J, Molina JM, Schlemmer B, Azoulay E. Survival trends in critically ill HIV-infected patients in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era. Crit Care 2010; 14:R107; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc9056; PMID: 20534139
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim JH, Psevdos G Jr., Gonzalez E, Singh S, Kilayko MC, Sharp V. All-cause mortality in hospitalized HIV-infected patients at an acute tertiary care hospital with a comprehensive outpatient HIV care program in New York City in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Infection 2013; 41:545 - 51; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15010-012-0386-7; PMID: 23264096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg JA, Lennox JL, Martin GS. Outcomes for critically ill patients with HIV and severe sepsis in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Crit Care 2012; 27:51 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2011.08.015; PMID: 22033058
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Japiassú AM, Amâncio RT, Mesquita EC, Medeiros DM, Bernal HB, Nunes EP, Luz PM, Grinsztejn B, Bozza FA. Sepsis is a major determinant of outcome in critically ill HIV/AIDS patients. Crit Care 2010; 14:R152; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc9221; PMID: 20698966
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Proctor RA. Bacterial sepsis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Crit Care Med 2001; 29:683 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200103000-00047; PMID: 11379540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartman ME, Linde-Zwirble WT, Angus DC, Watson RS. Trends in the epidemiology of pediatric severe sepsis*. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2013; 14:686 - 93; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PCC.0b013e3182917fad; PMID: 23897242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, Ressler J, Muzzin A, Knoblich B, Peterson E, Tomlanovich M, Early Goal-Directed Therapy Collaborative Group. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:1368 - 77; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa010307; PMID: 11794169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seymour CW, Rea TD, Kahn JM, Walkey AJ, Yealy DM, Angus DC. Severe sepsis in pre-hospital emergency care: analysis of incidence, care, and outcome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 186:1264 - 71; http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201204-0713OC; PMID: 23087028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seymour CW, Band RA, Cooke CR, Mikkelsen ME, Hylton J, Rea TD, Goss CH, Gaieski DF. Out-of-hospital characteristics and care of patients with severe sepsis: a cohort study. J Crit Care 2010; 25:553 - 62; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2010.02.010; PMID: 20381301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakr Y, Elia C, Mascia L, Barberis B, Cardellino S, Livigni S, Fiore G, Filippini C, Ranieri VM. The influence of gender on the epidemiology of and outcome from severe sepsis. Crit Care 2013; 17:R50; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc12570; PMID: 23506971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Eijk LT, Dorresteijn MJ, Smits P, van der Hoeven JG, Netea MG, Pickkers P. Gender differences in the innate immune response and vascular reactivity following the administration of endotoxin to human volunteers. Crit Care Med 2007; 35:1464 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000266534.14262.E8; PMID: 17452928
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valentin A, Jordan B, Lang T, Hiesmayr M, Metnitz PG. Gender-related differences in intensive care: a multiple-center cohort study of therapeutic interventions and outcome in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2003; 31:1901 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000069347.78151.50; PMID: 12847381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eachempati SR, Hydo L, Shou J, Barie PS. Sex differences in creation of do-not-resuscitate orders for critically ill elderly patients following emergency surgery. J Trauma 2006; 60:193 - 7, discussion 197-8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ta.0000197683.89002.62; PMID: 16456455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnato AE, Alexander SL, Linde-Zwirble WT, Angus DC. Racial variation in the incidence, care, and outcomes of severe sepsis: analysis of population, patient, and hospital characteristics. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177:279 - 84; http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200703-480OC; PMID: 17975201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dombrovskiy VY, Martin AA, Sunderram J, Paz HL. Occurrence and outcomes of sepsis: influence of race. Crit Care Med 2007; 35:763 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000256726.80998.BF; PMID: 17255870
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayr FB, Spiel AO, Leitner JM, Firbas C, Kliegel T, Jilma-Stohlawetz P, Derendorf H, Jilma B. Duffy antigen modifies the chemokine response in human endotoxemia. Crit Care Med 2008; 36:159 - 65; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000297875.55969.DB; PMID: 18007272
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayr FB, Spiel AO, Leitner JM, Firbas C, Jilma-Stohlawetz P, Chang JY, Key NS, Jilma B. Racial differences in endotoxin-induced tissue factor-triggered coagulation. J Thromb Haemost 2009; 7:634 - 40; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03307.x; PMID: 19187081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayr FB, Yende S, D’Angelo G, Barnato AE, Kellum JA, Weissfeld L, Yealy DM, Reade MC, Milbrandt EB, Angus DC. Do hospitals provide lower quality of care to black patients for pneumonia?. Crit Care Med 2010; 38:759 - 65; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181c8fd58; PMID: 20009756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smeeth L, Thomas SL, Hall AJ, Hubbard R, Farrington P, Vallance P. Risk of myocardial infarction and stroke after acute infection or vaccination. N Engl J Med 2004; 351:2611 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa041747; PMID: 15602021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smeeth L, Cook C, Thomas S, Hall AJ, Hubbard R, Vallance P. Risk of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism after acute infection in a community setting. Lancet 2006; 367:1075 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68474-2; PMID: 16581406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yende S, Angus DC. Long-term outcomes from sepsis. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2007; 9:382 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11908-007-0059-3; PMID: 17880848
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iwashyna TJ, Cooke CR, Wunsch H, Kahn JM. Population burden of long-term survivorship after severe sepsis in older Americans. J Am Geriatr Soc 2012; 60:1070 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.03989.x; PMID: 22642542
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winters BD, Eberlein M, Leung J, Needham DM, Pronovost PJ, Sevransky JE. Long-term mortality and quality of life in sepsis: a systematic review. Crit Care Med 2010; 38:1276 - 83; PMID: 20308885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwashyna TJ, Ely EW, Smith DM, Langa KM. Long-term cognitive impairment and functional disability among survivors of severe sepsis. JAMA 2010; 304:1787 - 94; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.1553; PMID: 20978258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yende S, D’Angelo G, Kellum JA, Weissfeld L, Fine J, Welch RD, Kong L, Carter M, Angus DC, GenIMS Investigators. Inflammatory markers at hospital discharge predict subsequent mortality after pneumonia and sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177:1242 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200712-1777OC; PMID: 18369199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar